Empathizing and systemizing profiles of Brazilian and Portuguese nursing undergraduates.

AIM: To analyze the empathizing and systemizing profiles of Brazilian and Portuguese nursing undergraduates. BACKGROUND: Empathy is a fundamental skill for nursing practice and should be analyzed during the student's education. METHODS: Descriptive study with cross-sectional design. Participants were 968 undergraduate students, including 215 (22.2%) Brazilians from a university in the state of São Paulo and 753 (77.8%) Portuguese students from a higher education institution in central Portugal. The Portuguese and Brazilian versions of the Empathizing/Systemizing Quotient have good internal consistency and reliability. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS: In Brazil, approval for the study was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing (protocol 191/2016) and in Portugal, from the Ethics Committee of the Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing, Coimbra Higher School of Nursing (protocol P362-09/2016). RESULTS: Most (86%) participants were female and aged between 20 and 24 years. In the general profile analysis between both groups, the domains "Social Skills," "Contents," and "Processes" scored higher. Gender differences exist for the feeling of empathy and systemizing, as women scored better on the short version of the Empathy Quotient and men on the Systemizing Quotient. CONCLUSION: As demonstrated in the domain scores for "Social Skills," "Contents," and "Processes," the undergraduate nursing students analyzed have the ability to deal intuitively and spontaneously with social situations; they are also characterized as methodical people, who like to follow rules, and experience practice better than theory, and the women have a higher empathetic level than men, who in turn are more systemizing.

Quality of life and ethics: A concept analysis.

BACKGROUND:: In health, ethics is an essential aspect of practice and care and guarantees a better quality of life for patients and their caregivers. OBJECTIVE:: To outline a conceptual analysis of quality of life and ethics, identifying attributes, contexts and magnitudes for health. METHOD:: A qualitative design about quality of life and ethics in health, considering the evolutionary approach in order to analyse the concept. To collect the data, a search was done using the keywords ethic*, quality of life and health. After, in total, 152 studies were found, finalizing seven relevant studies for the proposed concept analysis. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION:: Of seven studies analysed, their main results were shown by means of antecedents, consequences and attributes of the concepts. The three final attributes that synthesize the concept of quality of life and ethics in health were highlighted: Ethics dilemmas and quality of life; Human ethics and quality of life; and Ethics of care and quality of life. In fact, the attributes and context clearly reveal that ethics and quality of life influence the ability to solve ethical dilemmas, guarantee human ethics in healthcare and impact ethics in healthcare for the production of effective health policies and care that encompasses professional quality of life as well. CONCLUSION:: The magnitude of ethical knowledge in each professional discipline permits cultivating a solidary attitude and developing the willingness to improve healthcare. The right to access, dignity and respect in care delivery are rooted in behaviours and are spontaneously applied in practice to the extent that they play an ethical role.

Construction of hypermedia to support the systematization of the nursing care education. / Construção de hipermídia para apoio ao ensino da sistematização da assistência de enfermagem.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the process of hypermedia construction to support the teaching of the Systematization of the Nursing Care (SNC). METHOD: Methodological research of educational technology development. The hypermedia construction stages were conducted from February 2015 to March 2016 and integrated theoretical studies, focus group with professors and educational technology development process in the light of the referential Theory of Significant Learning. RESULTS: Hypermedia consists of interactive content and shows a splash screen with a concept map that guides a free way of learning about four structuring aspects in the SNC learning: concept, history and benefits; ethical-legal aspects; operationalization; and nursing process: steps and technical integration in nursing. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that it is essential that the educational technologies are built from a pedagogical rationale to support your incorporation into educational environments.

Trends in Research on Simulation in the Teaching of Nursing: An Integrative Review.

AIM: The aim of the study was to identify and reflect on evidence regarding the use of simulation in nursing education. BACKGROUND: The use of simulation as a teaching strategy in nursing is expanding. It is important to check the evidence deriving from research. METHOD: Departing from a guiding question, an international literature search was undertaken between January 2008 and March 2014 in Portuguese, English, and Spanish. RESULTS: Out of 160 articles, 68.1 percent used simulated teaching to develop clinical reasoning; 31.9 percent used it to train skills. Most (about 91.8 percent) discussed positive aspects related to the use of simulation, including support for the teaching process and increased self-efficacy and self-confidence. CONCLUSION: The studies indicate that appropriate tools are needed to measure the true impact of the strategy on the teaching of nursing care and the training needed to use simulation as a teaching strategy.

Validation of self - confidence scale for clean urinary intermittent self - catheterization for patients and health - caregivers.

OBJECTIVE: To validate a measurement instrument for clean intermittent self-catheterization for patients and health-caregivers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Methodological study of instrument validation performed at a Rehabilitation Center in a University hospital for patients submitted to clean intermittent self-catheterization and their health-caregivers. Following ethical criteria, data were collected during interview with nurse staff using a Likert question form containing 16 items with 5 points each: "no confidence"=1, "little confidence"=2, "confident"=3, "very confident"=4 and "completely confident"=5. Questionnaire called "Self- Confident Scale for Clean Intermittent Self-catheterization" (SCSCISC) was constructed based on literature and previously validated (appearance and content). RESULTS: The instrument was validated by 122 patients and 119 health-caregivers, in a proportion of 15:1. It was observed a good linear association and sample adequacy KMO 0.931 and X2=2881.63, p<0.001. Anti-image matrix showed high values at diagonal suggesting inclusion of all factors. Screen plot analysis showed a suggestion of items maintenance in a single set. It was observed high correlation of all items with the total, alpha-Cronbach 0.944. The same results were obtained in subsamples of patients and health-caregivers. CONCLUSION: The instrument showed good psychometric adequacy corroborating its use for evaluation of self-confidence during clean intermittent self-catheterization.

Quality of Life of Intermittent Urinary Catheterization Users and Their Caregivers: A Scoping Review.

AIMS: This study aimed to examine and map the scientific evidences regarding quality of life in neurogenic bladder patients and consequently their caregivers by means of a scoping review. DESIGN: This is a scoping review proposal of the Joanna Briggs Institute. METHODS: It was conducted to examine and map the scientific evidences about quality of life (QoL) in neurogenic bladder patients and their caregivers, to identify the meanings attributed to QoL and its relation with intermittent urinary catheterization. The following guiding question was: "What scientific evidence has been produced on the QoL of neurogenic bladder patients using intermittent urinary catheterization and their caregivers?" A total of 2945 research studies were identified using The Cochrane Library, CINAHL, LILACS, Academic Search Premier (via EBSCO platform), PubMed, SCOPUS, the platforms Web of Science, the b-on and Gray Literature. The keywords established were patient, intermittent urinary catheterization, neurogenic urinary bladder, quality of life and caregiver. RESULTS: From 2,945 studies, 13 studies were selected. Most of the selected studies that analyzed variables related to the patients' QoL were regarding the urinary catheterization technique, assessment of urinary incontinence, individual perceptions of the procedure and experiences with urinary catheter in childhood and adult life. The meanings attributed to QoL, when compared to adult and child individuals with normal bladder functioning, presented lower QoL scores. Concerning caregivers, the QoL of caregivers of children using intermittent urinary catheterization demonstrated low scores. LINKING EVIDENCE TO ACTION: The QoL of patient's who use intermittent urinary catheterization can be determined by improvement of urinary symptoms and self-confidence. Research related to QoL of patients who use urinary catheter indicates the importance of adequate professional support and appropriate health public policies.

Development of a theoretical-practical script for clinical simulation.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a theoretical-practical script based on the opinion of experts to be used in simulated clinical activities. METHOD: Qualitative study through analysis of content of interviews with experts on the theme in order to develop the proposed script. Of the 24 invited experts, 12 specialists from educational institutions in Brazil and abroad participated in the study in compliance with the ethical precepts. The experts responded to questions on the characterization of their study attributes and described the items required for the development of a simulated scenario. In view of the responses obtained, data content was analyzed and classified into units and subunits of significance. RESULTS: The items mentioned for the development of the script generated seven units of significance. The units and subunits of significance were gathered in three stages of the main components of the simulated scenario: prior, preparation, and finals. CONCLUSION: This study enables an innovative, stimulating teaching experience, making it easier for professors to use the simulation resource as a learning process in an effective and objective manner, as a guide to professors and researchers in the area of clinical simulation. OBJETIVO: Construir, com base na opinião de peritos, roteiro teórico-prático para uso em atividade clínica simulada. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo por meio de análise de conteúdo de entrevistas de peritos no assunto para construção do roteiro proposto. Seguido os preceitos éticos, entre os 24 peritos convidados pertencentes a instituições de ensino do Brasil e do exterior. Os peritos responderam a questões sobre a caracterização dos seus atributos de estudo e descreveram os itens imprescindíveis à construção de um cenário simulado. Diante das respostas obtidas, os dados foram analisados em relação ao seu conteúdo e organizados em unidades e subunidades de significância. RESULTADOS: Participaram 12 especialistas. Os itens mencionados para construção do roteiro originaram sete unidades de significância. As unidades e suas subunidades de significância foram ainda reunidas em três fases dos componentes principais do cenário simulado: prévios, preparo e finais. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo permite um ensino inovador, estimulante e possibilita a facilidade ao professor, quanto à utilização do recurso de simulação, como processo de aprendizagem de maneira eficiente e objetiva, sendo um norteador aos docentes e pesquisadores na área de simulação clínica.

Meanings attributed by nurses to ensure the care of critical patients in the light of simulations' premises.

AIM: The aim of this study was to identify the feelings experienced by nurses in caring the first visit to a critical patient. BACKGROUND: Understand the ethical aspects from the first experiences in the nursing profession lead us to reflect on the teaching-learning methodologies and also their improvements. METHODS: A study with a mixed and exploratory approach was realized with the nurses. RESULTS: From 72 (100.0%) nurses who participated in the study, 56 (77.8%) did their first visit to critical patients in the clinical practice and did not feel prepared. The feelings mentioned were as follows: insecurity due to lack of skill, risk both to the patient and also the professional, feelings of fear, anxiety, discomfort and related aspects to ethical competence. CONCLUSION: The feelings experienced by professionals led us to reflect about the function of institutions, which must have the commitment and the responsibility of providing to the society able professionals who are acting safely and with technical and scientific expertise in valuing human integrity.

Palliative care and nursing in dissertations and theses in Portugal: a bibliometric study.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the academic scientific production on palliative care in master dissertations and PhD theses carried out by nurses in Portugal. METHOD: A descriptive retrospective study of bibliometric type with search for the abstracts available in repositories of higher education institutions in the period 2000-2014. RESULTS: Of the 1814 papers identified, 249 met the inclusion criteria (ten doctoral theses and 239 master dissertations). The most representative methodological approach was quantitative (31.35%) and the most studied area was family/informal caregiver (20.69%). The most studied target population were the students/health professionals (38.51%). CONCLUSION: The academic scientific production in this area has been growing in spite of the need for continued investment in order to fill the identified gaps. OBJETIVO: Identificar a produção científica académica sobre cuidados paliativos nos estudos de mestrados e doutoramentos efetuados por enfermeiros em Portugal. MÉTODO: Estudo descritivo e retrospetivo, do tipo bibliométrico, recorrendo aos resumos disponíveis nos repositórios das instituições de ensino superior no período 2000-2014. RESULTADOS: Dos 1814 trabalhos identificados, 249 corresponderam aos critérios de inclusão (10 teses de doutoramento e 239 dissertações de mestrado). A abordagem metodológica mais representativa é a quantitativa (31,35%), a área mais estudada foi a família/cuidador informal (20,69%) e a população-alvo mais estudada foram os estudantes/profissionais de saúde (38,51%). CONCLUSÃO: A produção científica académica nessa área tem vindo a crescer. Embora exista necessidade de investimento contínuo de forma a colmatar as lacunas identificadas.

Empathy in Brazilian nursing professionals: a descriptive study.

BACKGROUND: Essential for the help relation, empathy is the ability to understand, share, and perceive the subjective experience of other human beings. OBJECTIVE: The objective in this non-experimental, exploratory, and descriptive research was to verify, observe, and document empathy in nursing professionals. RESEARCH DESIGN: Non-experimental, exploratory, and descriptive research. Participants and research context: the study was conducted at two large hospitals, one public and the other private, across all shifts. The sample included 159 individuals. A questionnaire was used to identify sociodemographic characteristics and the empathy inventory was applied. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS: This study received approval from the Research Ethics Committee at the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, opinion 1348/2011, and authorization from the health institutions involved. FINDINGS: The association tests demonstrated that professionals working in the night shift and in a work scale rotation scheme, older professionals, and professionals with longer professional experience are less empathetic. On the other hand, professionals working in the day shift and in a single shift are more empathetic. Other influential factors are the time on the job, education, and work shift. CONCLUSION: There is a lack of empathy studies in professional practice contexts, in human resource development programs, and throughout the professional education process.

Development of the e-Baby serious game with regard to the evaluation of oxygenation in preterm babies: contributions of the emotional design.

The present study aimed to describe the development process of a serious game that enables users to evaluate the respiratory process in a preterm infant based on an emotional design model. The e-Baby serious game was built to feature the simulated environment of an incubator, in which the user performs a clinical evaluation of the respiratory process in a virtual preterm infant. The user learns about the preterm baby's history, chooses the tools for the clinical evaluation, evaluates the baby, and determines whether his/her evaluation is appropriate. The e-Baby game presents phases that contain respiratory process impairments of higher or lower complexity in the virtual preterm baby. Included links give the user the option of recording the entire evaluation procedure and sharing his/her performance on a social network. e-Baby integrates a Clinical Evaluation of the Preterm Baby course in the Moodle virtual environment. This game, which evaluates the respiratory process in preterm infants, could support a more flexible, attractive, and interactive teaching and learning process that includes simulations with features very similar to neonatal unit realities, thus allowing more appropriate training for clinical oxygenation evaluations in at-risk preterm infants. e-Baby allows advanced user-technology-educational interactions because it requires active participation in the process and is emotionally integrated.

Effectiveness of simulation in teaching immunization in nursing: a randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the effectiveness of the clinical simulation on the cognitive performance of nursing students in adult immunization scenarios in the context of Primary Health Care. METHOD: a controlled and randomized pre-test and post-test clinical trial applied to random intervention and control groups. 34 undergraduate nursing students were selected and divided into two groups: classes with active participation of students and skills training (control); and classes with active participation of students, skills training, and clinical simulation (intervention). RESULTS: the students in the intervention group performed better than those in the control group in the four assessments of cognitive performance, with statistical significance in the assessments of immediate (p=0.031) and late (1-20 days) (p=0.031) knowledge. CONCLUSION: from the simulation, students learn more in the short and medium terms. The information learned is retained for longer and the students are better prepared for the professional practice. Universal Trial Number: u1111-1195-2580.

Patients' satisfaction with information on disease and morbidity.

This descriptive-correlational study aimed to evaluate the relation between patients' satisfaction with information they have about their disease and its morbidity. A questionnaire was applied in two samples: 235 individuals with recent experience of illness (network sampling) and 254 hospitalized cancer patients post-surgery (consecutive sampling). The Escala de Conhecimentos sobre a Doença(12) [Patients' Satisfaction with Information Questionnaire--PSIQ] and the Rotterdam Symptom Checklist were used. Results show that participants were dissatisfied with information received and this dissatisfaction was more pronounced in hospitalized patients. An inverse statistically significant correlation (p < 0.001) is observed between patients' satisfaction with information and physical, psychological and global morbidity. The conclusion is that obtained results appoint to the need for health professionals to invest more in patient information and reinforce the benefits of this area of nursing care.

Self-confidence in the care of critically ill patients: before and after a simulated intervention.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the self-confidence of nurses in the care of critically ill patients, before and after a simulated intervention. METHOD: A quasi-experimental study was carried out with 103 nurses who participated in a workshop on the care of critically ill patients in the first semester of 2016. A clinical simulation pedagogical instrument was used throughout the event, and self-confidence was assessed by the Portuguese version of the Self-confidence Scale (SCSvp). RESULTS: Most participants reported not being prepared to provide first care to critically ill patients, which was carried out during care practice. The participants presented a significant increase in self-confidence after the simulated intervention (p<0.001) in the cardiac, neurological, and respiratory dimensions. CONCLUSION: Simulation has proved to be an effective strategy for the development of individuals' self-confidence, which contributes to the improvement of skills required for professional practice.

Validation of virtual learning object to support the teaching of nursing care systematization.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the content validation process of a Virtual Learning Object to support the teaching of nursing care systematization to nursing professionals. METHOD: methodological study, with quantitative approach, developed according to the methodological reference of Pasquali's psychometry and conducted from March to July 2016, from two-stage Delphi procedure. RESULTS: in the Delphi 1 stage, eight judges evaluated the Virtual Object; in Delphi 2 stage, seven judges evaluated it. The seven screens of the Virtual Object were analyzed as to the suitability of its contents. The Virtual Learning Object to support the teaching of nursing care systematization was considered valid in its content, with a Total Content Validity Coefficient of 0.96. CONCLUSION: it is expected that the Virtual Object can support the teaching of nursing care systematization in light of appropriate and effective pedagogical approaches.

Semantic validation of the short versions of the Empathy-Systemizing Quotient Scales.

OBJECTIVE: to perform the semantic validation of the short versions of the Empathy-Systemizing Quotient Scales, intended to measure the empathetic and systemizing profiles of individuals. The scales originated in Cambridge and were validated in Portugal, and were assessed for their psychometric properties. METHOD: methodological study included the scales' semantic validation (content validity) and verification of their psychometric properties (internal consistency). Five judges participated in the semantic validation. The Content Validity Index was calculated, a pretest was conducted with 18 undergraduate nursing students, and, finally, the scales were applied to a sample. RESULTS: the sample was composed of 215 undergraduate nursing students, 186 (86.51%) of whom were women aged 21 years old, on average. The scales presented good internal consistency with global Cronbach's alphas equal to 0.83 and 0.79 for the Empathy Quotient and the Systemizing Quotient, respectively. Correlations between the scales and subscales of the Empathy Quotient and Systemizing Quotient were all positive and significant according to the Pearson correlation coefficient. CONCLUSION: the scales are reliable and valid to measure the empathetic and systemizing profile of undergraduate nursing students and the final version was named "versões curtas das Escalas de Medição do Quociente de Empatia/Sistematização - Brasil" [short versions of the Empathy-Systemizing Quotient Scales - Brazil].

Quality of life of patients using intermittent urinary catheterization.

Objectives: measure and compare the quality of life of neurogenic bladder patients using intermittent urinary catheterization who were going through rehabilitation in Brazil and Portugal. Method: multicenter, quantitative, cross-sectional, observational-analytic and correlational study executed in Brazil and Portugal. Two data collection tools were used, being one questionnaire with sociodemographic and clinical data and the World Health Organization Quality of Life-bref. Patients were included who were over 18 years of age, suffering from neurogenic urinary bladder and using intermittent urinary catheterization. Results: in the sample of Brazilian (n = 170) and Portuguese (n = 52) patients, respectively, most patients were single (87-51.2%; 25-48.1%), had finished primary education (47-45.3%; 31-59.6%) and were retired (70-41.2%; 21-40.4%). Spinal cord injury was the main cause of using the urinary catheter in both countries. The Brazilian patients presented higher mean quality of life scores in the psychological domain (68.9) and lower scores in the physical domain (58.9). The Portuguese patients presented higher scores in the psychological domain (68.4) and lower scores in the environment domain (59.4). The execution of intermittent urinary self-catheterization was significant for both countries. Conclusions: in the two countries, these patients' quality of life can be determined by the improvement in the urinary symptoms, independence, self-confidence, social relationships and access to work activities.

Virtual learning object and environment: a concept analysis.

Objective: To analyze the concept of virtual learning object and environment according to Rodgers' evolutionary perspective. Method: Descriptive study with a mixed approach, based on the stages proposed by Rodgers in his concept analysis method. Data collection occurred in August 2015 with the search of dissertations and theses in the Bank of Theses of the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel. Quantitative data were analyzed based on simple descriptive statistics and the concepts through lexicographic analysis with support of the IRAMUTEQ software. Results: The sample was made up of 161 studies. The concept of "virtual learning environment" was presented in 99 (61.5%) studies, whereas the concept of "virtual learning object" was presented in only 15 (9.3%) studies. Conclusion: A virtual learning environment includes several and different types of virtual learning objects in a common pedagogical context.

Objetivo: Analisar o conceito de objeto e de ambiente virtual de aprendizagem na perspectiva evolucionária de Rodgers. Método: Estudo descritivo, de abordagem mista, realizado a partir das etapas propostas por Rodgers em seu modelo de análise conceitual. A coleta de dados ocorreu em agosto de 2015 com a busca de dissertações e teses no Banco de Teses e Dissertações da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior. Os dados quantitativos foram analisados a partir de estatística descritiva simples e os conceitos pela análise lexicográfica com suporte do IRAMUTEQ. Resultados: A amostra é constituída de 161 estudos. O conceito de "ambiente virtual de aprendizagem" foi apresentado em 99 (61,5%) estudos, enquanto o de "objeto virtual de aprendizagem" em apenas 15 (9,3%). Conclusão: Concluiu-se que um ambiente virtual de aprendizagem reúne vários e diferentes tipos de objetos virtuais de aprendizagem em um contexto pedagógico comum.

Clinical simulation with dramatization: gains perceived by students and health professionals.

Objective: to identify in the literature the gains health students and professionals perceive when using clinical simulation with dramatization resources. Method: integrative literature review, using the method proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). A search was undertaken in the following databases: Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, Web of Science, National Library of Medicine, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, The Cochrane Library, Scopus, Scientific Electronic Library Online. Results: 53 studies were analyzed, which complied with the established inclusion criteria. Among the different gains obtained, satisfaction, self-confidence, knowledge, empathy, realism, reduced level of anxiety, comfort, communication, motivation, capacity for reflection and critical thinking and teamwork stand out. Conclusion: the evidence demonstrates the great possibilities to use dramatization in the context of clinical simulation, with gains in the different health areas, as well as interprofessional gains.

Effectiveness of intermittent urinary catheterization in patients with neurogenic bladder: a systematic review protocol.

REVIEW QUESTION/OBJECTIVE: The objective of this review is to investigate the effectiveness of the use of intermittent urinary catheterization in improving the quality of life (QoL) of patients with neurogenic bladder.