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1.
Neural Plast ; 2014: 196812, 2014.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25276436

RESUMO

The lysosomal acid ceramidase, an enzyme known to limit intracellular ceramide accumulation, has been reported to be defective in neurodegenerative disorders. We show here that rat hippocampal slices, preincubated with the acid ceramidase inhibitor (ACI) d-NMAPPD, exhibit increased N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) in CA1 synapses. The ACI by itself did not interfere with either paired pulse facilitation or alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA) receptor-mediated fEPSPs, indicating that its influence on synaptic transmission is postsynaptic in origin and specific to the NMDA subtype of glutamate receptors. From a biochemical perspective, we observed that Tau phosphorylation at the Ser262 epitope was highly increased in hippocampal slices preincubated with the ACI, an effect totally prevented by the global NMDA receptor antagonist D/L(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (AP-5), the calcium chelator 1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA), and the GluN2B (but not the GluN2A) receptor antagonist RO25-6981. On the other hand, preincubation of hippocampal slices with the compound KN-62, an inhibitor known to interfere with calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), totally abolished the effect of ACI on Tau phosphorylation at Ser262 epitopes. Collectively, these results provide experimental evidence that ceramides play an important role in regulating Tau phosphorylation in the hippocampus via a mechanism dependent on GluN2B receptor subunits and CaMKII activation.


Assuntos
Ceramidase Ácida/metabolismo , Hipocampo/fisiologia , Lisossomos/enzimologia , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/metabolismo , Proteínas tau/metabolismo , Ceramidase Ácida/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Proteína Quinase Tipo 2 Dependente de Cálcio-Calmodulina/metabolismo , Potenciais Pós-Sinápticos Excitadores , Hipocampo/enzimologia , Masculino , Miristatos/farmacologia , Fosforilação , Propanolaminas/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley
2.
Neural Plast ; 2013: 261593, 2013.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24349798

RESUMO

The molecular mechanisms that regulate Tau phosphorylation are complex and currently incompletely understood. In the present study, pharmacological inhibitors were deployed to investigate potential processes by which the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptors modulates Tau phosphorylation in rat hippocampal slices. Our results demonstrated that Tau phosphorylation at Ser199-202 residues was decreased in NMDA-treated hippocampal slices, an effect that was not reproduced at Ser262 and Ser404 epitopes. NMDA-induced reduction of Tau phosphorylation at Ser199-202 was further promoted when NR2A-containing receptors were pharmacologically isolated and were completely abrogated by the NR2A receptor antagonist NVP-AAM077. Compared with nontreated slices, we observed that NMDA receptor activation was reflected in high Ser9 and low Tyr216 phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3ß), suggesting that NMDA receptor activation might diminish Tau phosphorylation via a pathway involving GSK3ß inhibition. Accordingly, we found that GSK3ß inactivation by a protein kinase C- (PKC-) dependent mechanism is involved in the NMDA-induced reduction of Tau phosphorylation at Ser199-202 epitopes. Taken together, these data indicate that NR2A receptor activation may be important in limiting Tau phosphorylation by a PKC/GSK3ß pathway and strengthen the idea that these receptors might act as an important molecular device counteracting neuronal cell death mechanisms in various pathological conditions.


Assuntos
Agonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/farmacologia , Quinase 3 da Glicogênio Sintase/antagonistas & inibidores , Hipocampo/metabolismo , N-Metilaspartato/farmacologia , Proteína Quinase C/metabolismo , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/agonistas , Proteínas tau/metabolismo , Animais , Anticorpos Bloqueadores/farmacologia , Western Blotting , Cálcio/fisiologia , Cromonas/farmacologia , Ativação Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Epitopos/efeitos dos fármacos , Glicogênio Sintase Quinase 3 beta , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Técnicas In Vitro , Masculino , Morfolinas/farmacologia , Fosforilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteína Quinase C/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley
3.
Hippocampus ; 22(7): 1589-96, 2012 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22228652

RESUMO

Although there is evidence that nicotinic acetylcholine (Ach) receptors are influenced by ceramides, we do not currently know whether or not these sphingolipids can also regulate the muscarinic subtypes of Ach receptors. Using the whole-cell patch technique, we demonstrated that the effectiveness of the muscarinic receptor agonist pilocarpine, in enhancing spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents in CA1 pyramidal cells, was completely abolished in hippocampal slices pre-exposed to the ceramide-generating enzyme sphingomyelinase (SMase). Western blot experiments, performed with biotinylated hippocampal membranes, showed that this electrophysiological defect possibly relies on the loss of M1 muscarinic Ach receptors at the cell surface. However, the effect appears to be relatively specific as the cell-surface expression of M4 muscarinic receptors was not found to be impacted by SMase treatment. Interestingly, we observed that G protein-coupled receptor kinases 2 and ß-arrestin1/2 interactions with M1-immunoprecipitated proteins were substantially augmented in SMase-treated slices and that the reduction of cell-surface M1 muscarinic receptor expression generated was completely suppressed by the muscarinic antagonist atropine. Collectively, our data suggest that selective internalization of M1 muscarinic receptors can be accentuated in neurons subjected to high ceramide levels. The potential physiopathological implications of this finding are presented.


Assuntos
Membrana Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipocampo/citologia , Células Piramidais/citologia , Receptor Muscarínico M1/metabolismo , Esfingomielina Fosfodiesterase/farmacologia , Animais , Arrestinas/metabolismo , Bicuculina/farmacologia , Biotinilação , Interações Medicamentosas , Antagonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/farmacologia , Quinase 2 de Receptor Acoplado a Proteína G/metabolismo , Antagonistas de Receptores de GABA-A/farmacologia , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Imunoprecipitação , Técnicas In Vitro , Potenciais Pós-Sinápticos Inibidores/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Agonistas Muscarínicos/farmacologia , Técnicas de Patch-Clamp , Pilocarpina/farmacologia , Células Piramidais/efeitos dos fármacos , Quinoxalinas/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Fatores de Tempo , Valina/análogos & derivados , Valina/farmacologia , beta-Arrestinas
4.
Neural Plast ; 2012: 569149, 2012.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22685677

RESUMO

Phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) represent one of the largest groups of lipid-modifying enzymes. Over the years, significant advances have been made in understanding their potential physiological and pathological functions. Depending on their calcium requirement for activation, PLA2s are classified into calcium dependent and independent. This paper mainly focuses on brain calcium-independent PLA2 (iPLA2) and on the mechanisms by which they influence neuronal function and regulate synaptic plasticity. Particular attention will be given to the iPLA2γ isoform and its role in the regulation of synaptic glutamate receptors. In particular, the paper discusses the possibility that brain iPLA2γ deficiencies could destabilise normal synaptic operation and might contribute to the aetiology of some brain disorders. In this line, the paper presents new data indicating that iPLA2γ deficiencies accentuate AMPA receptor destabilization and tau phosphorylation, which suggests that this iPLA2 isoform should be considered as a potential target for the treatment of Tau-related disorders.


Assuntos
Plasticidade Neuronal/genética , Fosfolipases A2 Independentes de Cálcio/metabolismo , Sinapses/enzimologia , Animais , Encefalopatias/enzimologia , Encefalopatias/genética , Encefalopatias/patologia , Ativação Enzimática/genética , Estabilidade Enzimática/genética , Humanos , Fosfolipases A2 Independentes de Cálcio/genética , Sinapses/genética , Sinapses/patologia
5.
Neural Plast ; 2010: 340168, 2010.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20508838

RESUMO

Physiological activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptors has been proposed to play a key role in both neuronal cell function and dysfunction. In the present study, we used selective NMDA receptor antagonists to investigate the involvement of NR2A and NR2B subunits in the modulatory effect of basal NMDA receptor activity on the phosphorylation of Tau proteins. We observed, in acute hippocampal slice preparations, that blockade of NR2A-containing NMDA receptors by the NR2A antagonist NVP-AAM077 provoked the hyperphosphorylation of a residue located in the proline-rich domain of Tau (i.e., Ser199). This effect seemed to be Ser199 specific as there was no increase in phosphorylation at Ser262 and Ser409 residues located in the microtubule-binding and C-terminal domains of Tau proteins, respectively. From a mechanistic perspective, our study revealed that blockade of NR2A-containing receptors influences Tau phosphorylation probably by increasing calcium influx into neurons, which seems to rely on accumulation of new NR1/NR2B receptors in neuronal membranes and could involve the cyclin-dependent kinase 5 pathway.


Assuntos
Hipocampo/metabolismo , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/metabolismo , Proteínas tau/metabolismo , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Biotinilação , Western Blotting , Cálcio/metabolismo , Quinase 5 Dependente de Ciclina/metabolismo , Antagonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/farmacologia , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Técnicas In Vitro , Masculino , Fosforilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Quinoxalinas/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/antagonistas & inibidores , Serina/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas tau/genética
6.
Front Pharmacol ; 11: 77, 2020.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32153401

RESUMO

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a potent bioactive lipid mediator that acts as a natural ligand upon binding to five different receptors that are located in astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglial and neuronal cells. Recently, global activation of these receptors by FTY720 (fingolimod) has been suggested to provide neuroprotection in animal model of Parkinson's disease (PD). Among S1P receptors, the subtype 1 (S1P1R) has been linked to features of neuroprotection and, using the selective agonist SEW2871, the present investigation assessed potential benefits (and mechanisms) of this receptor subtype in an established animal model of PD. We demonstrated that oral treatments with SEW2871 are able to provide protection to the same levels as FTY720 against loss of dopaminergic neurons and motor deficits in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) (30 mg/kg, i.p., 5 days) mouse model of PD. At the molecular level, we observed that the beneficial effects of both S1PR agonists were not associated with alterations in ERK and Akt levels, two markers of molecular adaptations in the striatum neurons. However, these compounds have the capacity to prevent signs of neuroinflammation such as the activation of astrocytes and glial cells, as well as MPTP-induced reduction of BDNF levels in key regions of the brain implicated in motor functions. These findings suggest that selective S1P1R modulation has the ability to provide neuroprotection in response to MPTP neurotoxicity. Targeting S1P1R in PD therapy may represent a prominent candidate for treatment of this neurodegenerative conditions.

7.
J Neurosci Res ; 87(4): 876-86, 2009 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18951489

RESUMO

Over the last decade, several studies have shown that high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the brain might limit neuronal damage in various pathological conditions. For example, in animal models of Alzheimer's disease, omega-3 type PUFAs such as docosahexaenoic (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acids have been proposed to decrease both the cognitive and the cellular manifestations of premature ageing. The mechanisms by which they promote brain integrity remain to be established, and the experiments on cultured hippocampal slices described here examine the possibility that omega-3 fatty acids can modulate brain cell viability by interacting with glutamate receptors. We observed, by lactate dehydrogenase release and propidium iodide (PI) uptake, that excitotoxicity triggered by an alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptor agonist was markedly reduced in hippocampal slices treated with DHA. PI uptake experiments also revealed that neuroprotection by DHA was restricted to the hippocampal CA1 region and could not be reproduced by EPA or arachidonic acid, an omega-6 PUFA. Moreover, the beneficial effect of DHA was specific to AMPA receptor stimulation, insofar as the toxicity induced by N-methyl-D-aspartate or kainate receptor agonists was not diminished by DHA preincubation. Biotinylation experiments finally indicated that the neuroprotective actions of DHA could result from down-regulation of AMPA receptors in hippocampal membranes. This investigation thus provides the first indication that a beneficial outcome of DHA on the brain could derive from specific modulation of AMPA-mediated toxicity, reinforcing the notion that dietary DHA uptake might be useful in preventing neurodegenerative diseases.


Assuntos
Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos/farmacologia , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/farmacologia , Hipocampo/citologia , Receptores de AMPA/metabolismo , Animais , Ácido Araquidônico/farmacologia , Biotinilação , Morte Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação para Baixo , Agonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/farmacologia , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipocampo/fisiologia , Técnicas In Vitro , Lactato Desidrogenases/metabolismo , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Neurotoxinas , Propídio/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Receptores de AMPA/agonistas , Receptores de Ácido Caínico/agonistas , Receptores de Ácido Caínico/metabolismo , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/agonistas , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/metabolismo
8.
FASEB J ; 22(2): 401-9, 2008 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17785607

RESUMO

In vitro studies have pointed to the collapsin response mediator proteins (CRMPs) as key regulators of neurite outgrowth and axonal differentiation. CRMP3 is expressed mostly in the nervous system during development but remains at high levels in the hippocampus of adults. To explore CRMP3 function in vivo, we generated mice with targeted disruption of the CRMP3 gene. Immunohistochemistry and Golgi staining of CA1 showed abnormal dendrite and spine morphogenesis in the hippocampus of CRMP3-deficient mice. Apical dendrites displayed an increase in undulation and a reduction in length and branching points. Basal dendrites also exhibited a reduction in length with an alteration in soma stem distribution and an increased number of thick dendrites localized in stratum oriens (SO). Long-term potentiation (LTP) was impaired in this area. These data indicate an important role for CRMP3 in dendrite arborization, guide-posts navigation, and neuronal plasticity.


Assuntos
Dendritos/metabolismo , Hipocampo/citologia , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/metabolismo , Plasticidade Neuronal , Animais , Forma Celular , Eletrofisiologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/deficiência , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/genética , Fatores de Tempo
9.
Behav Neurosci ; 133(1): 135-143, 2019 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30688489

RESUMO

Akt protein family (Akt1, Akt2 and Akt3) of serine/threonine kinases, also known as protein kinase B, are enzymes implicated in many physiological and pathological processes in the central nervous system. A striking feature of these enzymes is their ability to interact with several molecular targets such as the glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3). Among Akt isoforms, the Akt3 is significantly more expressed in the brain and the present investigation was designed to determine whether the Akt3/GSK-3 pathway plays a role in the learning of a complex motor skill. Using the accelerating rotarod task, known to reproduce different motor learning phases, we demonstrated in mouse models that genetic deletion of GSK-3α or GSK-3ß had no effect on rotarod performances. However, Akt3 deletion robustly compromised rotarod learning when compared with wild-type animals. Biochemical analysis in the striatum revealed modifications in the levels of both phosphorylated GSK-3 and tau in Akt3-deficient mice, which are reminiscent of enhanced GSK-3 activity. In this line, we observed that both biochemical and motor learning impairments were prevented in Akt3-deficent mice by chronic treatments with lithium, a well-known GSK-3 inhibitor. Altogether, our findings raised the interesting possibility that interconnection between Akt3 and GSK-3 kinases is required in the learning of new complex motor tasks. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).


Assuntos
Corpo Estriado/metabolismo , Glicogênio Sintase Quinase 3 beta/fisiologia , Quinase 3 da Glicogênio Sintase/fisiologia , Aprendizagem/fisiologia , Destreza Motora , Animais , Feminino , Quinase 3 da Glicogênio Sintase/genética , Glicogênio Sintase Quinase 3 beta/genética , Masculino , Camundongos Knockout , Teste de Desempenho do Rota-Rod , Transdução de Sinais
10.
Brain Res ; 1658: 51-59, 2017 03 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28104351

RESUMO

Recent studies indicate that Tau phosphorylation can be modulated by the compound FTY720-P, a global sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) agonist. The present work compared the effects of more selective S1PR agonists on Tau properties, using rat hippocampal slices as model system. Whereas Tau phosphorylation was not modified by the S1PR3 agonist CYM5541, Tau-Ser262 phosphorylation was significantly decreased by treatment with the S1PR1 agonist SEW2871. This effect appears to be quite restricted, as no changes in phosphorylation were elicited by the agonist on Tau-Ser199/202, Tau-Ser396 and Tau-Ser404 residues. In terms of molecular mechanisms, it is proposed that SEW2871-induced reduction of Tau-Ser262 phosphorylation depends on AMP-activated protein kinase alpha (AMPKα) inactivation via a pathway requiring AMPKα dephosphorylation at Thr172 by the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A).


Assuntos
Fármacos do Sistema Nervoso Central/farmacologia , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Oxidiazóis/farmacologia , Receptores de Lisoesfingolipídeo/agonistas , Tiofenos/farmacologia , Proteínas tau/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/metabolismo , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Western Blotting , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Isoxazóis/farmacologia , Masculino , Estrutura Molecular , Oxidiazóis/química , Fosforilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteína Fosfatase 2/metabolismo , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Receptores de Lisoesfingolipídeo/metabolismo , Receptores de Esfingosina-1-Fosfato , Tiofenos/química , Técnicas de Cultura de Tecidos , Proteínas tau/genética
11.
Front Mol Neurosci ; 10: 102, 2017.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28442992

RESUMO

The protein kinase B (PKB/Akt), found in three distinctive isoforms (PKBα/Akt1, PKBß/Akt2, PKBγ/Akt3), is implicated in a variety of cellular processes such as cell development, growth and survival. Although Akt3 is the most expressed isoform in the brain, its role in cerebral functions is still unclear. In the present study, we investigated the behavioral, electrophysiological and biochemical consequences of Akt3 deletion in mice. Motor abilities, spatial navigation, recognition memory and LTP are intact in the Akt3 knockout (KO) mice. However, the prepulse inhibition, three-chamber social, forced swim, tail suspension, open field, elevated plus maze and light-dark transition tests revealed an endophenotype reminiscent of psychiatric manifestations such as schizophrenia, anxiety and depression. Biochemical investigations revealed that Akt3 deletion was associated with reduced levels of phosphorylated GSK3α/ß at serine 21/9 in several brain regions, although Akt1 and Akt2 levels were unaffected. Notably, chronic administration of lithium, a mood stabilizer, restored the decreased phosphorylated GSK3α/ß levels and rescued the depressive and anxiety-like behaviors in the Akt3 KO mice. Collectively, our data suggest that Akt3 might be a critical molecule underlying psychiatric-related behaviors in mice.

12.
Neurosci Lett ; 389(1): 51-6, 2005 Nov 25.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16099093

RESUMO

Our laboratory recently discovered that the phosphorylation of subunits forming the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA) subtype of glutamate receptors is regulated by constitutive phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity in rat brain sections. In the present investigation, arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone (AACOCF3) and bromoenol lactone (BEL) were used to compare the influence of calcium-dependent (cPLA2) and calcium-independent (iPLA2) enzymes on phosphorylation of AMPA and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtypes of glutamate receptors. Incubation of rat brain sections with 3 microM BEL enhanced phosphorylation on the serine (Ser) 831 residue of the AMPA receptor GluR1 subunit in synaptosomal P2 fractions, whereas AACOCF3 at the same concentration resulted in increased phosphorylation on residues Ser880/891 of GluR2/3 subunits. These effects were restricted to the AMPA receptor subtype as no changes in phosphorylation were elicited on the NMDA receptor NR1 subunit. The effects of BEL and AACOCF3 were not occluded during blockade of protein phosphatases since AMPA receptor phosphorylation was still apparent in the presence of okadaic acid, indicating that the PLA2 inhibitor-induced increase in AMPA receptor phosphorylation does not rely on a decrease in dephosphorylation reactions. However, pretreatment of rat brain sections with a cell-permeable protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor prevented BEL- and AACOCF3-induced phosphorylation on the Ser831 and Ser880/891 sites of GluR1 and GluR2/3 subunits, respectively. These results suggest that constitutive cPLA2 and iPLA2 systems may differentially influence AMPA receptor properties and function in the rat brain through mechanisms involving PKC activity.


Assuntos
Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Fosfolipases A/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores de AMPA/metabolismo , Animais , Ácidos Araquidônicos/farmacologia , Cinética , Masculino , Fosfolipases A2 , Fosforilação , Subunidades Proteicas/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley
13.
Brain Res ; 1624: 349-358, 2015 Oct 22.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26260438

RESUMO

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a ceramide derivative serving not only as a regulator of immune properties but also as a modulator of brain functions. To better understand the mechanism underlying the effects of S1P on brain functions, we investigated the potential impact of S1P receptor (S1PR) activation on NMDA receptor subunits. We used acute rat hippocampal slices as a model system, and determined the effects of the active phosphorylated S1P analog, fingolimod (FTY720P) on various NMDA receptors. Treatment with FTY720P significantly increased phosphorylation of GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors at Tyr1472. This effect appears rather specific, as treatment with FTY720P did not modify GluN2B-Tyr1336, GluN2B-Ser1480, GluN2A-Tyr1325 or GluN1-Ser897 phosphorylation. Pre-treatment of hippocampal slices with the compounds W146 and PP1 indicated that FTY720P-induced GluN2B phosphorylation at Tyr1472 epitopes was dependent on activation of S1PR subunit 1 (S1PR1) and Src/Fyn kinase, respectively. Cell surface biotinylation experiments indicated that FTY720P-induced GluN2B phosphorylation at Tyr1472 was also associated with increased levels of GluN1 and GluN2B subunits on membrane surface, whereas no change was observed for GluN2A subunits. We finally demonstrate that FTY720P is inclined to favor Tau and Fyn accumulation on plasma membranes. These results suggest that activation of S1PR1 by FTY720P enhances GluN2B receptor phosphorylation in rat hippocampal slices, resulting in increased levels of GluN1 and GluN2B receptor subunits in neuronal membranes through a mechanism probably involving Fyn and Tau.


Assuntos
Membrana Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipocampo/citologia , Organofosfatos/farmacologia , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/metabolismo , Esfingosina/análogos & derivados , Regulação para Cima/efeitos dos fármacos , Análise de Variância , Anilidas/farmacologia , Animais , Biotinilação , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Técnicas In Vitro , Lisofosfolipídeos , Masculino , Organofosfonatos/farmacologia , Fosforilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Receptores de Lisoesfingolipídeo/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores de Lisoesfingolipídeo/metabolismo , Esfingosina/farmacologia , Receptores de Esfingosina-1-Fosfato , Fatores de Tempo , Ativação Transcricional , Quinases da Família src/metabolismo
14.
J Appl Physiol (1985) ; 96(5): 1606-12, 2004 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14698990

RESUMO

Cardiac dysfunction is a severe secondary effect of Type 2 diabetes. Recruitment of the protein kinase B/glycogen synthase kinase-3 pathway represents an integral event in glucose homeostasis, albeit its regulation in the diabetic heart remains undefined. Thus the following study tested the hypothesis that the regulation of protein kinase B/glycogen synthase kinase-3 was altered in the myocardium of the Zucker diabetic fatty rat. Second, exercise has been shown to improve glucose homeostasis, and, in this regard, the effect of swimming training on the regulation of protein kinase B/glycogen synthase kinase-3 in the diabetic rat heart was examined. In the sedentary Zucker diabetic fatty rats, glucose levels were elevated, and cardiac glycogen content increased, compared with wild type. A 13-wk swimming regimen significantly reduced plasma glucose levels and cardiac glycogen content and partially normalized protein kinase B-serine473, protein kinase B-threonine308, and glycogen synthase kinase-3alpha phosphorylation in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. In conclusion, hyperglycemia and increased cardiac glycogen content in the Zucker diabetic fatty rats were associated with dysregulation of protein kinase B/glycogen synthase kinase-3 phosphorylation. These anomalies in the Zucker diabetic fatty rat were partially normalized with swimming. These data support the premise that exercise training may protect the heart against the deleterious consequences of diabetes.


Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus/enzimologia , Quinase 3 da Glicogênio Sintase/metabolismo , Miocárdio/enzimologia , Condicionamento Físico Animal , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/metabolismo , Animais , Glicemia/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus/metabolismo , Glicogênio/sangue , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP72 , Ventrículos do Coração , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/metabolismo , Hiperglicemia/sangue , Insulina/sangue , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/enzimologia , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Fosfofrutoquinases/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt , Ratos , Ratos Zucker , Natação
15.
Brain Res ; 1010(1-2): 134-43, 2004 Jun 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15126126

RESUMO

Several studies have demonstrated that C57 and DBA mice exhibit behavioural differences in diverse learning tasks as well as variations in the expression of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus. In the present investigation, we tested the possibility that these differences between the two strains might be attributable to differential regulation of hippocampal alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA) receptors by calcium-dependent mechanisms. Using in vitro receptor autoradiography, we found that calcium treatment of C57 mice sections resulted in a marked increase of 3H-AMPA binding in areas CA3 and CA1 of the hippocampus and in the dentate gyrus. However, we discovered that the ability of calcium to upregulate 3H-AMPA binding in the DBA strain was much lower than in corresponding regions from the C57 strain. Western blot and immunohistochemical experiments indicated that truncation of AMPA receptor subunits by calcium-dependent mechanisms was possibly not responsible for the binding differences, as no significant variations in glutamate receptor subunit 1 (GluR1) and GluR2/3 immunoreactivity were observed between the two strains after calcium treatment. Interestingly, we found that strain-related variations in the regulation of 3H-AMPA binding by calcium were totally eliminated when brain sections were preincubated with preferential inhibitors of lipoxygenase (LO) pathways of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism. Taken together, these results suggest that calcium-induced regulation of AMPA receptors varies between the two strains and that this variation might be linked to the production of specific AA metabolites.


Assuntos
Ácido Araquidônico/metabolismo , Sinalização do Cálcio/fisiologia , Cálcio/metabolismo , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Lipoxigenase/metabolismo , Receptores de AMPA/metabolismo , Animais , Ligação Competitiva/efeitos dos fármacos , Ligação Competitiva/fisiologia , Cálcio/farmacologia , Sinalização do Cálcio/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipocampo/enzimologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Endogâmicos DBA , Ensaio Radioligante , Receptores de AMPA/efeitos dos fármacos , Especificidade da Espécie , Ácido alfa-Amino-3-hidroxi-5-metil-4-isoxazol Propiônico/farmacologia
16.
Eur J Pharmacol ; 490(1-3): 177-86, 2004 Apr 19.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15094084

RESUMO

Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disorder of carbohydrate metabolism resulting primarily from inadequate insulin release (Type 1 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) or insulin insensitivity coupled with inadequate compensatory insulin release (Type 2 non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus). Previous studies involving behavioural and electrophysiological analysis indicate that diabetes mellitus induces cognitive impairment and defects of long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Considered to be an important mechanism of learning and memory in mammals, long-term potentiation is known to require regulation of the glutamate receptor properties. According to many studies, defects of long-term potentiation in the hippocampus of diabetic animals are due to abnormal glutamate receptors. We review here the changes in glutamate receptors that may account for modifications of long-term potentiation in various models of diabetes mellitus. As glutamate receptors are also involved in the appearance of neurodegenerative states, we discuss the possibility that deficits in long-term potentiation during chronic diabetes might arise from dysfunction of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptors in early stages of the disease. This review addresses the possible role of hyperglycaemia and insulin in regulating these receptors.


Assuntos
Pareamento Cromossômico/fisiologia , Diabetes Mellitus/fisiopatologia , Hipocampo/fisiopatologia , Plasticidade Neuronal/fisiologia , Receptores de Glutamato/metabolismo , Animais , Diabetes Mellitus/sangue , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Humanos , Hiperglicemia/fisiopatologia , Insulina/sangue
17.
Physiol Behav ; 83(3): 483-94, 2004 Dec 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15581671

RESUMO

Previous investigations have demonstrated that cognitive deficits as well as hippocampal dysfunctions are generated in animals presenting manifestations of Type 1 diabetes (T1D) mellitus. The present study examined whether such deficits can also be reproduced in the Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats after they developed symptoms of Type 2 diabetes (T2D). Learning and memory assessments were performed using the Morris water maze 5 weeks after the animals presented symptoms of Type 1 diabetes for Experiment 1 (Exp 1) and after 8 weeks for Experiment 2 (Exp 2). Testing in the water maze revealed that ZDF rats learned the task normally, although control rats were found to swim significantly faster after 5 or 8 weeks of untreated diabetes. From an electrophysiological perspective, we observed that the integrity of synaptic function was also preserved in ZDF rats as no alterations in long-term potentiation (LTP) were observed in the area CA1 of hippocampal slices. It is concluded that hyperglycaemia is not the only factor influencing water maze learning and LTP in this animal model of Type 2 diabetes (T2D). The experiments suggest that the resistance of ZDF rats to cognitive and electrophysiological dysfunctions might be related to the protective action of hyperinsulinemia. Indeed, measurements of the plasma insulin level at the end of testing were significantly superior in ZDF rats in comparison to control rats.


Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/fisiopatologia , Hiperglicemia/fisiopatologia , Hiperinsulinismo/fisiopatologia , Potenciação de Longa Duração/fisiologia , Aprendizagem em Labirinto/fisiologia , Análise de Variância , Animais , Comportamento Animal , Glicemia/fisiologia , Peso Corporal/fisiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/fisiopatologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Estimulação Elétrica , Comportamento Exploratório/fisiologia , Hipocampo/fisiopatologia , Técnicas In Vitro , Potenciação de Longa Duração/efeitos da radiação , Potenciais da Membrana/fisiologia , Potenciais da Membrana/efeitos da radiação , Técnicas de Patch-Clamp/métodos , Ratos , Ratos Zucker , Tempo de Reação , Fatores de Tempo
18.
Neurotox Res ; 6(2): 141-8, 2004.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15325966

RESUMO

Oxidative stress is currently considered a mediator of cell death in several neurodegenerative diseases. Notably, it may play an important role in the degeneration of dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease. We examined the effect of a strong oxidant, the herbicide paraquat, on cell distress using native and neuronal pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Paraquat administration for 8 hours induced a significant cellular death in both native and in neuronal PC12 cells. Since the anti-oxidant properties of estrogens may promote neuroprotection in vitro and in vivo, we then investigated the ability of estradiol stereoisomers, 17alpha-estradiol and 17- beta-estradiol, to rescue PC12 cells submitted to paraquat-induced oxidative stress. Our results show a protective effect of both estradiol stereoisomers in neuronal PC12 cells treated with paraquat, whereas this effect could not be observed in native PC12 cells. We also demonstrate that estrogen receptor beta protein expression is modulated by paraquat administration in native PC12 cells, while paraquat does not change estrogen receptor beta ?expression in neuronal PC12 cells. Paraquat also decreases estrogen receptor alpha in neuronal PC12 cells, thus suggesting new routes for paraquat to collapse cellular metabolism. Besides, the oxidation of dihydrodhodamine-123 into fluorescent rhodamine in the presence of paraquat but not in presence of paraquat and 17 alpha-estradiol or 17 beta-estradiol, sustain a possible direct scavenging role of both estradiol stereoisomers.


Assuntos
Estradiol/farmacologia , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Paraquat/toxicidade , Animais , Isomerismo , Neurônios/patologia , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Células PC12 , Ratos
19.
Genet Eng (N Y) ; 26: 239-54, 2004.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15387300

RESUMO

Long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) are two experimental models of synaptic plasticity that have been studied extensively in the last 25 years, as they may represent basic mechanisms to store certain types of information in neuronal networks. In several brain regions, these two forms of synaptic plasticity require dendritic depolarization, and the amplitude and duration of the depolarization-induced calcium signal are crucial parameters for the generation of either LTP or LTD. The rise in calcium concentration mediated by activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptors has been proposed to stimulate various calcium-dependent processes that could convert the induction signal into long-lasting changes in synaptic structure and function. According to several lines of experimental evidence, alterations in synaptic function observed with LTP and LTD are thought to be the result of modifications of postsynaptic currents mediated by the a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) subtype of glutamate receptors. The question of which type(s) of receptor changes constitutes the basis for the expression of synaptic plasticity is still very much open. Here, we review data relevant to the issue of selective modulation of AMPA receptor properties occurring after learning and memory, environmental enrichment, and synaptic plasticity. We also discuss potential cellular mechanisms whereby calcium-dependent enzymes might regulate AMPA receptor properties during LTP and LTD, focusing on protein kinases, proteases and lipases.


Assuntos
Encéfalo/fisiologia , Cálcio/metabolismo , Endopeptidases/metabolismo , Lipase/metabolismo , Plasticidade Neuronal , Proteínas Quinases/metabolismo , Receptores de AMPA/fisiologia , Fosforilação
20.
Front Mol Neurosci ; 7: 26, 2014.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24772063

RESUMO

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase is a critical regulator of mRNA translation and is suspected to be involved in various long-lasting forms of synaptic and behavioral plasticity. However, its role in motor learning and control has never been examined. This study investigated, in mice, the implication of mTOR in the learning processes associated with the accelerating rotarod task. We first observed that the rotarod learning did not alter the levels of total mTOR in the striatum, hippocampus, cerebellum, and anterior cortex of trained mice. However, it increased the levels of phosphorylated mTOR in the striatum and hippocampus exclusively during the first session of training; no change was observed at the second and third sessions. In order to further investigate the potential role of mTOR during motor skill learning, we performed systemic and intrastriatal inhibitions of mTOR using the pharmacological inhibitor rapamycin, as well as a genetic knockdown of striatal mTOR using intrastriatal infusion of mTOR siRNA. These three independent approaches were all associated with a significant reduction in rotarod performances that were reminiscent of impaired consolidation processes. Notably, these treatments did not affect the capacity of mice to execute the pole test, suggesting that mTOR activity was mainly controlling motor learning rather than motor abilities. Moreover, all treatments decreased the levels of phosphorylated 4EBP1 and P70S6K, two molecular downstream targets of mTORC1. Our findings demonstrate that striatal mTOR kinase, via the phosphorylation of 4EBP1 and P70S6K, plays an important role in the cellular and molecular processes involved in motor skill learning.

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