Cancer incidence and incidence rates in Japan in 2006: based on data from 15 population-based cancer registries in the monitoring of cancer incidence in Japan (MCIJ) project.

The Japan Cancer Surveillance Research Group estimated the cancer incidence in 2006 as part of the Monitoring of Cancer Incidence in Japan (MCIJ) project, on the basis of data collected from 15 of 32 population-based cancer registries. The total number of incidences in Japan for 2006 was estimated as 664 398 (C00-C96). The leading cancer site was stomach for men and breast for women. Age-standardized incidence rates remained at almost the same level as for the previous 3 years.

Population-based survival of cancer patients diagnosed between 1993 and 1999 in Japan: a chronological and international comparative study.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to collect data from population-based cancer registries and to calculate relative 5-year survival of cancer patients in Japan. We also sought to determine time trends and to compare the results with international studies. METHODS: We asked 11 population-based cancer registries to submit individual data for patients diagnosed from 1993 to 1999, together with data on outcome after 5 years. Although all these registries submitted data (491 772 cases), only six met the required standards for the quality of registration data and follow-up investigation. The relative 5-year survival calculated by pooling data from 151 061 cases from six registries was taken as the survival for cancer patients in Japan. RESULTS: Relative 5-year survival (1997-99) was 54.3% for all cancers (males: 50.0%, females: 59.8%). Survival figures for all sites changed slightly over the 7-year period, from 53.2% for the first 4 years of the study (1993-96) to 54.3% for the last 3 years (1997-99), however, a major improvement was observed in several primary sites. Some overall survival was lower in Japan than in the USA, but similar to that in European countries. Specifically, survival for uterine cancer, prostate cancer, testis cancer, lymphoma and leukemia was much lower in Japan than in other countries. However, survival was better in Japan mainly for cancers of the esophagus, stomach, colon, liver and gallbladder. CONCLUSION: The study suggests an improvement in cancer survival in several primary sites in Japan, which is consistent with the development of treatments and early detection.

Cancer incidence and incidence rates in Japan in 2005: based on data from 12 population-based cancer registries in the Monitoring of Cancer Incidence in Japan (MCIJ) project.

The Japan Cancer Surveillance Research Group estimated the cancer incidence in 2005 as part of the Monitoring of Cancer Incidence in Japan (MCIJ) project, on the basis of data collected from 12 of 30 population-based cancer registries. The total number of incidences in Japan for 2005 was estimated as 646,802 (C00-C96). The leading cancer site was the stomach for men and the breast for women. Age-standardized incidence rates remained almost the same level as the previous 2 years.

Cancer incidence and incidence rates in Japan in 2004: based on data from 14 population-based cancer registries in the Monitoring of Cancer Incidence in Japan (MCIJ) Project.

The Japan Cancer Surveillance Research Group estimated the cancer incidence in 2004 as part of the Monitoring of Cancer Incidence in Japan (MCIJ) project, on the basis of data collected from 14 of 31 population-based cancer registries. The total number of incidences in Japan for 2004 was estimated as 623,275 (C00-C96). The leading cancer site according to the crude and age-standardized incidence rates was the stomach for men and breast for women. The apparent increase in age-standardized incidence rates in 2003 was calmed down in 2004.

A Joinpoint regression analysis of long-term trends in cancer mortality in Japan (1958-2004).

Cancer is one of the major targets of disease control programs in Japan. A Joinpoint regression model was used to analyze the long-term trends of mortality related to overall cancer and the 15 most common cancers based on published data from the National Vital Statistics of Japan between 1958 and 2004. Since 1996, a decline has been seen in overall cancer for both sexes in Japan. Most of the common sites, including cancers of the stomach, colon, liver, gallbladder and lung and leukemia in both sexes, cancer of esophagus in men and rectal and ovarian cancers in women showed a decreasing trend, and cancers of the rectum, pancreas, prostate and urinary bladder and malignant lymphoma in men and cancers of the esophagus and uterus in women leveled off during the most recent period. However, an increasing trend was confirmed for cancers of the pancreas, breast and urinary bladder and malignant lymphoma in women. An effective cancer control program including prevention, early detection and treatment should be implemented to further reduce the cancer mortality, particularly for cancer sites that show higher mortality rates or increasing trends.

Lung cancer occurrence in never-smokers: an analysis of 13 cohorts and 22 cancer registry studies.

BACKGROUND: Better information on lung cancer occurrence in lifelong nonsmokers is needed to understand gender and racial disparities and to examine how factors other than active smoking influence risk in different time periods and geographic regions. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We pooled information on lung cancer incidence and/or death rates among self-reported never-smokers from 13 large cohort studies, representing over 630,000 and 1.8 million persons for incidence and mortality, respectively. We also abstracted population-based data for women from 22 cancer registries and ten countries in time periods and geographic regions where few women smoked. Our main findings were: (1) Men had higher death rates from lung cancer than women in all age and racial groups studied; (2) male and female incidence rates were similar when standardized across all ages 40+ y, albeit with some variation by age; (3) African Americans and Asians living in Korea and Japan (but not in the US) had higher death rates from lung cancer than individuals of European descent; (4) no temporal trends were seen when comparing incidence and death rates among US women age 40-69 y during the 1930s to contemporary populations where few women smoke, or in temporal comparisons of never-smokers in two large American Cancer Society cohorts from 1959 to 2004; and (5) lung cancer incidence rates were higher and more variable among women in East Asia than in other geographic areas with low female smoking. CONCLUSIONS: These comprehensive analyses support claims that the death rate from lung cancer among never-smokers is higher in men than in women, and in African Americans and Asians residing in Asia than in individuals of European descent, but contradict assertions that risk is increasing or that women have a higher incidence rate than men. Further research is needed on the high and variable lung cancer rates among women in Pacific Rim countries.

Lifetime and age-conditional probabilities of developing or dying of cancer in Japan.

The concepts of lifetime and age-conditional probabilities of developing and dying of cancer are introduced as indexes to understand the risk of cancer. In this paper, we estimated the lifetime and age-conditional probabilities of developing and dying of cancer in 2001 and 2005, respectively, in Japan. It is estimated that one in two Japanese males and one in three females will develop cancer, and one in four Japanese males and one in six females will die of cancer. Moreover, the probabilities of developing cancer within specific decades of age are obtained as the short-term risks.

Cancer incidence and incidence rates in Japan in 2002: based on data from 11 population-based cancer registries.

The number of cancer incidences, crude incidence rates, age-standardized incidence rates in 2002 in Japan are estimated. The estimated total number of incidences was 570,598.

Population attributable fraction of mortality associated with tobacco smoking in Japan: a pooled analysis of three large-scale cohort studies.

BACKGROUND: Quantitative measures of the burden of tobacco smoking in Asian countries are limited. We estimated the population attributable fraction (PAF) of mortality associated with smoking in Japan, using pooled data from three large-scale cohort studies. METHODS: In total, 296,836 participants (140,026 males and 156,810 females) aged 40-79 years underwent baseline surveys during the 1980s and early 1990s. The average follow-up period was 9.6 years. PAFs for all-cause mortality and individual tobacco-related diseases were estimated from smoking prevalence and relative risks. RESULTS: The prevalence of current and former smokers was 54.4% and 25.1% for males, and 8.1% and 2.4% for females. The PAF of all-cause mortality was 27.8% [95% confidence interval (CI): 25.2-30.4] for males and 6.7% (95% CI: 5.9-7.5) for females. The PAF of all-cause mortality calculated by summing the disease-specific PAFs was 19.1% (95% CI: 16.0-22.2) for males and 3.6% (95% CI: 3.0-4.2) for females. The estimated number of deaths attributable to smoking in Japan in 2005 was 163,000 for males and 33,000 for females based on the former set of PAFs, and 112,000 for males and 19,000 for females based on the latter set. The leading causes of smoking-attributable deaths were cancer (61% for males and 31% for females), ischemic heart diseases and stroke (23% for males and 51% for females), and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and pneumonia (11% for males and 13% for females). CONCLUSION: The health burden due to smoking remains heavy among Japanese males. Considering the high prevalence of male current smokers and increasing prevalence of young female current smokers, effective tobacco controls and quantitative assessments of the health burden of smoking need to be continuously implemented in Japan.

Relation of plasma folate and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T polymorphism to colorectal adenomas.

BACKGROUND: Folate intake may be related to decreased risk of colorectal cancer and adenomas. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is a key regulatory enzyme in folate metabolism. We examined the relation between plasma folate status and colorectal adenomas with reference to effect modification by the genetic polymorphism (C677T) of MTHFR. METHODS: Study subjects were middle-aged Japanese men: 177 cases of colorectal adenomas and 192 controls with normal total colonoscopy. Statistical adjustment was made for hospital, rank in the Self Defense Forces, alcohol use, smoking, and body mass index. RESULTS: Plasma folate levels were slightly lower in adenoma cases than in controls. Adjusted odds ratio (OR) for high (>5.50 ng/ml) versus low plasma folate levels was 0.72 (95% CI: 0.46-1.14). As compared with subjects with the CC or CT genotype having low plasma folate levels, those with the TT genotype showed a decreased risk of colorectal adenomas when they had high levels of plasma folate (adjusted OR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.21-1.61), and an increased risk when they had low folate levels (adjusted OR = 2.13, 95% CI: 0.82-5.54). There was no clear relation between plasma folate and colorectal adenomas among those with the CC or CT genotype. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest an interaction between folate and the MTHFR genotype on colorectal adenomas.