Natural evolution of perforating wounds of 30% extension of the left diaphragm and the anatomopathological characteristics of its healing. Experimental Study.

INTRODUCTION: diaphragmatic injury is a challenge for surgeons. It is an injury that can be isolated. It is frequent in penetrating thoracoabdominal trauma. It represents a diagnostic challenge and the ideal approach is not yet well established. The occurrence of spontaneous healing of these injuries is still much discussed and even more, if it does, what is the healing mechanism? OBJECTIVE: to macroscopically and histologically evaluate the natural evolution of perforation and cutting wounds equivalent to 30% of the left diaphragm. METHOD: 50 specimens of rats underwent a surgical procedure and, after 30 days, were euthanized and those that presented scar tissue in the diaphragm, the samples were submitted to histopathological study, using the hematoxylin and eosin stains, Massons trichrome and Picrosirius to assess the presence of collagen or muscle fibers (hyperplasia) in the scar. RESULTS: it was found that healing occurred in diaphragmatic injuries in 90% of rats. We also observed the presence of fibrosis in all analyzed samples. CONCLUSION: Spontaneous healing occurred in most diaphragmatic injuries and the inflammatory reaction represented by the presence of fibrosis and collagen deposition was observed in all our samples. Muscle fiber hyperplasia did not occur.

Mycophenolate mofetil in children with steroid/cyclophosphamide-resistant nephrotic syndrome.

The purpose of this study was to assess the results of therapy with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) who were both steroid- and cyclophosphamide-resistant. Treatment lasted a minimum of 6 months, and follow-up data were collected over a 2-year period. The children were divided into two groups: Group 1 (n=34) comprised patients who had received cyclosporine A (CsA) before the initiation of MMF therapy; Group 2 (n=18) comprised patients who received only MMF. Among the 34 patients of Group 1, complete and partial remission were achieved in seven (20.6%) and 13 patients (38.6%), respectively; there was no response in 14 patients (41.2%). Among the 18 patients in Group 2, complete and partial remission occurred in five (27.8%) and six (33.3%) patients, respectively; there was no response in seven patients (38.9%). Eight patients developed chronic kidney disease. The main side-effects were gastrointestinal complaints (n=11, 21%), recurring severe infections (n=1, 1.9%), and mild thrombocytopenia/leucopenia (n=1, 1.9%). MMF proved to be therapeutically effective in 59.5% of the cases. These beneficial effects need to be confirmed in studies with a long-term follow-up after discontinuation of the treatment. Our statistical analysis of the results of therapy with MMF did not reveal any significant difference between its use alone or following CsA administration.

[Reproducibility of the classification of ocular ferning patterns in Sjogren's syndrome patients]. / Reprodutibilidade na classificação do teste de cristalização do filme lacrimal em pacientes com síndrome de Sjögren.

PURPOSE: To verify the reproducibility of Rolando's classification of the tear ferning test using five different examiners and to compare the patterns of crystallization found in Sjögren's syndrome patients and normal subjects. METHODS: Tear ferning analysis of 29 patients with Sjögren's syndrome and of 45 patients without ocular disease were done using polarized light microscopy and the Rolando classification for tear ferning. Five examiners classified the ferning patterns of all the patients. ROC curve (Receiver Operating Characteristic) was used to find out the best score for the correct syndrome diagnosis. Kappa index (p<0.0001) was used to compare the results of the examiners among them and check the test's reproducibility. Charts were drawn to compare the two groups' results. RESULTS: Throught the ROC curve the score of 2.50 for diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome was stablished. Considering the aggregated patterns I with II and III with IV, the examiners' level of pattern agreement was excellent (Kappa ranging from 0.82 to 0.97, p<0.0001). The group with Sjögren's syndrome was classified mostly as patterns III and IV and the patients without ocular disease mostly as I and II. CONCLUSION: The patterns associated with Sjögren's syndrome and normal patients matched the ones in the literature. The tear ferning test classification is reproductible when the Rolando classification was used for Sjögren's syndrome patients.

Natural evolution of perforating wounds of 30% extension of the left diaphragm and the anatomopathological characteristics of its healing. Experimental Study / Evolução natural das feridas perfurocortantes de 30% de extensão do diafragma esquerdo e das características anatomopatológicas de sua cicatrização. Estudo Experimental

ABSTRACT Introduction: diaphragmatic injury is a challenge for surgeons. It is an injury that can be isolated. It is frequent in penetrating thoracoabdominal trauma. It represents a diagnostic challenge and the ideal approach is not yet well established. The occurrence of spontaneous healing of these injuries is still much discussed and even more, if it does, what is the healing mechanism? Objective: to macroscopically and histologically evaluate the natural evolution of perforation and cutting wounds equivalent to 30% of the left diaphragm. Method: 50 specimens of rats underwent a surgical procedure and, after 30 days, were euthanized and those that presented scar tissue in the diaphragm, the samples were submitted to histopathological study, using the hematoxylin and eosin stains, Massons trichrome and Picrosirius to assess the presence of collagen or muscle fibers (hyperplasia) in the scar. Results: it was found that healing occurred in diaphragmatic injuries in 90% of rats. We also observed the presence of fibrosis in all analyzed samples. Conclusion: Spontaneous healing occurred in most diaphragmatic injuries and the inflammatory reaction represented by the presence of fibrosis and collagen deposition was observed in all our samples. Muscle fiber hyperplasia did not occur.

RESUMO Introdução: o ferimento diafragmático é um desafio para os cirurgiões. É uma lesão que pode ser isolada. É frequente nos traumas penetrantes toracoabdominais. Representa um desafio diagnóstico e a conduta ideal ainda não está bem estabelecida. A ocorrência da cicatrização espontânea dessas lesões é ainda muito discutida e mais ainda, se ocorre, qual o mecanismo de cicatrização? Objetivo: avaliar macroscopicamente e histologicamente a evolução natural das feridas perfuro cortantes equivalentes a 30% do diafragma esquerdo. Método: 50 espécimes de ratos, foram submetidos a procedimento cirúrgico e, após 30 dias, foram submetidos à eutanásia e aqueles que apresentaram tecido cicatricial no diafragma, as amostras foram submetidas a estudo histopatológico, usando as colorações de hematoxilina e eosina, tricrômico de Masson e Picrossirius para avaliar a presença de colágeno ou de fibras musculares (hiperplasia) na cicatriz. Resultados: verificou-se que ocorreu nas lesões diafragmáticas, a cicatrização em 90% dos ratos. Observamos também, a presença de fibrose em todas as amostras analisadas. Conclusão: ocorreu cicatrização espontânea na maioria das lesões diafragmáticas e a reação inflamatória representada pela presença de fibrose e deposição de colágeno foi observada em todas as nossas amostras. Não ocorreu hiperplasia de fibras musculares.

Renal hypersensitivity vasculitis associated with dapsone.

We describe clinical and pathological features of kidney and skin involvement in a patient with hypersensitivity vasculitis associated with dapsone. Although visceral damage occurs rarely, similar skin and kidney histopathologic and immunohistochemical findings indicate that this organ is a target for type IV cell-mediated dapsone reaction. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of renal hypersensitivity vasculitis associated with dapsone.

[Periorbital liposarcoma in pediatric patient: a case report]. / Lipossarcoma periorbital em paciente pediátrico: relato de caso.

The purpose of this study is report a child with periorbital liposarcoma describing the clinical, epidemiological and therapeutic aspects. Six-months-old female baby with increasing tumor in the right fronto-zigomatic region wich was submitted to excision and the patologic and immunohistochemistry analisys observed typical findings of lipoblastoma. After that, there were three tumors relapse with the same diagnosis. One year after the last surgery there was a recurrence of the tumor but at this time the diagnosis was lipossarcoma and the patient was referred for additional treatment wilth radiotherapy and chemotherapy no new injuries so far Due to its rarity, liposarcoma usually does not enter the differencial diagnosis in the patients with orbital masses, however because of its local aggressiveess, it's vital the early identification and treatment to provide better therapeutic results and quality of life.

Analysis of transplant rejection in rabbits aponeurosis.

OBJECTIVE: To study the feasibility of heterologous aponeurosis to close the abdominal wall of rabbits emphasizing the rejection process. METHODS: This project was approved by the Animals Care Committee of the Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, and it was carried out at the Experimental Surgery and Technical Unit. Four red female rabbits exchanged abdominal wall aponeurosis with other four white male animals. Two rabbits just had it removed and replaced to be the control group for the healing process. Animals were evaluated once a day, and after 7 days they were sacrificed. Immunohistochemical analysis with CD20 and CD79 was done. RESULTS: The animals did not have cellulitis, abscess, hematoma, wound dehiscence or herniation. The graft site showed intense hyperemia. The histological analysis showed an inflammatory process with maturing myofibroblasts and collagen ranging from incipient to moderate. The number of vessels was reduced and the inflammatory cells were most plasma cells and macrophages. There were no morphological signs of acute rejection with aggressive vascular endothelial damage. The adjacent muscle showed signs of degeneration with inflammatory centralization of nuclei and cytoplasmic condensation. The immunohistochemical analysis (CD20 and CD79) showed that the inflammatory process was not mediated by lymphocytes. Mann-Whitney nonparametric test showed that the hypothesis of equality (p>0.05) should not be discarded. CONCLUSION: There were no postoperative complications (fistulas, dehiscence etc.) and the histological analysis showed nonspecific inflammatory process. The immunohistochemical analysis showed that the inflammatory process was not due to a possible rejection.

Diagnostic difficulty in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome / Dificuldade diagnóstica na Síndrome de Peutz-Jeghers

A case of diagnostic difficulty facing the patient with colonic polyposis secondary to Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, but without family history and pathognomonic clinical features of the disease, is illustrated. The exams, including biopsy, led to diagnostic uncertainty and the definitive diagnosis was characterized in therapeutic of exception. (AU)

Ilustra-se um caso de dificuldade diagnóstica frente à paciente com polipose colônica secundária a Síndrome de Peutz-Jeghers, sem história familiar e sem características clínicas patognomônicas da doença. Os exames, incluindo biópsia, geraram dúvida diagnóstica, sendo o diagnóstico definitivo caracterizado em terapêutica de exceção. (AU)

Nasal paraganglioma: A case report and literature review

Introduction: Paragangliomas are neuroendocrine tumors that most commonly originate in the adrenal gland, a type that is called pheochromocytoma; however, 5-10% of paragangliomas are extra-adrenal and may arise in any area between the neck and pelvic region along the sympathetic nervous system. Those located in the head and neck comprise 3% of extra-adrenal tumors, with the majority originating in the tympanic-jugular region and carotid body. Objective: To present a rare case of nasal paraganglioma and review the literature. Case report: The patient was submitted to medial subtotal maxillectomy, and her clinical findings, diagnostic data, and treatment outcome were recorded. Conclusion: Paragangliomas are considered benign tumors, but they occasionally display a malignant character. The most important finding in this case was the need for total resection of the tumor to avoid recurrence...

Lipossarcoma periorbital em paciente pediátrico: relato de caso / Periorbital liposarcoma in pediatric patient: a case report

O objetivo desse estudo é descrever uma criança com lipossarcoma periorbital, caracterizando seus aspectos clínico-epidemiológicos e terapêuticos. Menina de 6 meses de idade com tumoração crescente há dois meses em região fronto-zigomática direita, a qual foi submetida à exérese e cujas análises anatomopatológica (AP) e imuno-histoquímica (IH) observaram achados típicos de lipoblastoma. Após isso, apresentou mais três recidivas tumorais com diagnósticos similares. Um ano depois da última cirurgia, houve nova recorrência, porém, dessa vez, o resultado dos exames análises anatomopatológica e imuno-histoquímica foi de lipossarcoma, sendo, então, encaminhada para complementar o tratamento com radio e quimioterapia, sem novas lesões até o momento. Devido a sua raridade, geralmente o lipossarcoma não entra no diagnóstico diferencial em pacientes com massas orbitais, porém, por ser localmente agressivo, torna-se vital a pronta identificação e tratamento de forma a oferecer melhores resultados terapêuticos e influência sobre a qualidade de vida do paciente.

The purpose of this study is report a child with periorbital liposarcoma describing the clinical, epidemiological and therapeutic aspects. Six-months-old female baby with increasing tumor in the right fronto-zigomatic region wich was submitted to excision and the patologic and immunohistochemistry analisys observed typical findings of lipoblastoma. After that, there were three tumors relapse with the same diagnosis. One year after the last surgery there was a recurrence of the tumor but at this time the diagnosis was lipossarcoma and the patient was referred for additional treatment wilth radiotherapy and chemotherapy no new injuries so far Due to its rarity, liposarcoma usually does not enter the differencial diagnosis in the patients with orbital masses, however because of its local aggressiveess, it's vital the early identification and treatment to provide better therapeutic results and quality of life.

Análise da rejeição do transplante de aponeurose em coelhos / Analysis of transplant rejection in rabbits aponeurosis

OBJETIVO: Estudar a viabilidade de aponeurose heteróloga para fechar parede abdominal de coelhos, com ênfase no processo de rejeição. MÉTODOS: Este projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Cuidados Animais da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo e realizado na Unidade Técnica e Cirurgia Experimental. Quatro coelhas vermelhas trocaram aponeurose da parede abdominal com outros quatro animais machos brancos. Em dois coelhos, foi retirada e substituída a aponeurose como controle do processo cicatricial. Eles foram avaliados 1 vez por dia e sacrificados após 7 dias. Foi realizada a imunoistoquímica com CD20 e CD79. RESULTADOS: Os animais não tiveram celulite, abscesso, hematoma, deiscência da ferida ou hérnia. O local do enxerto mostrou hiperemia intensa. A análise histológica mostrou um processo inflamatório, com a presença de miofibroblastos em amadurecimento e colágeno, que variou de incipiente a moderado. O número de vasos estava reduzido e as células inflamatórias foram, em sua maioria, células plasmáticas e macrófagos. Não havia sinais morfológicos da rejeição aguda com a agressão do endotélio vascular. O músculo adjacente mostrou sinais de degeneração, com reação inflamatória dos núcleos e condensação do citoplasma. A análise imunoistoquímica (CD20 e CD79) mostrou que o processo inflamatório não foi mediado por linfócitos. O teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney mostrou que não se pode rejeitar a hipótese de igualdade (p>0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Não houve complicações pós-operatórias (fístulas, deiscência etc.) e a análise histológica revelou processo inflamatório inespecífico. A análise imunoistoquímica mostrou que o processo inflamatório não foi em razão de uma possível rejeição.

OBJECTIVE: To study the feasibility of heterologous aponeurosis to close the abdominal wall of rabbits emphasizing the rejection process. METHODS: This project was approved by the Animals Care Committee of the Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, and it was carried out at the Experimental Surgery and Technical Unit. Four red female rabbits exchanged abdominal wall aponeurosis with other four white male animals. Two rabbits just had it removed and replaced to be the control group for the healing process. Animals were evaluated once a day, and after 7 days they were sacrificed. Immunohistochemical analysis with CD20 and CD79 was done. RESULTS: The animals did not have cellulitis, abscess, hematoma, wound dehiscence or herniation. The graft site showed intense hyperemia. The histological analysis showed an inflammatory process with maturing myofibroblasts and collagen ranging from incipient to moderate. The number of vessels was reduced and the inflammatory cells were most plasma cells and macrophages. There were no morphological signs of acute rejection with aggressive vascular endothelial damage. The adjacent muscle showed signs of degeneration with inflammatory centralization of nuclei and cytoplasmic condensation. The immunohistochemical analysis (CD20 and CD79) showed that the inflammatory process was not mediated by lymphocytes. Mann-Whitney nonparametric test showed that the hypothesis of equality (p>0.05) should not be discarded. CONCLUSION: There were no postoperative complications (fistulas, dehiscence etc.) and the histological analysis showed nonspecific inflammatory process. The immunohistochemical analysis showed that the inflammatory process was not due to a possible rejection.

Reprodutibilidade na classificação do teste de cristalização do filme lacrimal em pacientes com síndrome de Sjõgren / Reproducibility of the classification of ocular ferning patterns in Sjogren's syndrome patients

OBJETIVO: Verificar a reprodutibilidade da classificação dos padrões do teste de cristalização do filme lacrimal utilizando cinco examinadores diferentes e comparar os padrões de cristalização de pacientes portadores da síndrome de Sjõgren com os de indivíduos não portadores de doenças da superfície ocular. MÉTODOS: Análise da cristalização da lágrima de 29 pacientes com Sjõgren e 45 pacientes sem doenças da superfície ocular, através de microscópio com luz polarizada, utilizando a classificação de Rolando. Para fins estatísticos foi estudada a curva ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) para determinar a melhor nota de corte do exame que separa indivíduos normais dos portadores da síndrome, índice de concordância Kappa (p<0,0001) para averiguar a reprodutibilidade da classificação dos padrões de cristalização e tabelas de contingência para comparação dos resultados entre os grupos. RESULTADOS: Com os padrões agregados (I com II e III com IV) a concordância dos examinadores foi alta (Kappa=0,82 a 0,97 e p<0,0001). Por meio da curva ROC obtivemos nota de corte de 2,50 para o diagnóstico de Sjõgren. Na comparação entre os grupos, o grupo normal recebeu predominantemente classificações de padrões I e II, ao passo que o grupo com Sjõgren, padrões III e IV. CONCLUSÕES: Houve concordância com a literatura quanto aos padrões encontrados nos pacientes com Sjõgren e nos pacientes sem doença da superfície ocular. A classificação do teste de cristalização é reprodutível quando utilizada a classificação de Rolando.

PURPOSE: To verify the reproducibility of Rolando's classification of the tear ferning test using five different examiners and to compare the patterns of crystallization found in Sjõgren's syndrome patients and normal subjects. METHODS: Tear ferning analysis of 29 patients with Sjõgren's syndrome and of 45 patients without ocular disease were done using polarized light microscopy and the Rolando classification for tear ferning. Five examiners classified the ferning patterns of all the patients. ROC curve (Receiver Operating Characteristic) was used to find out the best score for the correct syndrome diagnosis. Kappa index (p<0.0001) was used to compare the results of the examiners among them and check the test's reproducibility. Charts were drawn to compare the two groups' results. RESULTS: Throught the ROC curve the score of 2.50 for diagnosis of Sjõgren's syndrome was stabilished. Considering the aggregated patterns I with II and III with IV, the examinors' level of pattern agreement was excellent (Kappa ranging from 0.82 to 0.97, p<0.0001). The group with Sjõgren's syndrome was classified mostly as patterns III and IV and the patients without ocular disease mostly as I and II. CONCLUSION: The patterns associated with Sjõgren's syndrome and normal patients matched the ones in the literature. The tear ferning test classification is reproductible when the Rolando classification was used for Sjõgren's syndrome patients.

Glomerulonefrite membranosa (GNM) na infância: estudo de 18 casos / Membranous glomerulonephritis in childhood: study of 18 cases

Em nosso Serviço de Nefrología Infantil, de 1975 a 1984, foram atendidas 18 crianças (15 meninos e três meninas) acometidas de GNM. A faixa etária variou de dois a 11 anos de idade e o tempo médio de acompanhamento foi de dois anos. Na admissäo, concomitante à glomerulopatia, 38,8% dos casos apresentavam hepatite B. Os dados clínicos caracterizaram-se por edema generalizado e pouco intenso em 83,3% dos pacientes e hipertensäo arterial em 38,8%. Laboratorialmente a proteinúria foi maior de 1 g/dia em 100% dos doentes, a albuminemia acima de 1 g/dl em 94,5%, colesterol inferior a 500 g/dl em 94,5%, uréia sangüínea elevada em 27,7%, complemento sérico total baixo em 22,2% e hematúria macroscópica em 44,4%. Todos os pacientes foram tratados com corticosteróides e (ou) imunossupressores e atualmente 27% dos casos apresentam-se em síndrome nefrótica permanente, 27% com proteinúria, 33% com recidivas pouco freqüentes e 11% em remissäo. Näo houve óbitos em nossa casuística

Mudança de padräo histológico em síndrome nefrótica idiopática (SNI) na infância: estudo de 41 casos / Change of histological standard in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in childhood

Foram estudadas 41 crianças portadoras de síndrome nefrótica idiopática (SNI) com biópsia renal incial compatível com lesäo histológica mínima (LHM). Em funçäo de um resposta insatisfatória à corticoterapia, essas crianças foram submetidaas a uma segunda biópsia renal, onde constatou-se mudança de padräo histopatológico como lesäo esclerosante focal (LEF) em 19 pacientes. A partir de tal achado, foi feita revisäo da biópsia renal inicial, na tentativa de estabelecer dados histopatológcios que pudessem sugerir, já na primeira biópsia, os achados do segundo exame. Observou-se a presença de LHM associada à proliferaçäo mesangial (PM) e/ou fibrose intersticial (FI) naqueles pacientes que evoluiram para LEF

Hematúria recorrente na infância: estudo de 250 casos / Recurrent hematuria in children: a study of 250 cases

Para avaliarmos a prevalência de determinadas patologias e esquematizar protocolo de investigaçäo pouco invasivo, estudamos 250 crianças com hematúria, de seis meses a 17 anos, acompanhadas ambulatorialmente, sendo 102 do sexo feminino e 148 do sexo masculino, submetendo-se aos seguintes exames: urina tipo I, urocultura, uréia, creatinina e complemento sérico total e fraçöes, eletroforese de hemoglobina, proteinúria em volume urinário de 24h, pesquisa de dismorfismo eritrocitário nas hemácias da urina, uricosúria e calciúria em urina de 24h (três amostras) e prova de sobrecarga oral de cálcio nas crianças com hipercalciúria (HCa). Realizamos avaliaçäo radiológica e biópsia renal quando necessário. O diagnóstico etiológico foi possível em 83% das crianças, sendo: 1) glomerulopatia em 79 casos (31%), 45 casos de outras glomerulopatias (48%), 19 casos de doença de Alport (7%) e 15 casos de doença de Berger (6%); 2) hipercalciúria em 67 casos (27%); 3) calculose renal em 27 pacientes (11%); 4) infecçäo urinária (ITU) em 14 casos (6%); 5) malformaçöes renais em oito casos (3%). Permanecem ainda em estudo 43 criançs (17%). Podemos concluir, através desses resultados, que, uma vez estabelecida metodologia de investigaçäo adequada, nos casos de hematúria recorrente, poderemos obter diagnóstico etiológico, utilizando métodos invasivos em apenas alguns casos, quando houver suspeita de glomerulopatia