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1.
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis ; 29(7): 835-43, 2010 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20428910

RESUMO

The purpose of this investigation was to identify when diagnostic testing and empirical antiviral therapy should be considered for adult patients requiring hospitalization during influenza seasons. During the 2007/8 influenza season, six acute care hospitals in the Greater Toronto Area participated in active surveillance for laboratory-confirmed influenza requiring hospitalization. Nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs were obtained from patients presenting with acute respiratory or cardiac illness, or with febrile illness without clear non-respiratory etiology. Predictors of influenza were analyzed by multivariable logistic regression analysis and likelihoods of influenza infection in various patient groups were calculated. Two hundred and eighty of 3,917 patients were found to have influenza. Thirty-five percent of patients with influenza presented with a triage temperature >or=38.0 degrees C, 80% had respiratory symptoms in the emergency department, and 76% were >or=65 years old. Multivariable analysis revealed a triage temperature >or=38.0 degrees C (odds ratio [OR] 3.1; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.3-4.1), the presence of respiratory symptoms (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.2-2.4), admission diagnosis of respiratory infection (OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.3-2.4), admission diagnosis of exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)/asthma or respiratory failure (OR 2.3; 95% CI 1.6-3.4), and admission in peak influenza weeks (OR 4.2; 95% CI 3.1-5.7) as independent predictors of influenza. The likelihood of influenza exceeded 15% in patients with respiratory infection or exacerbation of COPD/asthma if the triage temperature was >or=38.0 degrees C or if they were admitted in the peak weeks during the influenza season. During influenza season, diagnostic testing and empiric antiviral therapy should be considered in patients requiring hospitalization if respiratory infection or exacerbation of COPD/asthma are suspected and if either the triage temperature is >or=38.0 degrees C or admission is during the weeks of peak influenza activity.


Assuntos
Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Influenza Humana/patologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Canadá/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nasofaringe/virologia , Adulto Jovem
2.
J Neuropathol Exp Neurol ; 56(2): 132-42, 1997 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9034366

RESUMO

The subthalamus has become a promising target for the neurosurgical treatment of parkinsonian symptoms. We have used unbiased counting techniques to quantify the neuronal populations of the subthalamic nucleus in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy. In addition, the type of calcium binding proteins contained within these subthalamic neurons was established using immunohistochemistry. Most of the 550,000 subthalamic neurons contain either parvalbumin or calretinin calcium binding proteins, and patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease sustained no damage to this nucleus. This is consistent with current theories of basal ganglia circuitry, which postulate that overstimulation of this excitatory nucleus contributes to the inhibition of the motor thalamus via the activation of inhibitory relays. In contrast, we found that there was substantial cell loss in the subthalamus in progressive supranuclear palsy (45 to 85% neuronal reduction) and that both cell types were equally affected. Extracellular neurofibrillary tangles as well as tau-positive glia were observed in the subthalamus of these cases. As the patients with Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy all had overlapping parkinsonian symptoms, the loss of subthalamic stimulation within the basal ganglia of progressive supranuclear palsy cases is puzzling, unless their parkinsonian symptoms were generated by an alternate mechanism.


Assuntos
Doença de Parkinson/metabolismo , Doença de Parkinson/patologia , Paralisia Supranuclear Progressiva/metabolismo , Paralisia Supranuclear Progressiva/patologia , Núcleos Talâmicos/metabolismo , Núcleos Talâmicos/patologia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Calbindina 2 , Calbindinas , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Parvalbuminas/metabolismo , Proteína G de Ligação ao Cálcio S100/metabolismo , Proteínas tau/metabolismo
3.
J Comp Neurol ; 343(1): 83-101, 1994 May 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7517962

RESUMO

The anatomical distribution of substance P-like immunoreactivity across the subnuclear divisions of the nucleus of the solitary tract has been examined in the human medulla oblongata. A differential distribution of neurons, fibres, and terminals was observed throughout the ten subnuclear divisions of this nucleus. Substance P-like immunoreactive neurons were observed most frequently in the nucleus gelatinosus, with moderate numbers in the medial, intermediate subnuclei and very few in the commissural, ventral, dorsal, and dorsolateral subnuclei. The paracommissural, ventrolateral, and interstitial subnuclei did not contain substance P-like-immunoreactive neurons. These neurons were typically bipolar and moderate-sized to large, except for the neurons in the nucleus gelatinosus, which were substantially smaller. The highest densities of fibres and terminals were observed in the gelatinosus, medial, and intermediate nuclei, with moderate densities in the paracommissural and dorsal subnuclei. Sparse substance P-like-immunoreactive fibres and terminals were seen in the ventral and interstitial nuclei as well as within the solitary tract. The dorsolateral nucleus was characterized by a light distribution of fibres and terminals, except for a dense aggregation along its lateralmost border. A prominent innervation of pigmented neurons by substance P-like-immunoreactive terminals and fibres was also observed in the dorsolateral nucleus. The results reveal that the subnuclear complexity of the nucleus of the solitary tract is richly reflected by its differential pattern of substance P-like-immunoreactive structures.


Assuntos
Bulbo/metabolismo , Terminações Nervosas/metabolismo , Neurônios/metabolismo , Substância P/metabolismo , Idoso , Tronco Encefálico , Feminino , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Bulbo/citologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Distribuição Tecidual
4.
J Comp Neurol ; 335(1): 109-22, 1993 Sep 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7691902

RESUMO

The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive account of the topography, morphology, and frequencies of the substance P- and tyrosine hydroxylase-containing neurons in the human dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. The morphology of immunoreactive neurons was studied and the variations of the cell distributions were presented by three-dimensional computer reconstructions. Three types of substance P-like immunoreactive neurons were identified. They were predominantly located in the dorsointermediate, centrointermediate, caudointermediate, and caudal division of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. The morphology of substance P-like immunoreactive neurons varied according to the subnuclei in which they were found. Three types of tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive neurons were identified, mainly in the periphery of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve, including the medial fringe, ventrointermediate, and dorsointermediate subnuclei of the 10. Many cells throughout the ventrointermediate subnucleus of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve are seen ventrally to intermingle with the tyrosine hydroxylase neurons of the intermediate reticular zone. Computer reconstructions provided a three-dimensional view of the positions of substance P- and tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive neurons within the subdivisions of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. The uneven distribution of substance P- and tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive neurons within the subdivisions suggests an involvement of these substances in some, but not all, autonomic functions of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve.


Assuntos
Neurônios/química , Substância P/análise , Tirosina 3-Mono-Oxigenase/análise , Nervo Vago/química , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Técnicas Imunoenzimáticas , Masculino , Nervo Vago/citologia
5.
J Comp Neurol ; 364(1): 121-50, 1996 Jan 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8789281

RESUMO

The present study compares the distribution of three calcium binding proteins, calbindin-D28k, calretinin, and parvalbumin, in the midbrain tegmentum of rats and humans. In order to compare the distributions of these proteins directly, the cytoarchitecture of this region was evaluated by using immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase and substance P in serial sections in both transverse and horizontal planes. There was a high degree of homology in the cytoarchitecture of the three main dopaminergic regions identified. The A8 group was localised in the retrorubral fields, which extended rostrally into the midbrain reticular fields in the human. The A9 group corresponded to the substantia nigra, which was delimited by its dense substance P innervation. The heterogeneous A10 group, situated along the dorsal border as well as medial to the A9 group, comprised multiple nuclei. The distribution of calcium binding proteins was similar in both species, although a larger proportion of neurons contained these proteins in the rat. Calbindin-D28k was localised in neurons within A8 and A10 nuclei and within the caudomedial A9 region (and rostrolateral A9 in the rat only). Calretinin was localised in similar regions. In contrast, neurons containing parvalbumin were concentrated in the substantia nigra pars reticulata. The results suggest that few dopaminergic neurons receiving striatal input in the substantia nigra contain calcium binding proteins; rather, the nondopaminergic nigral neurons contain parvalbumin. Interestingly, dopaminergic neurons are more numerous in humans, whereas nondopaminergic neurons predominate in rats, which suggests that functional differences may exist between rats and humans.


Assuntos
Proteínas de Ligação ao Cálcio/análise , Mesencéfalo/química , Ratos Wistar/fisiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Especificidade de Anticorpos , Calbindina 1 , Calbindina 2 , Calbindinas , Dopamina/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Mesencéfalo/citologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/análise , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/imunologia , Neurônios/química , Parvalbuminas/análise , Parvalbuminas/imunologia , Ratos , Formação Reticular/química , Formação Reticular/citologia , Proteína G de Ligação ao Cálcio S100/análise , Proteína G de Ligação ao Cálcio S100/imunologia , Substância Negra/química , Substância Negra/citologia , Tegmento Mesencefálico/química , Tegmento Mesencefálico/citologia
6.
Arch Neurol ; 54(2): 171-6, 1997 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9041858

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Many studies have demonstrated significant sexual dimorphism in verbal ability. However, few studies have examined anatomical differences between the sexes that may underlie such dimorphism. OBJECTIVE: To examine sex differences in the absolute and proportional volumes of the main language-associated regions of the cerebral cortex. DESIGN AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Control neuropathological case series of consecutive autopsies from a teaching hospital. No significant age-related volume changes were identified in the sample. Two language-associated cortical regions, the superior temporal gyrus (part of the Wernicke area) and its subdivisions (planum temporale, Heschl gyrus, and anterior superior temporal gyrus) and the inferior frontal gyrus (Broca area in the dominant hemisphere), and a non-language-associated region, the frontal pole, were measured using stereological techniques in brains fixed with formaldehyde solution serially sectioned at 3-mm intervals. Volume comparisons between the sexes and between brain hemispheres were performed using 2-way analysis of variance. SETTING: Studies were conducted at the University of Sydney and the Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, Sydney, Australia. PATIENTS: Ten males and 11 females free from neurologic or neuropathological abnormalities. RESULTS: The volume of the superior temporal cortex, expressed as a proportion of total cerebral volume, was significantly larger in females compared with males (17.8% increase; P = .04). This was accounted for by 1 section of the superior temporal cortex, the planum temporale, which was 29.8% larger in females (P = .04). In addition, the cortical volume fraction of the Broca area in females was 20.4% larger than in males (P = .05). In contrast, no significant differences were found in the proportional volume of the frontal pole or in regional volumes between the left and right hemispheres in either sex group. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that females have proportionally larger Wernicke and Broca language-associated regions compared with males. These anatomical differences may correlate with superior language skills previously demonstrated in females.


Assuntos
Córtex Cerebral/anatomia & histologia , Idioma , Caracteres Sexuais , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Cadáver , Córtex Cerebral/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade
7.
J Med Chem ; 20(12): 1612-7, 1977 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-592326

RESUMO

The 38 esters in Table I were prepared from the four isomeric 2-tropanols and a variety of racemic glycolic acids and their optical isomers. Anticholinergic activity in mice was measured in the peripheral nervous system (mydriasis) and in the central nervous system (anti-tremorine) and compared with that of atropine, scopolamine, and racemic 2-quinuclidinyl benzilate. The results (Table III) showed that several esters (such as 8, 12, 14, and 21) had significantly greater activity in both the peripheral and central nervous systems than did the reference compounds. Esters of (+)-2alpha-tropanol were more potent than those of either its epimer (-)-2beta-tropanol or its optical isomer(-)-2alpha-tropanol. Esters derived from (-)-glycolic acids were uniformly more potent than those from the (+)-glycolic acids. Esters of (+)-2alpha-notropanol and five of its N-substituted derivatives had markedly decreased activity. Peripheral/central activity ratios and time-activity profiles for five active compounds are discussed and compared with those of the reference compounds.


Assuntos
Parassimpatolíticos/síntese química , Tropanos/síntese química , Animais , Glicolatos/síntese química , Glicolatos/farmacologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Midriáticos/síntese química , Estereoisomerismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Fatores de Tempo , Tremorina/antagonistas & inibidores , Tropanos/farmacologia
8.
Neuroscience ; 65(1): 87-91, 1995 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7538646

RESUMO

A controversy exists in the literature as to whether neurons containing the calcium binding protein calbindin-D28k are located within the human substantia nigra. The point of variance between reports, however, is not the anatomical distribution of these neurons, but rather the delineation of the dorsal border of the substantia nigra. It has been suggested that the dense substance P striatonigral innervation delimits the substantia nigra in the human. The aim of the present study is to re-examine the distribution of calbindin-D28k-positive neurons throughout the substantia nigra using substance P to delimit its borders. Although a few calbindin-D28k-positive neurons were found in the medial cell group of the substantia nigra, the vast majority of positive neurons were located in the adjacent A8 and A10 dopaminergic cell groups. This anatomical location of calbindin-D28k-positive neurons is consistent with previous reports, though our results indicate that when the striatonigral projection is used to define the substantia nigra, calbindin-D28k is not a notable feature of these neurons. This questions the neuroprotective role of this protein in Parkinson's disease.


Assuntos
Proteínas de Ligação ao Cálcio/fisiologia , Neurônios/fisiologia , Substância Negra/fisiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Autopsia , Feminino , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Mesencéfalo , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Substância P/imunologia
9.
Neuroscience ; 68(2): 539-51, 1995 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7477964

RESUMO

At present there is no consensus concerning the internal organization of the human substantia nigra, despite its pivotal role in neurodegenerative conditions. We have quantitatively analysed the variability in the pattern of clusters of melanin-pigmented neurons in the human substantia nigra using serial section analysis and computer reconstructions. The substantia nigra pars compacta showed a bilaminar organization consisting of the pars medialis and pars lateralis, as well as dorsal and ventral tiers as described previously [D. A. McRitchie et al. (1995) J. comp. Neurol. (in press)]. Both the dorsal and ventral tiers could be further subdivided into three mediolateral cell columns based on position and cell density. The presence and arrangement of these cell clusters was most variable in transverse sections (the plane currently used for diagnostic neuropathology). Quantitative assessment of the topographical pattern of cell loss within single transverse sections of the human substantia nigra should therefore be treated with some caution. In contrast, the full rostrocaudal extent of the cell columns could be seen in horizontal sections. Thus, consistent samples of larger numbers of pigmented neurons per region were found in this section plane, although only two cell columns were found in most sections. Our results show that greater quantitative reliability can be achieved with horizontal sections of the substantia nigra.


Assuntos
Substância Negra/citologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Contagem de Células , Feminino , Humanos , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Masculino , Melaninas/metabolismo , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pigmentação
10.
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg ; 98(4): 529-34, 1989 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2477644

RESUMO

The clinical application of lung transplantation is severely limited by the shortage of suitable donor organs. Current techniques of lung preservation allow a maximum of 4 to 6 hours of safe ischemic time. The function of canine left lung allografts stored for 12 hours after being cooled by pulmonary artery flush was studied. Two types of flush solution were used: group I; Euro-Collins solution; group II, low-potassium-dextran solution. Lung function was studied immediately and 3 days after transplantation. This protocol enables study of acute preservation-related lung injury and the delayed manifestations of ischemic and reperfusion injury after a 3-day period of recovery. Inflatable cuffs were placed around each pulmonary artery at operation and were attached to subcutaneous injection ports. Temporarily occluding either pulmonary artery allowed independent study of the native or transplanted lung. Using this model, we were able to demonstrate reliable and reproducible preservation of lungs for 12 hours. The low-potassium-dextran solution provided significantly better immediate function of the preserved lung than the Euro-Collins solution: arterial oxygen tension 509 +/- 15 mm Hg versus 111 +/- 16 mm Hg (p less than 0.0001). Function on the third day was excellent for both groups. Pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, and carbon dioxide tension were not significantly different between the groups immediately or on day 3.


Assuntos
Transplante de Pulmão , Preservação de Órgãos/métodos , Animais , Débito Cardíaco , Dextranos , Cães , Soluções Hipertônicas , Pulmão/fisiopatologia , Oxigênio/sangue , Potássio , Artéria Pulmonar/fisiologia , Resistência Vascular
11.
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg ; 103(2): 326-8, 1992 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1370971

RESUMO

Improved lung preservation with a low-potassium dextran-containing solution has been previously demonstrated. In a subsequent study, it was shown that dextran 40 contributes significantly to this improved preservation. In the current in vitro study, human neutrophils suspended in lung preservation solutions (low potassium with dextran and low potassium without dextran) were stimulated to produce superoxide radicals. The presence of dextran in the solution did not significantly alter the amount of superoxide measured in the assay (low potassium with dextran, 4.149 +/- 0.144 nmol/10(6) cells/20 min; low potassium without dextran, 3.896 +/- 0.215; p greater than 0.2). This suggests that dextran 40 did not appreciably scavenge superoxide radicals, nor did it alter the production of superoxide radicals by stimulated neutrophils. Thus the significantly improved lung preservation seen with the use of dextran 40 is probably not mediated by a superoxide radical scavenging process.


Assuntos
Dextranos , Sequestradores de Radicais Livres , Transplante de Pulmão , Preservação de Órgãos , Superóxidos/metabolismo , Humanos , Neutrófilos/metabolismo , Potássio , Soluções , Superóxido Dismutase/farmacologia , Acetato de Tetradecanoilforbol/farmacologia
12.
Arch Surg ; 124(12): 1406-10, 1989 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2511820

RESUMO

Previous studies demonstrated that intraperitoneal fibrinolysis using tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) prevented intraabdominal abscess formation in a rat fibrin clot infection model when administered simultaneously with the infecting inoculum. To more closely mimic the clinical setting, the efficacy of delayed administration of t-PA on intra-abdominal abscess formation was examined. A delay of 2, 6, and 18 hours had no effect on the rate of abscess formation but did reduce abscess size, indicating partial fibrinolysis. Since fibrin clots dehydrate in vivo, we hypothesized that a higher concentration of t-PA might be necessary to effect complete abscess resolution. High-dose t-PA (0.1 mg/mL) prevented abscess formation following a 6-hour delay and reduced mean weight following an 18-hour delay. Since heparin sodium may prevent new fibrin deposition and enhance t-PA activity, it was combined with t-PA to investigate potential synergistic effects. Despite adequate anticoagulation with heparin, no synergy with t-PA could be documented. In addition, the combination of antibiotics with t-PA did not affect its efficacy in vivo. We demonstrate that delayed administration of t-PA is effective in preventing abscess formation and may have implications for the clinical setting where initial surgical intervention is usually delayed.


Assuntos
Abdome , Abscesso/prevenção & controle , Ativador de Plasminogênio Tecidual/administração & dosagem , Abscesso/sangue , Abscesso/patologia , Animais , Infecções por Bacteroides/prevenção & controle , Bacteroides fragilis , Coagulação Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Clindamicina/administração & dosagem , Clindamicina/análogos & derivados , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Quimioterapia Combinada , Fibrinólise/efeitos dos fármacos , Heparina/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos , Fatores de Tempo
13.
Arch Surg ; 125(1): 91-6, 1990 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2294882

RESUMO

This study investigates mechanisms of impaired humoral immune response in a well-defined population of blunt trauma patients (n = 18, Injury Severity Score greater than or equal to 20). Spontaneous and pokeweed mitogen-induced polyclonal immunoglobulin production were assessed in cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The proliferative response to alloantigen and mitogen was assessed in parallel by the mixed lymphocyte reaction and pokeweed mitogen-induced blastogenesis, respectively. Pokeweed mitogen-induced IgG and IgM production was significantly reduced in trauma patients compared with controls. This effect was not reversed by depletion of adherent cells or by the addition of indomethacin. Exogenous interleukin 2 was also ineffective. However, the addition of normal T cells or supernatants from isoantigen-stimulated cultures of these cells to patient B cell-enriched cultures significantly enhanced (by 1.4- to 5.1-fold) the antibody response to pokeweed mitogen. Thus, suppression of humoral antibody response in blunt trauma patients may be due to failure of T-cell mediated help, resulting in insufficient secretion or activity of cytokines required for adequate B cell activation, proliferation, or differentiation into immunoglobulin-secreting cells.


Assuntos
Imunoglobulina G/biossíntese , Imunoglobulina M/biossíntese , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Ferimentos não Penetrantes/imunologia , Adulto , Formação de Anticorpos , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Feminino , Humanos , Tolerância Imunológica , Interleucina-2/farmacologia , Ativação Linfocitária , Ativação de Macrófagos , Macrófagos/imunologia , Masculino , Ferimentos não Penetrantes/sangue
14.
J Neurosci Methods ; 64(1): 83-93, 1996 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8869488

RESUMO

The physiological characteristics of central neural populations are being increasingly explored in slice preparations. A major challenge of this approach is to correlate the physiological properties of individual neurones or groups of neurones with their anatomical and chemical properties in order to gain key insights into their functional identities. The present study describes a method for determining the precise topographical position and the immunohistochemical characteristics of neurones in brain slice preparations that are used frequently in electrophysiological investigations. Thick horizontal slices of rat brainstem were re-cut using a method that provided thin sections that were always in the same plane as the parent slice and that were of suitable thickness for immunohistochemistry. Catecholaminergic neurones in these co-planar (horizontal) sections were stained using antisera to tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme for catecholamine synthesis. To identify individual catecholamine neurones in the co-planar sections, we constructed a reference atlas of the distribution of catecholamine neurones in the horizontal plane of the rat brain. The combined use of the horizontal atlas and of immunohistochemical techniques in co-planar sections of horizontal slices enables the determination of several key properties: (1) whether a neurone is TH-positive, (2) its precise topographical position and (3) its content of neuropeptides and other immunohistochemical markers. Thus our study offers a readily feasible method for correlative anatomy and immunohistochemistry of physiologically identified catecholaminergic neurones in brain slices.


Assuntos
Encéfalo/anatomia & histologia , Encéfalo/fisiologia , Catecolaminas/metabolismo , Neurônios/metabolismo , Animais , Encéfalo/citologia , Eletrofisiologia , Feminino , Imuno-Histoquímica , Técnicas In Vitro , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Distribuição Tecidual , Tirosina 3-Mono-Oxigenase/metabolismo
15.
Brain Res Bull ; 31(1-2): 171-93, 1993.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8453486

RESUMO

The present study examines the topography and cytoarchitecture of the solitary nucleus (Sol). Three human medulla oblongatae were serially sectioned and alternate sections were reacted for the enzyme acetylcholinesterase or stained with cresyl violet. The 10 component subnuclei of Sol were identified on the basis of their acetylcholinesterase reactivity and cytoarchitecture. These subnuclei are the paracommissural, commissural, gelatinosus, medial, ventral, ventrolateral, dorsal, dorsolateral, intermediate, and interstitial. Cytoarchitecturally, Sol is characterised by an abundance of small cells of varied morphology but also features some medium to large cells as well as pigmented neurons which are differentially distributed across the subnuclei. From spaced serial sections, the outlines of the subnuclei and the entire Sol were used to create three-dimensional computer reconstructions to display the position and extent of each component subnucleus. Our results show that the internal architecture of the human solitary nucleus is similar to that of rodents and carnivores, though there are some notable species differences.


Assuntos
Tronco Encefálico/anatomia & histologia , Bulbo/anatomia & histologia , Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Benzoxazinas , Tronco Encefálico/citologia , Tronco Encefálico/enzimologia , Corantes , Humanos , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Bulbo/citologia , Bulbo/enzimologia , Neurônios/citologia , Oxazinas , Nervo Vago/fisiologia
16.
Brain Res Bull ; 47(6): 611-23, 1998 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10078618

RESUMO

The present study evaluates the cytoarchitecture of midbrain dopaminergic regions in baboons using similar methodology to that recently applied to compare humans and rats. This information is relevant for the interpretation of nonhuman primate models of Parkinson's disease (PD). The midbrains of four alpha male baboons were serially sectioned into 10 evenly spaced series of 50 microm sections. Series were stained with either cresyl violet or immunohistochemically reacted for tyrosine hydroxylase, substance P, calbindin-D28k, or parvalbumin. The organization of dopaminergic cell groups and the distribution of proteins within these groups were found to be very similar to that previously described in humans [McRitchie et al., J. Comp. Neurol. 364:121-150; 1996]. Dorsal and ventral tiers of the A9 substantia nigra (SN) pars compacta and all divisions of the A8 and A10 cell groups were identified revealing a high degree of homology in the arrangement of chemically distinct midbrain neurons between primates. The major difference between the organization of human and baboon midbrain dopaminergic neurons is the anteroposterior extent of the dense cell clusters within the SN pars compacta. In baboons the dorsomedial cell cluster is absent at posterior levels. The ventral tier cell clusters, which are targeted by PD in humans, are restricted to the posterior and ventral regions of the SN pars compacta of the baboon. In humans these cell clusters are found throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the SN. These ventral cell clusters have been previously shown to have reciprocal connections with sensorimotor regions of the putamen.


Assuntos
Dopamina/fisiologia , Neurônios/química , Papio/anatomia & histologia , Substância Negra/citologia , Área Tegmentar Ventral/citologia , Animais , Proteínas de Ligação ao Cálcio/fisiologia , Tamanho Celular/fisiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Vias Neurais , Neurônios/citologia , Neurônios/enzimologia , Doença de Parkinson Secundária/fisiopatologia , Substância Negra/química , Substância Negra/fisiologia , Tirosina 3-Mono-Oxigenase/análise , Área Tegmentar Ventral/química , Área Tegmentar Ventral/fisiologia
17.
Clin Chest Med ; 16(1): 135-46, 1995 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7768087

RESUMO

This article examines the features of nosocomial pneumonia in the subpopulation of patients with multiple trauma. Epidemiology, trauma-associated risk factors, diagnosis, microbiology, therapy, and prevention are reviewed. While some issues may overlap with critically ill patients in general, differences in approach and management will be discussed.


Assuntos
Traumatismo Múltiplo/complicações , Pneumonia/complicações , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Repouso em Cama/efeitos adversos , Terapia Combinada , Tórax Fundido/complicações , Humanos , Intubação Intratraqueal/efeitos adversos , Pneumonia/diagnóstico , Pneumonia/etiologia , Pneumonia/terapia , Pneumonia Aspirativa/complicações , Fatores de Risco , Traumatismos Torácicos/complicações , Traqueostomia
18.
J Clin Neurosci ; 3(1): 52-60, 1996 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18644264

RESUMO

We have quantified midbrain cell loss in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) compared with controls; six patients had PD with onset before 70 years, five patients had late onset PD (>70 years) and nine patients had diffuse Lewy body disease. The pattern of cell loss in these last two groups has not been previously described. No age associated neuronal loss was seen in controls. There was cell loss and reduced area of the pars compacta in all cases but no difference in the pattern of cell loss, which was predominantly ventral. The amount of cell loss in the dorsolateral cluster correlated with the duration of Parkinsonian symptoms, while greater cell loss in the dorsomedial cluster correlated with the presence of tremor and the absence of early dementia. These results suggest that the topography of midbrain pathology does not assist in differentiating these overlapping syndromes.

19.
Int Surg ; 83(4): 294-8, 1998.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10096745

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Numerous studies advocate the use of diagnostic laparoscopy (DL) for abdominal trauma, but none have documented its ability to diagnose specific injuries. This study tests the hypothesis that DL can accurately identify all significant intra-abdominal injuries in trauma patients. METHODS: Of trauma patients requiring laparotomy for presumed injuries, 47 underwent DL followed by laparotomy. Injuries noted at laparoscopy were compared with those found at laparotomy. RESULTS: Of these, 14 patients had no significant injuries necessitating operative intervention noted at laparoscopy and celiotomy. The remaining 33 patients harbored 93 significant injuries at laparotomy, of which only 57.0% were found by DL. DL possessed poor sensitivity (<50%) for injuries to hollow viscera. Despite DL's poor performance in finding specific injuries, it possessed excellent sensitivity (96.2%), and specificity (100%) for determining the need for therapeutic celiotomy. CONCLUSIONS: DL offers no clear advantage over diagnostic peritoneal lavage and computed tomography in blunt trauma. Its utility lies in assessment of the need for laparotomy in patients with penetrating wounds. Currently, DL cannot consistently identify all abdominal injuries, disqualifying it as a therapeutic tool in abdominal trauma.


Assuntos
Traumatismos Abdominais/diagnóstico , Laparoscopia , Traumatismos Abdominais/cirurgia , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Laparotomia , Masculino , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Estudos Prospectivos , Sensibilidade e Especificidade
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