Selective ß1-Blockers Are Not Associated With New-onset Diabetes Mellitus in Hypertensive Patients.

BACKGROUND: Although ß-blockers are known to increase new-onset diabetes mellitus (DM), previous evidence have been controversial. It has been suggested that newer vasodilatory ß-blockers yield better glycemic control than older nonselective agents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diabetogenicity of currently used newer ß-blockers based on ß1 receptor selectivity in a series of Asian population. METHODS: We investigated a total of 65,686 hypertensive patients without DM from 2004 to 2014. Patients with hemoglobin (Hb) A1c ≤6.0%, fasting blood glucose ≤110 mg/dL, and no history of diabetes or diabetic treatment were enrolled for analysis. Patients were divided into the ß-blockers group and non-ß-blockers group. Propensity score matching (PSM) analysis using a logistic regression model was performed to adjust for potential confounders. The primary end point was the cumulative incidence of new-onset DM, defined as a fasting blood glucose ≥126 mg/dL or HbA1c ≥6.5%, and major adverse cardiac and cerebral events (MACCE), defined as a composite of total death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and cerebrovascular accidents. We investigated predictors of new-onset DM and MACCE based on 2 models, including clinical risk factors and co-medications, respectively. RESULTS: Mean follow-up duration was 30.91 ± 23.14 months in the entire group before adjustment. The ß-blockers group had a significantly higher incidence of new-onset DM and MACCE than the non-ß-blockers group. After PSM, analysis of a total of 2284 patients (1142 pairs, C-statistic = 0.752) showed no difference between the 2 groups in new-onset DM or MACCE. In multivariate analysis after PSM, baseline HbA1c, stroke, heart failure, nonselective ß-blockers, and age were independent predictors of new-onset DM. Selective ß1-blockers did not increase new-onset DM after adjustment for other antihypertensive medication and statins. CONCLUSIONS: In the era of newer ß-blockers, selective ß1-blockers were not associated with new-onset DM. More evidence is needed to verify this relationship and the underlying mechanisms.

Hyperuricaemia and development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Asian population.

Recently, meta-analysis studies reported that hyperuricaemia is associated with higher incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), however, there are limited data on the Asian population. The aim of this observational study is to estimate the long-term impact of hyperuricaemia on the new-onset T2DM and cardiovascular events. This study is based on a single-centre, all-comers, and large retrospective cohort. Subjects that visited from January 2004 to February 2014 were enrolled using the electronic database of Korea University Guro Hospital. A total of 10 505 patients without a history of T2DM were analyzed for uric acid, fasting glucose and haemoglobin (Hb) A1c level. Inclusion criteria included both Hb A1c <5.7% and fasting glucose level <100 mg/dL without T2DM. Hyperuricaemia was defined as a uric acid level ≥7.0 mg/dL in men, and ≥6.5 mg/dL in women. To adjust baseline confounders, a propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was performed. The impact of hyperuricaemia on the new-onset T2DM and cardiovascular events were compared with the non-hyperuricaemia during the 5-year clinical follow-up. After PSM, baseline characteristics of both groups were balanced. In a 5-year follow-up, the hyperuricaemia itself was a strong independent predictor of the incidence of new-onset T2DM (HR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.12 to 2.8). Hyperuricaemia was a strong independent predictor of new-onset T2DM, which suggests a substantial implication for a correlation between uric acid concentration and insulin resistance (or insulin sensitivity). Also, hyperuricaemia is substantially implicated in cardiovascular risks and the further long-term cardiovascular events in the crude population, but it is not an independent predictor of long-term cardiovascular mortality in the matched population.

Measuring uterine cavity volume with sonohysterography: A new objective method.

Introduction: The uterine cavity is a potential space with limited methods for evaluating its volume, limiting the evaluation of interventions' effectiveness in various uterine conditions. This study aims to objectively measure the uterine cavity volume using sonohysterography coupled with a Foley catheter to provide a normative model of age and parity-related uterine cavity volume. Methods: The research included 35 women (group 1) with a total abdominal hysterectomy and 150 women (group 2) who underwent sonohysterography for various gynecologic indications. Saline infusion sonography was administered to all patients. The most common shape obtained after the saline infusion was taken to measure the uterine cavity's dimensions and volume. The uterine cavity volumes, as measured by sonohysterography, and the volumes of saline injected after the hysterectomy were compared. Results: A significant association exists between uterine cavity volumes measured by sonohysterography and true volumes measured immediately after hysterectomy (p = 0.001). The association between uterine cavity volume measured by sonohysterography and using only a Foley catheter balloon was statistically insignificant (p = 0.13). A statistically significant positive association was observed between the uterine cavity volume and the patient's age and parity (p ⩽ 0.05). Conclusion: Measuring the uterine cavity volume using a paediatric Foley catheter balloon coupled with sonohysterography offers an objective approach to measuring a normal (without gross pathologies) uterus volume. This technique would improve the diagnostic accuracy and the management of women with distinct uterine cavity morphologies.

One-year clinical outcomes of coronary chronic total occlusion intervention in patients with acute coronary syndrome versus stable angina: from the Korean chronic total occlusion registry.

BACKGROUND: Chronic total occlusion intervention remains challenging and detailed real-world data on the safety and efficacy of which are limited. This study sought to determine whether there are differences in the 1-year clinical outcomes between chronic total occlusion patients with acute coronary syndrome and stable angina following chronic total occlusion intervention. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data from the Korean chronic total occlusion registry were collected from May 2003 to September 2012, and a total of 3268 patients who underwent chronic total occlusion intervention were enrolled. Cardiovascular outcomes up to 12 months in the acute coronary syndrome group were compared with stable angina group. RESULTS: The acute coronary syndrome group consisted of 1657 patients, and stable angina group consisted of 1264 patients. In the acute coronary syndrome group, patients with successful chronic total occlusion intervention had a lower incidence of total death and cardiac death compared to patients with failed intervention. However, there were no significant differences in cardiovascular events in the stable angina group. The successful chronic total occlusion intervention was a significant prognostic factor for lower total death (P = 0.006, hazard ratio = 0.46) and cardiac death (P = 0.003, hazard ratio = 0.36) within acute coronary syndrome group. On the other hand, successful chronic total occlusion intervention was not a prognostic factor for cardiovascular events within stable angina group. CONCLUSIONS: Successful chronic total occlusion intervention in acute coronary syndrome patients was associated with a lower incidence of cardiovascular outcome compared to patients with failed chronic total occlusion intervention.

Assessment of Sex Differences in 5-Year Clinical Outcomes Following Endovascular Revascularization for Peripheral Artery Disease.

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) is an effective treatment strategy for peripheral artery disease (PAD). Data are limiting regarding sex differences in patients with PAD who underwent PTA. We assessed the sex-related differences on 5-year clinical outcomes in patients with PAD who underwent PTA. We prospectively evaluated 765 patients with PAD (596 males and 169 females) who underwent PTA. We performed propensity score matching (PSM) analysis to adjust for any potential confounders. The primary endpoints were 5-year major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACE) and major adverse lower-limb events (MALE) assessed by Kaplan-Meier curved analysis and log rank test. After PSM analysis, baseline clinical characteristics were similar in male and female patients. There was a trend toward a higher rate of major hematoma in female patients (6.1% vs. 0.9%, p = 0.066) and a lower rate of below the ankle amputation (24.7% vs. 16.5%, p = 0.097). During the 5-year clinical follow-up, male and female patients had similar rates of MACE (14.9% vs. 15.8%, log rank p = 0.838) and MALE (34.8% vs. 28.2%, log rank p = 0.264) as well as the individual endpoints. In subgroup analysis adjusted by PSM, female patients had a higher risk of bleeding complications in age ≥ 65 years, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and in the non-critical limb ischemia patients. Of patients with preserved renal function, female patients had a higher risk of MALE as compared to males. In conclusion, female patients with PAD who underwent PTA showed similar 5-year MACE and MALE compared with male patients.

The impact of myocardial bridge on coronary artery spasm and long-term clinical outcomes in patients without significant atherosclerotic stenosis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Myocardial bridge (MB) and coronary artery spasm (CAS) can induce a sustained chest pain, acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and even sudden cardiac death. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between MB and CAS and its impact on long-term clinical outcomes. METHODS: A total of 812 patients with MB without significant coronary artery disease (CAD), who underwent acetylcholine (ACH) provocation test, were enrolled. Significant CAS was defined as ≥70% temporary narrowing by ACH test, and MB was defined as the characteristic phasic systolic compression of the coronary artery with a decrease of more than 30% in diameter on the angiogram after intracoronary nitroglycerin infusion. To adjust baseline confounders, logistic regression analysis was performed. The primary endpoint was incidence of CAS, and secondary endpoints were major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and recurrent angina requiring repeat coronary angiography (CAG) at 5 years. RESULTS: MB is closely implicated in a high incidence of CAS, spontaneous spasm, ischemic ECG change and chest pain during ACH provocation test. In addition, MB of various severity and reference vessel size was substantially implicated in CAS incidence, and severe MB was a strong risk factor of CAS. MB patients with CAS were shown to have a higher rate of recurrent angina compared with MB patients without CAS, up to a 5-year follow-up. However, there were no differences regarding the incidence of MACE. CONCLUSIONS: Severe MB was associated with high incidence of CAS, and MB patients with CAS were likely to have a higher incidence of recurrent angina. Intensive medical therapy and close clinical follow-up are needed for better clinical outcomes in MB patients with CAS.

Impact of alcohol drinking on acetylcholine-induced coronary artery spasm in Korean populations.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Generally, immoderate alcohol consumption is associated with variant angina and accepted as one of the risk factors for coronary artery spasm (CAS), but evidence is lacking in this regard. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of alcohol consumption and drinking pattern on CAS by acetylcholine (ACH) provocation test and long-term clinical outcomes. METHODS: A total of 5491 patients with typical or atypical chest pain, without significant coronary artery disease, who underwent intracoronary ACH provocation test, were enrolled prospectively, and retrospectively analyzed in this study. They were divided into two groups according to their alcohol drinking status; the current alcohol (CA) drinking group (n = 1792), and non-CA group (n = 3699). To adjust for potential confounders, a propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was performed. The primary endpoint was incidence of CAS, and secondary endpoints were major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and recurrent angina requiring repeat coronary angiography (CAG) at 5 years. RESULTS: After PSM analysis, alcohol consumption was a strong risk factor for CAS. Furthermore, excessive alcohol consumption was correlated with a higher risk for CAS. As compared with the non-CA group, the CA group showed worse angiographic and clinical findings, including higher incidence of CAS (58% vs. 62%, p = 0.016), spontaneous spasm (17% vs. 22%, p = 0.004), multi-vessel spasm (31% vs. 37%, p = 0.009), proximal epicardial spasm (39% vs. 46%, p = 0.002), ischemic electrocardiography changes such as T-inversion (0.4% vs. 1.2%, p < 0.001) and chest pain (42% vs. 46%, p = 0.047) during ACH provocation test. However, the status and pattern of alcohol drinking had no influence on long-term clinical outcomes such as MACE or recurrent angina. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol consumption is a strong risk factor for CAS, and excessive alcohol consumption was correlated with a higher risk for CAS. Further well-designed studies are needed to confirm the results.

Impact of serum lipoprotein(a) on endothelium-dependent coronary vasomotor response assessed by intracoronary acetylcholine provocation.

BACKGROUND: Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic vascular disease. However, there are limited data regarding the impact of Lp(a) levels on the incidence and severity of endothelium-dependent coronary vasomotor response. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 2416 patients without significant coronary artery lesion (<50% stenosis) by coronary angiography and underwent acetylcholine (ACh) provocation test were enrolled and categorized according to their serum Lp(a) level into four quartile groups: less than 6.70, 6.70-13.30, 13.30-26.27, and more than 26.27 mg/dl. The aim of this study is to estimate the incidence and severity of endothelium-dependent positive ACh provocation test in each group; moreover, to access the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events, the composite of total death, myocardial infarction, and de novo percutaneous coronary intervention were compared between the four groups up to 5 years. RESULTS: The group with higher Lp(a) had a higher incidence of coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, and peripheral arterial disease history. However, there was no difference among the four groups as regards the incidence of positive ACh provocation test, spasm severity, spasm extent, and location. However, at up to 5 years of clinical follow-up, the higher-Lp(a) group showed higher total death, de novo percutaneous coronary intervention, recurrent angina, and total major adverse cardiovascular events compared with the lower-Lp(a) groups. CONCLUSION: In our study, there was no relationship between the elevated Lp(a) level and the vasospastic response to the intracoronary ACh provocation test; however, higher Lp(a) levels were associated with poor clinical outcomes up to 5 years.

The Impact of Prediabetes on Two-Year Clinical Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Elective Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

PURPOSE: Prediabetes is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, data on the long term adverse clinical outcomes of prediabetic patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with drug-eluting stents (DESs) are scarce. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study population comprised 674 consecutive non-diabetic patients who underwent elective PCI between April 2007 and November 2010. Prediabetes was defined as hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of 5.7% to 6.4%. Two-year cumulative clinical outcomes of prediabetic patients (HbA1c of 5.7% to 6.4%, n=242) were compared with those of a normoglycemic group (<5.7%, n=432). RESULTS: Baseline clinical and angiographic characteristics were similar between the two groups, except for higher glucose levels (104.8±51.27 mg/dL vs. 131.0±47.22 mg/dL, p<0.001) on admission in the prediabetes group. There was no significant difference between the two groups in coronary angiographic parameters, except for a higher incidence of diffuse long lesion in the prediabetes group. For prediabetic patients, trends toward higher incidences of binary restenosis (15.6% vs. 9.8 %, p=0.066) and late loss (0.71±0.70 mm vs. 0.59±0.62 mm, p=0.076) were noted. During the 24 months of follow up, the incidence of mortality in prediabetic patients was higher than that in normoglycemic patients (5.5% vs. 1.5%, p=0.007). CONCLUSION: In our study, a higher death rate and a trend toward a higher incidence of restenosis in patients with prediabetes up to 2 years, compared to those in normoglycemic patients, undergoing elective PCI with contemporary DESs.

Impact of chronic total occlusion lesion length on six-month angiographic and 2-year clinical outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Successful management of chronic total occlusion (CTO)by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is known to be associated with better clinical outcomes than failed PCI. However, whether angiographic and clinical outcomes following PCI for long CTO lesions differ from those following PCI for short CTO lesions in the drug eluting stent (DES) era remains unknown. We therefore investigated whether CTO lesion length can significantly influence6-month angiographic and 2-year clinical outcomes following successful CTO PCI. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 235 consecutive patients who underwent successful CTO intervention were allocated into either the long or short CTO group according to CTO lesion length. Six-month angiographic and 2-year clinical outcomes were then compared between the 2groups. We found that baseline clinical characteristics were generally similar between the 2 groups. Exceptions were prior PCI, which was more frequent in the long CTO group, and bifurcation lesions, which were more frequent in the short CTO group. Apart from intimal dissection, which was more frequent in the long than short CTO group, in-hospital complications were also similarly frequent between the 2groups. Furthermore, both groups had similar angiographic outcomes at 6 months and clinical outcomes at 2 years. However, the incidence of repeat PCI(predominantly target vessel revascularization),was higher in the long than short CTO group, with our multivariate analysis identifying long CTO as an important predictor of repeat PCI (odds ratio, 4.26;95% confidence interval, 1.53-11.9; p = 0.006). CONCLUSION: The safety profile, 6-month angiographic, and 2-year clinical outcomes of CTO PCI were similar between patients with long and short CTO. However, there was a higher incidence of repeat PCI in long CTO patients despite successful PCI with DESs.

Impact of Trimetazidine Treatment on 5-year Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Significant Coronary Artery Spasm: A Propensity Score Matching Study.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the additive benefit of trimetazidine with well-known antispasmodic agents such as calcium channel blockers and nitrate in patients with significant coronary artery spasm (CAS) as assessed by acetylcholine provocation test up to 5 years. METHODS: A total 1727 patients with significant CAS were enrolled. They were divided into two groups: a trimetazidine group (trimetazidine, diltiazem, and nitrate, n = 695), and control group (diltiazem and nitrate, n = 473). After propensity score matching analysis, two matched groups (441 pairs, n = 882, C-statistic = 0.673) were generated. The individual and composite clinical end points [mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), revascularization, cerebrovascular accident (CVA), major adverse cardiac events (MACE), major adverse cardiac or cerebrovascular events (MACCE), and recurrent angina] were assessed up to 5 years for the two groups. RESULTS: At 5 years, there were similar incidences of individual and composite hard endpoints including mortality, MI, revascularization, CVA, MACE, MACCE, and recurrent angina in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Additional long-term (5-year) treatment with trimetazidine in combination with diltiazem and nitrate in patients with significant CAS was not associated with improved clinical outcomes compared with combination therapy with diltiazem and nitrate only (without trimetazidine).

Routine angiographic follow-up versus clinical follow-up in patients with diabetes following percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stents in Korean population.

AIMS: The usefulness of routine angiographic follow-up (RAF) and clinical follow-up (CF) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with diabetes is not well understood. We compare 3-year clinical outcomes of RAF and CF in diabetic patients underwent PCI with drug-eluting stents (DES). METHODS: A total of 843 patients with diabetes who underwent PCI with DES were enrolled. RAF was performed at 6-9 months after PCI (n = 426). Rest of patients were medically managed and clinically followed (n = 417); symptom-driven events were captured. After propensity score matched analysis, 2 propensity-matched groups (262 pairs, n = 524, C-statistic = 0.750) were generated. The primary endpoint was major adverse cardiac events (MACE), the composite of total death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), target lesion revascularization (TLR), target vessel revascularization (TVR), non-target vessel revascularization (Non-TVR). RESULTS: During the 3-year follow-up period, the cumulative incidence of target lesion revascularization [TLR: hazard ratio (HR), 4.07; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.18-9.34; p = 0.001], target vessel revascularization (TVR: HR, 4.02; 95% CI, 1.93-8.40; p < 0.001), non-TVR (HR, 4.92; 95% CI, 1.68-14.4; p = 0.004) and major adverse cardiac events (MACE: HR, 2.53; 95% CI, 1.60-4.01, p < 0.001) were significantly higher in the RAF group. However, the incidence of total death, non-fatal MI were similar between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: RAF following index PCI with DES in patients with diabetes was associated with increased incidence of revascularization and MACE without changes of death or re-infarction rates and increased TLR and TVR rates in both first- and second-generation DES.

The association of chronic air pollutants with coronary artery spasm, vasospastic angina, and endothelial dysfunction.

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the effect of chronic exposure to air pollutants (APs) on coronary endothelial function and significant coronary artery spasm (CAS) as assessed by intracoronary acetylcholine (ACH) provocation test. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 6430 patients with typical or atypical chest pain who underwent intracoronary ACH provocation test were enrolled. We obtained data on APs from the Korean National Institute of Environmental Research (http://www.nier.go.kr/). APs are largely divided into two types: particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 10 µm in size (PM10) and gaseous pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and ozone. The primary endpoint is the incidence of significant CAS and its associated parameters during ACH provocation test. RESULTS: The incidence of CAS was positively correlated with an exposure duration of PM10, whereas nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and ozone were shown to be unrelated to CAS. During the ACH provocation test, as PM10 increased, the frequency of CAS was increased, and the incidence of transient ST-segment elevation was also increased. There was a trend toward higher incidence of spontaneous spasm as PM10 increased. The mean exposure level of PM10 was 51.3±25.4 µg/m. The CAS risk increased by 4% when the level of PM10 increased by 20 µg/m by an adjusted Cox regression analysis. CONCLUSION: CAS incidence is closely related to exposure to PMs but not to gaseous pollutants. Particularly, higher exposure concentrations and longer exposure duration of PM10 increased the risk of CAS. These important findings provide a plausible mechanism that links air pollution to vasospastic angina and provide new insights into environmental factors.

Five-Year Outcomes of Successful Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with Drug-Eluting Stents versus Medical Therapy for Chronic Total Occlusions.

PURPOSE: Many recent studies have reported that successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with drug-eluting stents (DESs) for chronic total occlusion (CTO) has more beneficial effects than failed CTO-PCI; however, there are only limited data available from comparisons of successful CTO-PCI with medical therapy (MT) in the Korean population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 840 consecutive CTO patients who underwent diagnostic coronary angiography, receiving either PCI with DESs or MT, were enrolled. Patients were divided into two groups according to the treatment assigned. To adjust for potential confounders, propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was performed using logistic regression. Individual major clinical outcomes and major adverse cardiac events, a composite of total death, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and revascularization, were compared between the two groups up to 5 years. RESULTS: After PSM, two propensity-matched groups (265 pairs, n=530) were generated, and the baseline characteristics were balanced. Although the PCI group showed a higher incidence of target lesion and vessel revascularization on CTO, the incidence of MI tended to be lower [hazard ratio (HR): 0.339, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.110 to 1.043, p=0.059] and the composite of total death or MI was lower (HR: 0.454, 95% CI: 0.224 to 0.919, p=0.028), compared with the MT group up to 5 years. CONCLUSION: In this study, successful CTO PCI with DESs was associated with a higher risk of repeat PCI for the target vessel, but showed a reduced incidence of death or MI.

Impact of left ventricular hypertrophy on long-term clinical outcomes in hypertensive patients who underwent successful percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stents.

Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is associated with increased risk for vascular events and mortality. This study investigated 8-year clinical outcomes of hypertensive patients with LVH who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with drug-eluting stents (DES) compared with hypertensive patients without LVH.A total of 1704 consecutive hypertensive patients who underwent PCI from 2004 to 2014 were enrolled. We classified them into either the LVH group (n = 406) or the control group (without LVH, n = 1298). LVH was defined by LV mass index > 115 g/m in men and > 95 g/m in women. After propensity score matched (PSM) analysis, 2 PSM groups (366 pairs, n = 732, c-statistic = 0.629) were generated.For up to 8 years, the LVH group showed a higher incidence of cardiac death (4.4% vs 1.2%, log-rank P = .023, hazard ratio: 3.371, 95% confidence interval: 1.109-10.25; P = .032) compared with the control group. However, there were no significant differences between the 2 groups in the incidence of total death, myocardial infarction, revascularization, and major adverse cardiac events up to 8 years.LVH in hypertensive patients who underwent successful PCI with DES was associated with higher incidence of cardiac death up to 8 years of follow-up. More careful managements and clinical follow-up are needed and treatment strategies should specifically focus to target prevention and reversal of LVH in hypertensive patients.

Five-year major clinical outcomes between first-generation and second-generation drug-eluting stents in acute myocardial infarction patients underwent percutaneous coronary intervention.

BACKGROUND: There were limited data comparing the major clinical outcomes between first-generation (1G)-drug eluting stents (DES) and second-generation (2G)-DES in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) during very long follow-up periods. We thought to investigate the comparative efficacy and safety of 2G-DES compared with 1G-DES in AMI patients during 5-year follow-up periods. METHOD: A total of 1016 eligible AMI patients who underwent PCI with 1G-DES [paclitaxel-, sirolimus-, 1G-zotarolimus-eluting stent (endeavor® or endeavor sprint®), n = 554] or 2G-DES [2G-zotarolimus (endeavor resolute®)- or everolimus-eluting stent, n = 462] were enrolled. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) defined as total death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), target lesion revascularization (TLR), target vessel revascularization (TVR), non-target vessel revascularization (Non-TVR) and the secondary endpoint was stent thrombosis (ST) at 5 years. RESULTS: Two propensity score-matched (PSM) groups (232 pairs, n = 464, C-statistic = 0.802) were generated. During the 5-year follow-up period, the cumulative incidence of TLR [hazard ratio (HR): 3.133; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.539-6.376; P = 0.002], TVR (HR: 3.144; 95% CI: 1.596-6.192; P = 0.001) and total revascularization rate (HR: 1.874; 95% CI: 1.086-3.140; P = 0.023) were significantly higher in 1G-DES compared with 2G-DES after PSM. However, the incidence of total death, non-fatal MI and ST were similar between the two groups. CONCLUSION: In this single-center and all-comers registry, 2G-DES's superiorities for TLR, TVR and total revascularization in AMI patients suggested during 5-year clinical follow-up periods.

Impact of diabetes mellitus on 5-year clinical outcomes in patients with chronic total occlusion lesions.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, there are limited data on the impact of DM in patients who have chronic total occlusion (CTO) lesion on long-term outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 822 CTO patients who underwent coronary angiography, treated by either percutaneous coronary intervention or optimal medical therapy, were enrolled and divided into two groups: (i) diabetic group (n=363) and (ii) nondiabetic group (n=459). Individual and composite major clinical outcomes were compared up to 5 years. RESULTS: Propensity score matching analysis was carried out generating two groups (298 pairs, n=596, C-statistic=0.655) with balanced baseline characteristics. Up to 5 years, the DM group showed a higher trend toward revascularization (19.5 vs. 13.5%, P=0.051) and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) (24.7 vs. 19.1%, P=0.097) compared with the nondiabetic group. However, there was no difference in the incidence of death and myocardial infarction between the two groups. Subgroup analysis showed that the chronic kidney disease (CKD) subgroup was associated with a higher incidence of all-cause death, cardiac death, myocardial infarction, revascularization, and MACE in comparison with diabetic patients without CKD and nondiabetic patients, respectively (total MACE: 39 vs. 20.5 vs. 19.2% , P=0.001). Insulin-dependent diabetic patients had a significantly higher incidence of MACE (hazard ratio=1.58; 95% confidence interval: 1.04-2.40; P=0.03) compared with the nondiabetic patients. CONCLUSION: Diabetic patients with CTO were associated with a trend toward a higher incidence of revascularization and total MACE up to 5 years. Insulin-dependent and diabetic patients with CKD subgroups had a significantly higher incidence of total MACE.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors versus angiotensin II receptor blockers in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients with diabetes mellitus undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is an important factor of adverse cardiovascular events in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors is associated with improved clinical outcomes, however, there are limited data comparing the effectiveness of two different RAAS inhibitors in STEMI patients with DM undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with drug-eluting stents (DES). METHODS: A total of 3811 eligible STEMI patients with DM were enrolled in Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry (KAMIR). They were stratified into two groups: Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) group (n=2691) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) group (n=1120). To adjust baseline confounding factors, we performed propensity score matching (PSM) analysis and evaluated individual and composite major clinical outcomes between the two groups up to 2years. RESULTS: After PSM, a total of 1049 well-matched pairs were generated. Baseline clinical, angiographic and procedural characteristics were well-balanced between the two groups. The incidence of death, recurrent myocardial infarction (MI), revascularization and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) were not significantly different between the two groups up to 2years, CONCLUSION: In the present study, ACEI and ARB showed comparable effectiveness and safety on individual and composite clinical outcomes in STEMI patients with DM who underwent successful PCI with DES at least up to 2years.

Three-year follow-up of patients with acetylcholine-induced coronary artery spasm combined with insignificant coronary stenosis.

BACKGROUND: Coronary artery spasm (CAS) and significant coronary stenosis are known to be major causes of myocardial ischemia. However, their association and the impact of insignificant coronary stenosis (ICS) on long-term clinical outcomes of CAS patients are largely unknown. METHODS: A total of 2797 patients without significant coronary artery disease (CAD) who underwent the acetylcholine (ACH) provocation test between November 2004 and October 2010 were enrolled. Significant CAS was defined as having ≥70% of temporary narrowing by ACH test and ICS as having <70% of fixed stenosis on angiography. Patients were divided into two groups: ICS group (n=764) and non-ICS group (n=845). To adjust potential confounders, a propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was performed using the logistic regression model. Primary endpoint was the composite of total death, myocardial infraction (MI), de novo percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and cerebrovascular accidents (CVA). Secondary endpoint was the incidence of recurrent angina requiring repeat coronary angiography (CAG) at 3years. RESULTS: After PSM analysis, two well-balanced groups (548 pairs, total=1096) were generated. The baseline clinical characteristics were similar between the two groups. During the ACH test, compared with the non-ICS group, the ICS group had smaller spastic narrowing diameter (0.69±0.35 vs. 0.73±0.37, P=0.039) and incidence of ST-segment depression (4.0% vs. 0.9%, P=0.001). The incidence of primary and secondary endpoints was similar between the two groups up to 3years. CONCLUSIONS: Although, the ICS group was expected to have more adverse long-term clinical outcomes, it was not associated with the increased incidence of major adverse clinical outcomes compared with the non-ICS group up to 3years. Longer term follow-up studies are needed.

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Versus Optimal Medical Therapy for Chronic Total Coronary Occlusion With Well-Developed Collaterals.

BACKGROUND: The impact of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) on chronic total occlusion in patients with well-developed collaterals is not clear. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 640 chronic total occlusion patients with collateral flow grade ≥2 were divided into 2 groups; chronic total occlusion patients either treated with PCI (the PCI group; n=305) or optimal medical therapy (the optimal medical therapy group; n=335). To adjust for potential confounders, a propensity score matching analysis was performed. Major clinical outcomes were compared between the 2 groups up to 5 years. In the entire population, the PCI group had a lower hazard of myocardial infarction (hazard ratio [HR], 0.177; P=0.039; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.03-0.91) and the composite of total death or myocardial infarction (HR, 0.298; P=0.017; 95% CI, 0.11-0.80); however, it showed higher hazard of target lesion revascularization (HR, 3.942; P=0.003; 95% CI, 1.58-9.81) and target vessel revascularization (HR, 4.218; P=0.001; 95% CI, 1.85-9.60). After propensity score matching, a total of 158 matched pairs were generated. Although the PCI group showed a higher hazard of target lesion revascularization (HR, 2.868; P=0.027; 95% CI, 1.13-7.31) and target vessel revascularization (HR=2.62; P=0.022; 95% CI, 1.15-5.97), it still exhibited a lower incidence of the composite of total death or myocardial infarction (HR, 0.263; P=0.017; 95% CI, 0.087-0.790). The mean ejection fraction was improved from 47.8% to 51.6% (P<0.001) after PCI. CONCLUSIONS: In our study, successful revascularization by PCI for chronic total occlusion lesions with well-developed collaterals was associated with lower incidence of death and myocardial infarction, improved left ventricular function, but increased repeat revascularization rate.