Re-exploration of dietary iodine intake in Chinese adult males using a modified iodine balance study.

There is still controversy about optimal dietary iodine intake as the Universal Salt Iodization policy enforcement in China. A modified iodine balance study was thus conducted to explore the suitable iodine intake in Chinese adult males using the iodine overflow hypothesis. In this study, thirty-eight apparently healthy males (19·1 (sd 0·6) years) were recruited and provided with designed diets. After the 14-d iodine depletion, daily iodine intake gradually increased in the 30-d iodine supplementation, consisting of six stages and each of 5 d. All foods and excreta (urine, faeces) were collected to examine daily iodine intake, iodine excretion and the changes of iodine increment in relation to those values at stage 1. The dose-response associations of iodine intake increment with excretion increment were fitted by the mixed effects models, as well as with retention increment. Daily iodine intake and excretion were 16·3 and 54·3 µg/d at stage 1, and iodine intake increment increased from 11·2 µg/d at stage 2 to 118·0 µg/d at stage 6, while excretion increment elevated from 21·5 to 95·0 µg/d. A zero iodine balance was dynamically achieved as 48·0 µg/d of iodine intake. The estimated average requirement and recommended nutrient intake were severally 48·0 and 67·2 µg/d, which could be corresponded to a daily iodine intake of 0·74 and 1·04 µg/kg per d. The results of our study indicate that roughly half of current iodine intakes recommendation could be enough in Chinese adult males, which would be beneficial for the revision of dietary reference intakes.

Re-exploring the requirement of dietary iodine intake in Chinese female adults based on 'iodine overflow theory'.

PURPOSE: We re-explored the basal iodine requirement based on healthy Chinese female and a new iodine overflow theory was proposed for iodine balance study. METHODS: Thirty-six Chinese healthy female adults (age 20.7 ± 1.1) were recruited for this study, which included 40 days low iodine depletion period and six stages of 30 days supplementation period. Uniform diets with low iodine were provided and the content of iodine in the diet was regulated by dairy products. The total iodine intake from food and the total iodine excretion through 24-h urine and staged feces were completely gathered and monitored. The incremental (Δ) intake and excretion over the range were calculated. RESULTS: The iodine intake and excretion were 13.6 µg/day and 48.6 µg/day at the first stage, respectively. The incremental iodine intakes and excretions were 21.1 µg/day to 120.3 µg/day and 25.8 µg/day to 105.4 µg/day for the supplementation stages, respectively. According to the 'iodine overflow theory', the zero iodine balance (Δ iodine intake = Δ iodine excretion) derived from a mixed effect model indicated a mean iodine intake of 52.2 µg/d (1.0 µg/d kg). The RNI for iodine to healthy Chinese female adult was 73.1 µg/d (1.4 µg/d kg). CONCLUSION: A daily iodine intake of 52.2 µg/d may meet the basal iodine requirement for healthy Chinese female adults, and Chinese female may need more than 20% iodine intake than male based on the 'iodine overflow theory'. The trial was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry in May 2018 (No: ChiCTR1800016184).

[Protein efficiency ratio of genetically modified pork powder with fat-1 gene].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the protein efficiency ratio(PER) of genetically modified pork powder with fat-1 gene(GM group), and thus evaluate whether the nutritional evaluation value of fat-1 gene pork powder has changed. METHODS: Sixty weaned SD rats(60-80 g) were randomly divided into casein group, parental control group and GM group according to sex and weight, 20 rats in each group, half of each sex. The rats in the three groups were fed with corresponding formulated feed containing 10% protein for 28 days. The body weight and food intake of each group were recorded weekly. Blood was collected at the end of the experiment to determine hematology and blood biochemical indexes. The food utilization rate, organ/body weigh indexes, PER and corrected PER were calculated. RESULTS: The weight of rats in all groups increased steadily during the experimental period. Statistically significant differences were found in some hematology and blood biochemical indexes and organ/body weigh indexes. No biologically significant changes were found. The food utilization rate of GM group was higher than that of casein group(P<0.05), which was equivalent to that in the parental control group. The PER of both genetically modified pork powder with fat-1 gene and parental white pork powder were higher than that of casein(P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The PER of genetically modified pork powder with fat-1 gene was equal to that of its parental white pork powder.

[Plasma selenium level and its influencing factors in Chinese child-bearing-aged women in 2015].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the plasma selenium(Se) level of child-bearing-aged women and discuss the influence factor for low-Se level. METHODS: Using the muti-stage stratified and population proportional cluster random sampling method, 1881 child-bearing-aged women aged 18 to 44 years were selected from China Adult Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveillance(2015) Data. The basic information of the subjects was collected by unified electronic questionnaires and equipments were used for field survey, measurement and record. Plasma Se concentration was detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Plasma low-Se level were assessed using lower limit of plasma/serum Se established by the Mayo Clinic Laboratory and our laboratory, respectively. Influence factors of low-Se level were analyzed by the multivariate logistic regression model. RESULTS: The M(P25, P75) plasma Se concentration for Chinese child-bearing-aged women was 89.52(74.21, 105.03)µg/L. Nationality, location, urban-rural type and education level difference had influence on plasma Se level in this population(P<0.05). According to the lower limit of plasma/serum Se concentration established by the Mayo clinical laboratories(<70 µg/L) and our laboratories(<73.81 µg/L), the low-Se rate were 20.47% and 24.51%, respectively. There were significantly differences in low-Se rate among nationality, location, urban-rural type, education level and marital status(P<0.05). The multivariate logistic regression model showed that location and urban-rural type had significant effects on low-Se rate of child-bearing-aged women(P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The plasma low-Se rate of Chinese women of childbearing age is relatively high and higher prevalence low-Se was found in western and central regions and rural areas in China.

Exploration of the lower threshold of iodine intake in Southern Chinese young adults based on 'overflow theory' in an iodine balance study.

BACKGROUND: Appropriate iodine intake for adults is essential to reduce the prevalence of thyroid diseases, but there is little research data on iodine requirement of Chinese population. This study aimed to explore the iodine requirement of young adults to maintain a healthy status based on 'overflow theory'. METHODS: Iodine-balance experiment has been performed in this project. We conducted an 18-day study consisted of a 6-day acclimation period and 3 consecutive experimental stages in 37 Chinese healthy young adults (23 female and 14 male). Each stage was consumed for 4 days. Strictly-controlled low-iodine intake diets were provided for adults in the first period, an egg or 125mL milk was added in the second and third period, respectively. The dietary samples, 24-h urine specimens and faeces of volunteers were collected daily for assessment of iodine intake and excretion in volunteers. RESULTS: Mean values of iodine intake (22.7±3.6, 35.1±3.7, and 52.2±3.8µg/d), excretion (64.7±13.9, 62.3±12.6, and 94.3±14.5µg/d) and iodine balance (-35.2±19.5, -21.0±19.8, and -33.5±26.9µg/d) were significantly different among three periods for male (P<0.001 for all); mean values of iodine intake (16.6±3.1, 29.7±2.7, and 48.0±2.7µg/d), and excretion (47.0±9.9, 55.5±8.1, and 75.7±12.4µg/d) were significantly different among three periods for female (P < 0.001 for all). No significant difference was observed among the 3 periods for female in the iodine balance (-30.5±9.3, -25.9±7.3, and -27.6±12.1µg/d). The linear regression equation of iodine excretion on iodine intake was Y=0.979X+37.04 (male) and Y=0.895X+31.48 (female). Compared with stage 2, iodine excretion increments in stage 3 had exceeded the iodine intake increment for men. The ratio of increment was 1.675 for male when the average iodine intake was 52.2µg/d in stage 3. When the iodine excretion increment equaled to the iodine intake increment, the daily iodine intake of men was 47.0µg. CONCLUSION: We have evaluated the iodine requirement of young adults in southern China based on overflow theory. Our results indicate the lower limit of iodine requirement for Chinese young men is 47.0µg/d. The trial was registered at www.chictr.org.cn as ChiCTR1800014877.

[Vitamin A nutrition status of Chinese urban adults aged 18 to 60 years old in 2015].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the vitamin A nutritional status and its related influencing factors of Chinese 18-60 urban adults by analyzing serum retinol level in 2015. METHODS: Serum samples of 42 people, half male and half female, were randomly selected in each point, from the 302 monitoring sites of Chinese adult chronic diseases and nutrition surveillance in 2015. The serum retinol levels were determined by high pressure liquid chromatography(HPLC). RESULTS: A total of 2571 serum samples were detected. The serum retinol level of Chinese urban adults of 18-60 years old was 1.98(1.56-2.53)µmol/L, the deficiency rate was 0.25%, and the marginal deficiency rate was 4.45%. The serum retinol level of male was 2.19(1.75-2.78)µmol/L, the deficiency rate was 0.05%, and the marginal deficiency rate was 2.48%; The serum retinol level of female was 1.80(1.42-2.25)µmol/L, the deficiency rate was 0.46%, and the marginal deficiency rate was 6.51%. The significant differences in serum retinol was observed deficiency rate and marginal deficiency rate between males and females(P<0.01), the nutritional status of males was better than the females. The deficiency rate and marginal deficiency rate of 18-29 years old were the highest, which were 0.34% and 5.81% respectively. The deficiency rate and marginal deficiency rate of over 50 years old were the lowest, which were 0.15% and 2.60% respectively. The vitamin A deficiency rate and marginal deficiency rate of people with body mass index(BMI)<18.5 were 0.95% and 7.24%, 0.33% and 5.85% for BMI=18.5-23.9, 0.13% and 3.27% for BMI=24.0-27.9, respectively. The differences of vitamin A deficiency rate and marginal deficiency rate among different BMI were significant. CONCLUSION: The vitamin A nutritional status of urban adults in China is good, the vitamin A deficiency rate is very low, and the incidence of vitamin A deficiency is also low. It is basically not a public health problem according the WHO standard.

[Protein efficiency ratio of genetically modified corn with Cry1Ab-ma gene].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the protein efficiency ratio(PER) of genetically modified corn with Cry1Ab-Ma gene and parental corn. METHODS: Sixty SD rats(60-80 g) were randomly divided into genetically modified corn group, parental corn group and casein control group, with 20 rats in each group and half male and half female. Casein was added to 10% of the diet in casein control group. When the protein content of the diets in the genetically modified corn group and parental corn group was still less than 10% according to the principle of maximum incorporation, the defective part was supplemented with casein. Rats were free to drink and eat for 28 days. Food intake and body weight of each group were recorded every week. Blood was collected at the end of the experiment to determine hematology and blood biochemical indexes. The main organs were weighed and organ/body weigh indexes were calculated. PER and corrected PER were calculated. RESULTS: The body weight of all the animals in each group showed an increasing trend, and the weight growth was normal. Although there were statistical differences in the individual indexes of end-stage hematology and blood biochemical indexes, there was no biological significance. There were no significant change in the organ/body weigh indexes. PER of genetically modified corn, parental corn and casein were 2.01±0.22, 1.77±0.30 and 3.64±0.48, respectively. The corrected PER of genetically modified corn and parent corn were 1.38 and 1.22, respectively. CONCLUSION: The PER of this batch of genetically modified corn with Cry1Ab-ma gene was better than that of parental corn, but worse than that of casein.

[Vitamin A nutrition status among pregnant women in rural China in 2015].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the nutrition status of vitamin A in Chinese rural pregnant women from the Chinese National Nutrition and Health Survey 2015(CNNHS 2015). METHODS: A total of 3273 Chinese rural pregnant women were recruited in this study. The concentrations of serum retinol were determined using high performance liquid chromatography. The C-reactive protein and α-acid glycoprotein were determined by immunoturbidimetric method. The distribution of serum retinol status in pregnant women was further described for different regions, age groups, nationalities, body mass index(BMI), education levels, gestational weeks, family income per capita and inflammation levels. The prevalence of vitamin A deficiency and the percentage of marginal vitamin A deficiency in pregnant women were compared in different subgroups. RESULTS: The median concentration of serum retinol(M(P25, P75)) was 0. 47(0. 36, 0. 61) mg/L. There were significant differences among different regions, age groups, education levels, gestational age and per capita household income(P<0. 01). The prevalence of vitamin A deficiency was 1. 2% for deficiency and 10. 5% for marginal deficiency, respectively. Significant differences were observed in age groups, gestational weeks and inflammation levels(P<0. 01). In addition, the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency was relatively serious, 2. 1% for deficiency and 14. 2% for marginal deficiency in the third trimester, 2. 0% for deficiency and 12. 2% for marginal in the 30-44 years. CONCLUSION: It should be pay more attention on the vitamin A nutrition status in the third trimester and the 30-44 years old pregnant women, although the vitamin A status had been greatly improved in Chinese rural pregnant women.

[Vitamin A nutrition status and influencing factors of Chinese rural elderly in 2015].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the level of vitamin A and its influencing factors of Chinese rural elderly. METHODS: The serum samples of the rural elderly were selected by random sampling method from the biological sample bank of Chinese Adults Nutrition and Chronic Diseases Surveillance in 2015(CANCDS2015). The basic information of the subjects was collected by questionnaire survey. High performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) method was used to determine the vitamin A nutritional status of the population according to the standard recommended by WHO. Multiple logistic regression analysis was explored the relationship between vitamin A status with the potential relevant factors. RESULTS: A total of 3134 elderly from Chinese rural were included in this study. The serum vitamin A concentration(M(P25, P75))was 1. 92(1. 50, 2. 45)µmoL/L. The prevalence of vitamin A deficiency was 0. 99%(95%CI 0. 64%-1. 34%), and the prevalence of vitamin A marginal deficiency was 4. 38%(95%CI 3. 65%-5. 10%). The prevalence of vitamin A marginal deficiency was significantly higher in elderly lived in western region than that lived in eastern and central regions of China. The serum vitamin A adequacy rate of rural elderly who were 80 years old and above or thin was relatively low(P<0. 05). Married elderly had significant lower vitamin A deficiency rate. The result from multivariate logistic regression model analysis showed that gender, age and body mass index had significant effects on vitamin A nutritional status of Chinese urban elderly(P<0. 05). CONCLUSION: The nutritional status of vitamin A in rural elderly in China was better, and the deficiency rate was lower.

[Relationship between rs7041 polymorphism of GC gene and serum vitamin D status in Chinese women of childbearing age].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of rs7041 polymorphism of GC gene that encodes the vitamin D-binding protein with serum vitamin D status in Chinese women of childbearing age. METHODS: A total of 1812 plasma samples of women childbearing aged 18-44 years old were selected by stratified random sampling technology from the established biological samples bank of Chinese Chronic Diseases and Nutrition Survey(CCDNS, 2015-2018). The serum 25(OH)D status was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The genotypes of rs7041 in the GC gene were analyzed by improved multiple ligase detection reaction method. RESULTS: A total of 1812 childbearing women aged 18-49 years were included in this study. The frequency of rs7041 genotypes in the study were distributed according to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, indicating sufficient representativeness of our sample. The median serum 25(OH)D status was 16. 69(12. 04, 21. 69)ng/mL. The higher 25(OH)D levels was detected in the overall sample, southern women or women with normal vitamin D status with the CC genotype than the AA genotype(P<0. 05). Before and after correction, the risk of vitamin D insufficiency in the women carrying the CC genotype was decreased significantly compared with the women carrying the AA genotype(OR=0. 571, 95%CI 0. 373-0. 873). And the CC genotype of rs7041 was associated with a significant decrease in risk of 25(OH)D deficiency(in the subgroup of southern childbearing women, OR=0. 284, 95%CI 0. 144-0. 560 and in the subgroup of northern childbearing women, OR=0. 109, 95%CI 0. 015-0. 798). CONCLUSION: The GC rs7041 with A/C polymorphism are significantly correlated with 25(OH)D status in Chinese childbearing women, mutant CC genotype is a protective factor for vitamin D non-normal status risks.

[Zinc status of 18-60 year-old adults in China in 2015].

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the distribution of serum zinc levels, zinc deficiency status and possible influencing factors in 18-60 year-old adults in China. METHODS: Based on the data of China Adult Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveillance, 3903 blood samples were selected by stratified random sampling. The distribution of serum zinc in adults with different gender, age, regional type and regional distribution were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and body mass index(BMI), exercise, smoking, drinking, vitamin A level and other factors on serum zinc concentration and zinc deficiency rate. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the correlation between zinc deficiency and the influencing factors. RESULTS: In 2015, the median of serum zinc in Chinese adults aged 18-60 years was 103. 44(95%CI 64. 84-186. 12) µg/dL, and the overall zinc deficiency rate was 6. 04%. Serum zinc concentration had statistically significant difference(P<0. 05) in different genders, regional types, regional distribution, vitamin A status, smoking status, drinking status. In the comparison of zinc deficiency rates, ethnic minorities(10. 67 %) was higher than Han(5. 44%), rural area(7. 35%) was higher than urban area(4. 90%), vitamin A deficiency group(9. 12%) was higher than vitamin A normal group(5. 90%), non-exercise group(6. 29%) was higher than sports group(5. 09%). Among different regional distributions, the western region had the highest zinc deficiency rate(7. 33%), and among different BMI groups overweight group had the lowest rate(4. 81%). These differences were statistically significant(P<0. 05). In the analysis of multivariate logistic regression, the risk of zinc deficiency in the vitamin A deficiency group was 1. 89 higher than that of the normal group(OR=1. 89, 95%CI 1. 13-3. 18); and the overweight group had a lower risk of serum zinc deficiency than the normal group(OR=0. 71, 95%CI 0. 52-0. 96). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of serum zinc deficiency among adults aged 18-60 in China is relatively low. Vitamin A deficiency is a risk factor for zinc deficiency and overweight is a protective factor for zinc deficiency.

Protein Requirements of Elderly Chinese Adults Are Higher than Current Recommendations.

BACKGROUND: Due to a lack of research data on the protein requirements of the elderly in China, the estimated average requirement (EAR) and the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) of protein in the elderly remain the same as those in young and middle-aged people at 0.98 g/(kg·d). OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the protein requirements of healthy Chinese adults >65y old through use of the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method. METHODS: Seven healthy adult men and 7 healthy adult women participated in the study, with protein intakes ranging from 0.3 to 1.8 g/(kg·d). The diets were isocaloric and provided energy at a 1.5 resting energy expenditure. Protein was given based on the lactalbumin. Phenylalanine and tyrosine were added to protein doses of 0.3-1.5 g/kg according to the highest dose of protein content [1.8 g/(kg·d)]. Phenylalanine and tyrosine concentrations were kept constant at each protein dose. The mean protein requirement was determined by applying a nonlinear mixed-effects model analysis to the F13CO2, which identified a breakpoint in F13CO2 in response to graded amounts of protein. This trial was registered with the Chinese clinical trial registry as ChiCTR-BOC-17010930. RESULTS: Protein EAR and RNI for healthy elderly Chinese adults were determined to be 0.91 and 1.17 g/(kg·d), respectively, based on the indicator amino acid oxidation technique. CONCLUSIONS: The estimates of protein requirements for Chinese adults >65 y in the present study are 3.4% and 19.4% higher than the current estimated requirements, 0.88 g/(kg·d) for EAR and 0.98 g/(kg·d) for RNI.

An iodine balance study to explore the recommended nutrient intake of iodine in Chinese young adults.

Data on average iodine requirements for the Chinese population are limited following implementation of long-term universal salt iodisation. We explored the minimum iodine requirements of young adults in China using a balance experiment and the 'iodine overflow' hypothesis proposed by our team. Sixty healthy young adults were enrolled to consume a sequential experimental diet containing low, medium and high levels of iodine (about 20, 40 and 60 µg/d, respectively). Each dose was consumed for 4 d, and daily iodine intake, excretion and retention were assessed. All participants were in negative iodine balance throughout the study. Iodine intake, excretion and retention differed among the three iodine levels (P < 0·01 for all groups). The zero-iodine balance derived from a random effect model indicated a mean iodine intake of 102 µg/d, but poor correlation coefficients between observed and predicted iodine excretion (r 0·538 for µg/d data) and retention (r 0·304 for µg/d data). As iodine intake increased from medium to high, all of the increased iodine was excreted ('overflow') through urine and faeces by males, and 89·5 % was excreted by females. Although the high iodine level (63·4 µg/d) might be adequate in males, the corresponding level of 61·6 µg/d in females did not meet optimal requirements. Our findings indicate that a daily iodine intake of approximately half the current recommended nutrient intake (120 µg/d) may satisfy the minimum iodine requirements of young male adults in China, while a similar level is insufficient for females based on the 'iodine overflow' hypothesis.

[Digestive stability in simulated gastric fluid of EPSPS protein and PAT protein].

OBJECTIVE: To study the digestive stability of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase(EPSPS) protein and phosphinothricina cetyltransferase(PAT) protein in simulated gastric fluid. METHODS: The component of simulated gastric fluid was based on the method of target protein digestive stability in simulative gastric and intestinal in national standard of the People's Republic of China(Published by the Ministry of Agriculture No. 869-2-2007). The test model of stability of different protein to digestion in Simulated Gastric Fluid was established by dodecyl sulfate, sodium salt-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE)and western blot. The degradation of EPSPS protein and PAT protein in simulated gastric fluid at different digestion time points were analyzed. RESULTS: The experiment showed that EPSPS protein and PAT protein were completely digested within 15 s in simulated gastric fluid, no any remain of protein was detected by SDS-PAGE and Western blot, indicating that EPSPS protein and PAT protein were easily digested in the simulated gastric. CONCLUSION: EPSPS protein and PAT protein do not have immunogenicity after digestion with simulated gastric fluid.

[Consistency evaluation of human serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay].

OBJECTIVE: Comparison of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) for the detection of 25(OH)D concentration in human serum and the diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency. METHODS: In the serum pool of "National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention", 500 serum samples of women aged 18 to 45 years old were randomly selected, and 25(OH)D levels were measured by ELISA and LC-MS/MS for the same serum sample, respectively. The LC-MS/MS column was Waters XBridge BEH C_(18)(2. 1 mm×50 mm, 2. 5 µm). The correlation between the two method was tested by correlation analysis, regression analysis and consistency test. The Endocrine Society and Institute of Medicine recommendations were used to determine the deficiency of vitamin D, and the McNemar test, Kappa coefficient and diagnostic test were used to diagnose the consistency of vitamin D deficiency. RESULTS: The regression equation for the 25(OH)D concentration measured by the two method was y_(LC-MS/MS)=-0. 035+1. 007×x_(ELISA)(r=0. 877), and the average deviation between the two was 4. 48% and the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0. 87. The 25(OH)D concentration was less than 12 and 20 ng/mL as a criterion for vitamin D deficiency, and the Kappa coefficients were greater than 0. 60(0. 64 and 0. 74). CONCLUSION: When serum 25(OH)D level was detected by LC-MS/MS and ELISA, the correspondence of the two method was fine. Taking the "gold standard" LC-MS/MS method as a reference, the ELISA method was used to determine human vitamin D deficiency with good sensitivity and specificity, which can be used for the accurate and rapid detection of large-scale population samples.

Basal energy expenditure, resting energy expenditure and one metabolic equivalent (1 MET) values for young Chinese adults with different body weights.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Accurately assessing energy expenditure (EE) of people with different body weight is essential to facilitate weight management. The aim of this study was to measure basal energy expenditure (BEE), resting energy expenditure (REE) and to explore the true 1 MET value for young Chinese adults with different body weight. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: A total of 251 young Chinese adults were divided into three groups: the normal weight group, the overweight group and the obese group. Their BEE, REE and 1 MET values were measured by Cortex Metamax 3B (MM3B). Multiple linear regressions and correlation analysis were used to examine factors that influence EE in Chinese population. RESULTS: The mean measured BEE and REE of young Chinese adults with normal weight, overweight and obesity was 1429, 1609, 1778 kcal/day and 1522, 1712, 1885 kcal/day, respectively. The EE per kilogram body weight decreased with the increasing body weight. The mean oxygen consumption in the three group was 3.78, 3.47, 3.21 mL/kg/min respectively. There was no significant difference in BEE and REE after adjustment for fat-free mass (FFM). The significant influencing factors were body mass index (BMI) and sex in BEE, FFM and BMI in REE in Chinese population. CONCLUSIONS: BEE and REE were significantly different for different body weights while these differences disappeared after adjustment for FFM, and people with different body weights may have different 1 MET values. Further studies should be conducted to obtain more accurate daily energy requirement and 1MET value for specific Chinese populations.

[Thyroid function for Chinese pregnant women in 2010-2012].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate thyroid function and iodine nutritional status for pregnant women from various regions of China by determining plasma levels of thyrotrophin( TSH), free triiodothyronine( FT3), and free thyroxine( FT4). METHODS: Plasma samples were obtained from pregnant women that participated in the 2010-2012 China National Nutrition and Health Survey. Plasma levels of TSH, FT3, and FT4 were determined by using an automated chemiluminescence immunoassay analyzer. Thyroid function was evaluated according to the determined levels. RESULTS: A total of 877 plasma samples collected from pregnant women residing in different regions of China wereanalyzed for levels of TSH, FT3, and FT4. The median TSH levels detected in the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy were 1. 56, 1. 84, and 1. 89 m IU/L, respectively. The median FT4 levels were 17. 21, 16. 29 and 16. 35 pmol/L, respectively. The median FT3 levels were 4. 70, 4. 39 and 4. 18 pmol/L, respectively. The rate of normal thyroid function for this cohort was 78. 1%, and for the pregnant women that resided in large cities the rate was 71. 2%. The most common type of abnormal thyroid function that was detected was subclinical hypothyroidism. It had an overall incidence of10. 5%, and those residing in regions of rural poverty had the highest rate( 14. 5%). The normal rate of thyroid function for adult pregnant women at the end of the trimester( 28-40 weeks) during pregnancy was significantly lower than that of the pregnant women in the first and second trimester. CONCLUSION: The rate of normal thyroid function in pregnant women is low( less than 80%). Subclinical hypothyroidism is the main type of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy. It should be continued to pay attention to the relationship between the high incidence of subclinical hypothyroidism and iodine nutritional status of pregnant women, especially subclinical hypothyroidism caused by insufficient iodine intake.

[Distribution of the diabetes related gene variants among Chinese population born in early 1960s].

OBJECTIVE: To describe the distributions of the diabetes related gene variants among Chinese population born in early 1960s. METHODS: A total of 1983 subjects( 770 male, 1213 female) were selected from the cross-sectional 2010-2012 China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance. The 45 diabetes related single nucleotide polymorphism( SNPs) were detected by the Mass Array. The distributions of these risk allele in the current study were compared with the result of Utah residents with Northern and Western European ancestry, Japanese in Tokyo, African ancestry inSouthwest USA and Han Chinese in Beijing from the 1000 Genomes project. RESULTS: Among Chinese population born in 1960-1961 and 1963, significant differences in the frequency of the risk allele of rs17584499, rs10906115, rs10886471 and rs11257655 were found between male and female. Compared to the female population, the male have the higher frequency in rs17584499( χ~2= 4. 270, P = 0. 039) and rs10906115( χ~2= 4. 254, P = 0. 039), while lower frequency of risk allele in rs10886471( χ~2= 6. 199, P = 0. 013)and rs11257655( χ~2= 5. 644, P = 0. 018). There was ethnic difference in the frequency of most of the risk alleles, and the difference between the Chinese population and the European ancestry or African ancestry were higher than between the Chinese population and Japanese population. CONCLUSION: The distributions of the diabetes risk alleles among the Chinese population born in early 1960 s have slight gender difference only in few SNPs. There is significant ethnic difference in the frequency of risk allele in most of the diabetes related SNPs.

Vitamin D deficiency prevalence and risk factors among pregnant Chinese women.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate vitamin D deficiency prevalence and risk factors among pregnant Chinese women. DESIGN: A descriptive cross-sectional analysis. SETTING: China National Nutrition and Health Survey (CNNHS) 2010-2013. SUBJECTS: A total of 1985 healthy pregnant women participated. Possible predictors of vitamin D deficiency were evaluated via multiple logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: The median serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level was 15·5 (interquartile range 11·9-20·0, range 3·0-51·5) ng/ml, with 74·9 (95 % CI 73·0, 76·7) % of participants being vitamin D deficient (25-hydroxyvitamin D <20 ng/ml). According to the multivariate logistic regression analyses, vitamin D deficiency was positively correlated with Hui ethnicity (P=0·016), lack of vitamin D supplement use (P=0·021) and low ambient UVB level (P<0·001). In the autumn months, vitamin D deficiency was related to Hui ethnicity (P=0·012) and low ambient UVB level (P<0·001). In the winter months, vitamin D deficiency was correlated with younger age (P=0·050), later gestational age (P=0·035), higher pre-pregnancy BMI (P=0·019), low ambient UVB level (P<0·001) and lack of vitamin D supplement use (P=0·007). CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent among pregnant Chinese women. Residing in areas with low ambient UVB levels increases the risk of vitamin D deficiency, especially for women experiencing advanced stages of gestation, for younger pregnant women and for women of Hui ethnicity; therefore, vitamin D supplementation and sensible sun exposure should be encouraged, especially in the winter months. Further studies must determine optimal vitamin D intake and sun exposure levels for maintaining sufficient vitamin D levels in pregnant Chinese women.

[Vitamin A nutritional status of Chinese rural fertile women in 2010-2012].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate nutritional status of vitamin A( VA) among Chinese rural fertile women in 2010-2012. METHODS: A multi-stage stratified sampling and population proportional stratified random sampling method was used and the participants of rural fertile women who were 18-44 years old and had completed personal information data during the 2010-2012 National Nutrition and Health Survey were included( n = 1279). The level of serum retinol, rate of VA marginal deficiency anddeficiency among the fertile women were analyzed. RESULTS: In 2010-2012, the P50( P25-P75) level of serum retinol was 1. 63( 1. 28-2. 10) µmol/L for Chinese rural fertile women, 1. 60( 1. 25-2. 05) µmol/L for fertile women from ordinary rural area and1. 70( 1. 32-2. 17) µmol/L for fertile women from poverty rural area. The level of serum retinol of fertile women from poverty rural area was statistically higher than that of ordinary rural area( P = 0. 007). The rate of VA marginal deficiency and deficiency among the Chinese rural fertile women was 9. 46% and 3. 05%, respectively. The rate of VA marginal deficiency and deficiency among the fertile women from ordinary rural area and poverty rural area was 9. 82%, 4. 13%, 9. 03% and 1. 74%, respectively. The rate of VA deficiency among the fertile women from ordinary rural was statistically higher than that of poverty rural( P = 0. 013), but no statistically differences in the rate of VA marginal deficiency were found( P > 0. 05). Moreover, the statistically differences of rate of VA marginal deficiency and deficiency were also observed in the different regions and educational level( only VA deficiency). There were no statistically differences of VA marginal deficiency and deficiency were found in the other variables. CONCLUSION: The different extent of VA deficiency still present and more popular for the VA marginal deficiency among Chinese fertile women.