A new alternative use for coffee pulp from semi-dry process to ß-glucosidase production by Bacillus subtilis.

UNLABELLED: Coffee is among the most preferred nonalcoholic drinks, and its consumption is distributed globally. During the coffee fruiting process, however, a large amount of waste is generated in the form of pulp, mucilage, husks, and water waste. The pulp and mucilage have the chemical composition to support the growth of micro-organisms and the production of value-added product. The aim was testify pulp coffee can be considered as carbon and inductor source for ß-glucosidase by Bacillus subtilis CCMA 0087. The response surface methodology (RSM) based on a central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was employed for this optimization. The methodology used in the optimization process was validated by testing the best conditions obtained and comparing them with the values predicted by the model. The highest ß-glucosidase production (22·59 UI ml(-1) ) was reached in 24 h of culturing at coffee pulp concentration of 36·8 g l(-1) , temperature of 36·6°C, and pH of 3·64. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Countries whose economy is based on agricultural activities generate a great deal of liquid and solid waste. Thus, it is important to develop new alternatives for using this waste rather than disposing it in the environment. The production of enzymes, and particularly cellulase, is one such alternative. In this study, we proposed to produce ß-glucosidase production from pulp coffee extract using a Bacillus subtilis strain.

Symptoms of COVID-19 in children.

The aim of this study was to review the symptomatic manifestations of COVID-19 in children in the scientific literature. An integrative review of studies published between December 2019 and September 5, 2021, from the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Web of Science, Scopus, Literatura Latino-Americana em Ciência de Saúde, and Base de Dados de Enfermagem databases, was carried out to answer the following research question: What symptomatic manifestations does COVID-19 cause in children?". Twenty articles were included. The main symptoms described were fever, cough, diarrhea, vomiting, sore throat, dyspnea, headache, abdominal pain, malaise, and weakness or tiredness. The findings of this review can contribute to the diagnosis and clinical decision-making of the health team by providing information that facilitates the identification of COVID-19 in the target population, favoring early identification, better care, and consequently a better prognosis.

[Thoracic epidural analgesia vs patient-controlled analgesia with intravenous fentanyl in children treated for pectus excavatum with the Nuss procedure]. / Analgesia epidural torácica frente a analgesia con fentanilo controlada por el paciente en niños operados de pectus excavatum con la técnica de Nuss.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Thoracic epidural analgesia and patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with intravenous fentanyl have both been shown to be effective in pediatric patients treated surgically for pectus excavatum using the Nuss procedure. We compare the efficacy and safety of these techniques. METHODS: Retrospective study of pediatric cases in which the Nuss procedure was used to treat pectus excavatum between October 1997 and February 2009. Weight, age, sex, and Haller index were analyzed. Pain was assessed every 8 hours on a visual analog scale of 0 to 10 or on a scale based on observation of distress (LLANTO scale). Daily use of analgesics was also recorded. The incidence of catheter-related complications or adverse events of treatment such as nausea, vomiting, and respiratory depression were also noted. RESULTS: We identified 31 patients in 2 groups: the epidural group (n=22) and the PCA group (n=9). Demographic characteristics, the incidences of complications or adverse events, and mean (SD) pain scores (epidural group, 1.8 [3.8]; PCA group, 2.1 [3.4]; P = .775) were statistically similar in the 2 groups. However, analgesic requirements and the duration of analgesic use in days differed significantly, at 2.9 (1.1) days in the epidural group and 5.9 (1.4) days in the PCA group (P =.001). CONCLUSIONS: The efficacy and safety of thoracic epidural analgesia is similar to that of PCA with intravenous fentanyl, although the use of epidural analgesia is associated with a markedly shorter duration of requirement for postoperative analgesia.

Symptoms of COVID-19 in children

The aim of this study was to review the symptomatic manifestations of COVID-19 in children in the scientific literature. An integrative review of studies published between December 2019 and September 5, 2021, from the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Web of Science, Scopus, Literatura Latino-Americana em Ciência de Saúde, and Base de Dados de Enfermagem databases, was carried out to answer the following research question: What symptomatic manifestations does COVID-19 cause in children?". Twenty articles were included. The main symptoms described were fever, cough, diarrhea, vomiting, sore throat, dyspnea, headache, abdominal pain, malaise, and weakness or tiredness. The findings of this review can contribute to the diagnosis and clinical decision-making of the health team by providing information that facilitates the identification of COVID-19 in the target population, favoring early identification, better care, and consequently a better prognosis.

Co-circulation of genotypes IA and IB of hepatitis A virus in Northeast Brazil.

The Northeast region is the location of most cases of acute hepatitis A virus (HAV) in Brazil. In the present study, the genotypes of HAV strains from Pernambuco State, one of most populous states in the Northeast region, were characterized. Blood samples positive for anti-HAV IgM from 145 individuals (mean age = 29.1 years), collected during 2002 and 2003, were submitted to nested RT-PCR for amplification of the 5'non-translated region (5'NTR) and VP1/2A regions of the HAV genome. The VP1/2A and 5'NTR regions were amplified in 39 and 21% of the samples, respectively. Nucleotide sequencing was carried out in 46% of VP1/2A and in 53% of 5'NTR isolates. The identity in nucleotide sequence of the VP1/2A region ranged from 93.6 to 100.0%. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1/2A sequences showed that 65% belong to sub-genotype IA and 35% to sub-genotype IB. Co-circulation of both sub-genotypes was observed in the two years studied. Distinct clusters of highly related sequences were observed in both sub-genotypes, suggesting endemic circulation of HAV strains in this area. In the 5'NTR isolates, 92.7-99.2% identity was observed and two isolates presented one deletion at position 413. Phylogenetic analysis showed that genotype IA strains cluster in the tree in the same way as genotype IB strains, but one IIIA isolate from Spain clusters with genotype IB strains. These results do not allow us to state that 5'NTR could be used to genotype HAV sequences. This is the first report of co-circulation of sub-genotypes IA and IB in this region, providing additional information about the molecular epidemiology of HAV strains in Brazil.

Serological, biochemical and enzymatic alterations in rodents after experimental envenomation with Hadruroides lunatus scorpion venom.

Toxic effects of Peruvian Hadruroides lunatus scorpion venom on different biochemical and enzymatic parameters in blood serum of Wistar rats and Swiss mice were determined after experimental envenomation. An increase in enzymatic activities of Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) and levels of serum protein and albumin were observed while a decrease in creatinine level in serum was perceived after 30 min of envenomation. No alterations in urea levels and in kidney histology were detected in the envenomed rats. The global leukocytes count was diminished, with decrease in lymphocytes, eosinophils and neutrophils levels in the bloodstream, while no alterations were found in hematological parameters of red series in rats injected with H. lunatus venom. IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, INF-γ, TNF, IL-17A and IL-10 levels were evaluated 0.5, 3 and 6 h after experimental envenomation of mice with H. lunatus venom. From all the analyzed cytokines, only IL-6 showed an increase in serum levels. Taken together, these results point out that envenomation by H. lunatus can impair hematological and immunological parameters and therefore might be monitored in accidents involving this species.

General characterization of Tityus fasciolatus scorpion venom. Molecular identification of toxins and localization of linear B-cell epitopes.

This communication describes the general characteristics of the venom from the Brazilian scorpion Tityus fasciolatus, which is an endemic species found in the central Brazil (States of Goiás and Minas Gerais), being responsible for sting accidents in this area. The soluble venom obtained from this scorpion is toxic to mice being the LD50 is 2.984 mg/kg (subcutaneally). SDS-PAGE of the soluble venom resulted in 10 fractions ranged in size from 6 to 10-80 kDa. Sheep were employed for anti-T. fasciolatus venom serum production. Western blotting analysis showed that most of these venom proteins are immunogenic. T. fasciolatus anti-venom revealed consistent cross-reactivity with venom antigens from Tityus serrulatus. Using known primers for T. serrulatus toxins, we have identified three toxins sequences from T. fasciolatus venom. Linear epitopes of these toxins were localized and fifty-five overlapping pentadecapeptides covering complete amino acid sequence of the three toxins were synthesized in cellulose membrane (spot-synthesis technique). The epitopes were located on the 3D structures and some important residues for structure/function were identified.

Effect of a Brazilian regional basic diet on the prevalence of caries in rats.

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of a regional basic diet (RBD) on the prevalence of caries in the molar teeth of rats of both sexes aged 23 days. The animals were divided into six groups of 10 rats each receiving the following diets for 30 and 60 days after weaning: RBD, a cariogenic diet, and a commercial diet. The prevalence and penetration of caries in the molar teeth of the rats was then analyzed. The RBD produced caries in 37.5% of the teeth of animals fed 30 days, and in 83.4% of animals fed 60 days, while the cariogenic diet produced caries in 72.5% and 77.5% of the teeth of animals fed 30 and 60 days, respectively. Rats fed the RBD for 30 days had caries in the enamel in 38% of their teeth, 48% had superficial dentin caries, and 7.5% moderate dentin caries. The effect of the RBD did not differ significantly from that of the cariogenic diet in terms of the presence of caries in rats fed 60 days. The penetration depth of the caries produced by the RBD was the same as that produced by the cariogenic diet. Our results show that the RBD has the same cariogenic potential as the cariogenic diet. Since the RBD is the only option for the low-income population, there should be a study of how to compensate for the cariogenicity of this diet.

Epidemiological aspects of bovine parasitic otitis caused by Rhabditis spp. and/or Raillietia spp. in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil.

The occurrence of bovine external otitis in tropical regions is predominantly assigned to parasitic infections by rhabditiform nematodes and infestations by mites of the genus Raillietia. This research had the purpose of investigating the prevalence of parasitic otitis in the dry and rainy seasons of Minas Gerais and correlating it with variables age, breed and the presence of horns. The secretion or cerumen of 981 cattle was collected with sterile swabs, placed in test tubes and exposed to sunlight for the identification of clinical infections caused by rhabditiform nematodes. The ear canals of 109 animals were flushed to study the occurrence of mites of the genus Raillietia. Clinical otitis caused by rhabditiform nematodes was observed only in animals of the Gyr breed, affecting 169 (60.1%) of the total (278) of these cattle. The prevalence of otitis in this breed was significantly higher for mature adult cows (P<0.001) and in cows with horns (P<0.001). In a total of nine animals suspected of raillietiosis, the examinations revealed the presence of Raillietia spp. in two Dutch cows. These results demonstrate that treatment must be focused on adult Gyr cattle with horns. This and future studies with an emphasis on epidemiological aspects may contribute to development of alternative approaches to reduce disease.

Acute antihypertensive effect in conscious rats produced by some medicinal plants used in the state of São Paulo.

Thirty two medicinal plants used popularly for their proposed diuretic and/or antihypertensive properties have been tested for antihypertensive effects in conscious unrestrained rats. All extractions were made in aqueous ethanol (50:50 by vol.) at low temperature. Before administration of the extracts the alcohol was evaporated. The extracts (40 ml/kg) were always administered per os. Antihypertensive effects in SHR rats were observed after the administration of Allium sativum Linn. (bulb), Olea europaea Linn. (leaf) and Hedychium coronarium Koen. (leaf-blade).

Acute diuretic effects in conscious rats produced by some medicinal plants used in the state of São Paulo, Brasil.

Extracts of 32 medicinal plants used popularly for their presumed diuretic and/or antihypertensive properties were tested for diuretic effects in conscious unrestrained rats. Extracts were made using aqueous ethanol (50:50, v/v) at 4-10 degrees C. When given orally at a dose of 40 ml/kg, a majority of the ethanol-free extracts produced a more pronounced diuresis than would be expected from the potassium concentration of the extracts. The most significant diuretic effect was observed with Hedychium coronarium sheath and leaf-blade extracts.

Hepatic photosensitization in buffaloes intoxicated by Brachiaria decumbens in Minas Gerais state, Brazil.

The aim of this paper is to report the study of hepatogenous photosensitization in buffaloes during two outbreaks provoked by ingestion of Brachiaria decumbens in Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Ten young buffaloes in outbreak 1 and seven buffaloes in outbreak 2 were intoxicated by B. decumbens. Nine clinically healthy buffaloes raised under the same conditions as the sick animals served as the control group. All animals were subjected to clinical examination, and serum was collected to measure gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), direct bilirubin (DB), indirect bilirubin (IB) and total bilirubin (TB) as indicators of liver function and urea and creatinine as indicators of renal function. Histopathology of liver fragments from five different animals was carried out. During the outbreaks and every two months for one year, samples of grass from paddocks where the animals got sick were collected for quantitative evaluation of the saponin protodioscin, combined with observations of pasture characteristics and daily rainfall. Clinical signs included apathy, weight loss, restlessness, scar retraction of the ears and intense itching at the skin lesions, mainly on the rump, the tail head, neck and hindlimbs, similar to the signs observed in other ruminants. Only the GGT enzyme presented significantly different (P < 0.01) serum levels between intoxicated animals (n = 17) and healthy animals (n = 9), indicating liver damage in buffaloes bred in B. decumbens pastures. Microscopy of the liver showed foamy macrophages and lesions of liver disease associated with the presence of crystals in the bile ducts, which have also been found in sheep and cattle poisoned by grasses of the genus Brachiaria. During the outbreaks, protodioscin levels were higher than 3%, and shortly after, these levels were reduced to less than 0.80%, suggesting a hepatic injury etiology. The outbreaks took place at the beginning of the rainy season, and there was a positive correlation between saponin and the amount of rainfall, as well as between saponin and the amount of green leaves in the pasture. These findings indicate that the grass was more toxic in this period. This is the first report of photosensitization by B. decumbens in buffalo.

General biochemical and immunological characteristics of the venom from Peruvian scorpion Hadruroides lunatus.

This communication describes the general biochemical properties and some immunological characteristics of the venom from the Peruvian scorpion Hadruroides lunatus, which is the most medically relevant species in Peru. The soluble venom of this scorpion is toxic to mice, the LD50 determined was 0.1 mg/kg and 21.55 mg/kg when the venom was injected intracranial or intraperitoneally, respectively. The soluble venom displayed proteolytic, hyaluronidasic, phospholipasic and cardiotoxic activities. High performance liquid chromatography of the soluble venom resulted in the separation of 20 fractions. Two peptides with phospholipasic activity were isolated to homogeneity and their molecular masses determined by mass spectrometry (MALDI TOF). Anti-H. lunatus venom sera were produced in rabbits. Western blotting analysis showed that most of the protein content of this venom is immunogenic. H. lunatus anti-venom displayed consistent cross-reactivity with venom antigens from the new World-scorpions Tityus serrulatus and Centruroides sculpturatus venoms; however, a weaker reactivity was observed against the venom antigens from the old World-scorpion Androctonus australis Hector.

Tityus fasciolatus envenomation induced cardio-respiratory alterations in rats.

The present study characterized envenomation in young rats by Tityus fasciolatus, an endemic scorpion to Central Brazilian and state of Minas Gerais. Electrocardiographic examinations were performed prior to treatment and every 5 min during the first 30 min after envenomation. The cardiac blood profile [creatine kinase, CK isoenzyme MB, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and troponina] together with macroscopic and microscopic alterations in the lungs and heart were evaluated. Envenomated animals showed ECG changes suggesting electrolytic imbalance, myocarditis and venom interference on the conduction tissue. Biochemical analyses indicated myocardial damage with high levels of CK, CK-MB and LDH. Macroscopic and microscopic findings included detection of pulmonary haemorrhages. In conclusion, T. fasciolatus venom leads to acute cardio-respiratory changes in young rats.

Biochemical profile of dogs experimentally envenomed with Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the canine blood and urinary profiles after envenomation by Tityus serrulatus venom. Twelve dogs were randomly distributed into two equal groups. Control group animals received 0.5 mL phosphate buffered saline (PBS) injected subcutaneously into the internal portion of the left thigh, whilst dogs in the envenomed group were injected with scorpion venom (250 microg/kg in 0.5 mL PBS). No significant alterations were detected in the urine of envenomed dogs. Levels of plasma glucose and serum urea, creatinine, total protein, potassium, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and amylase were determined. Semi-quantitative analysis of serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI) was performed using an immunochromatographic test. The concentrations of cortisol and insulin were determined using commercial radioimmunoassay kits. Increases in serum cortisol levels in experimental group animals coincided with hyperglycaemia and was probably a response to pain. Increased insulin levels were observed during the hyperglycaemic peaks. Envenomed dogs presented discreet increases in ALT, AST and CK, but no alterations in LDH, amylase, cTnI, urea, creatinine and potassium levels were observed. It was concluded that the venom of T. serrulatus induces blood and urinary biochemical changes in dogs.

Effects of different extracts of the mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill on the hematologic profile of mice with Ehrlich tumor / Efeitos de diferentes extratos do cogumelo Agaricus blazei Murill sobre o perfil hematológico de camundongos com tumor de Ehrlich

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the mushroom Agaricus blazeii Murril (ABM) extracts on the hematological profile of Swiss mice bearing an Ehrlich solid tumor. Three fractions (total extract, polysaccharides, and supernatant) of ABM extracts obtained by four methods (ultrasonic or water bath, at pH 4 or pH 7) were administered to mice over 21 days. Polysaccharide solutions were analyzed by gas and liquid chromatography that showed both mannose and glucose concentrations. The method of extraction influenced the degree of glucose polymerization and the mannose/glucose relationship. The treatment with ABM supernatant at pH 7 and water bath was associated with reduced concentrations of leukocytes and lymphocytes and altered the percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes in Ehrlich tumor-bearing mice. The treatment with the ABM extract in water bath and ultrasound at pH 4 resulted in lower lymphocyte counts, regardless of tumor presence, and greater granulocyte values in mice with Ehrlich tumor than in controls. We concluded that different fractions and methods of extraction of A. blazei produced differing blood profiles in mice inoculated with the Ehrlich tumor.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito de diferentes extratos do cogumelo Agaricus blazeii Murril (ABM) sobre o perfil hematológico de camundongos Swiss portadores de tumor de Ehrlich sólido. Três frações (extrato total, polissacarídeos e sobrenadante) dos extratos de ABM foram obtidas por quatro métodos (sonificador, banho-maria, em pH 4 ou pH 7) e administradas para camundongos durante 21 dias. Soluções de polissacarídeos foram analisadas por cromatografia gasosa e líquida, que mostraram concentrações de glucose e manose. O método de extração influenciou o grau de polimerização da glicose e a relação manose/glucose. O tratamento com o sobrenadante de ABM (em pH 7 e banho-maria) estava associado com reduzidas concentrações de leucócitos e linfócitos, além de alterar a porcentagem de linfócitos CD4+ e CD8+ em camundongos portadores de tumor sólido de Ehrlich. O tratamento com extratos de ABM, obtidos tanto em banho-maria como no sonificador em pH 4, resultou nas mais baixas contagens de linfócitos, independentemente da presença do tumor, e nos maiores valores de granulócitos em camundongos com tumor de Ehrlich. Conclui-se que os diferentes métodos de extração com as respectivas frações de A. blazei são capazes de intereferir no perfil hematológico de camundongos com tumor sólido de Ehrlich.

Assessment of heavy metal residues in Brazilian poultry and swine tissue / Avaliação de resíduos de metais pesados em tecidos de aves e suínos

The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of arsenic, lead and cadmium residues in samples of liver, kidney and muscle of poultry and swine during the years from 2002 to 2008. A total of 1978 samples were analyzed: 1031 of poultry and 947 of swine from Brazilian slaughterhouses. The samples were analyzed at the National Agricultural Laboratory using the atomic absorption spectrometry technique. In poultry, the arsenic residues were detected in 53.6% of liver samples, although no results have exceeded the MRL. In kidneys, 39.7% of the samples showed measurable residues and there was no violation of the limits. Regarding lead, there were 5 contaminated liver samples and 24 contaminated kidney samples (1.5 and 3.6% respectively). In muscle tissue there was only one sample with residues...

Objetivou-se investigar a presença de resíduos de arsênico, chumbo e cádmio em amostras de fígado, rins e músculo de aves e suínos, durante os anos de 2002 a 2008. Um total de 1.978 amostras foi analisado: 1031 de aves e 947 de suínos provenientes de matadouros brasileiros. As amostras foram analisadas no Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário (Lanagro), sendo utilizada a técnica de espectrometria de absorção atômica. Em aves, os resíduos de arsênico foram detectados em 53,6% das amostras de fígado, embora sem exceder o LMR. Nos rins, 39,7% das amostras mostraram resíduos mensuráveis e não houve violação dos limites. Em relação ao chumbo, cinco amostras de fígado e 24 de amostras de rins estavam contaminadas (1,5 e 3,6%, respectivamente). No tecido muscular, houve apenas uma amostra com resíduos. Para o cádmio, 3,8% das amostras apresentavam valores abaixo do LMR. Resíduos de cádmio foram encontrados em 110 amostras de rins (16,3% testados), mas apenas uma ultrapassou o limite máximo permitido pela legislação nacional. Em suínos, resíduos de arsênico foram detectados em 15,3% das amostras de fígado, sem exceder o LMR. Nos rins, 14,2% das amostras apresentaram resíduos mensuráveis...

Proteínas do soro sanguíneo de cães inoculados com veneno de Tityus serrulatus / Serum proteins in dogs inoculated with Tityus serrulatus venom

Protein profile of twelve healthy adult dogs averaging 14.2±5.4kg was evaluated after the inoculation of yellow scorpion venom (Tityus serrulatus). The animals were randomly divided in two experimental groups (G) (n= 6): GI control, which received 0.5mL of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) subcutaneously in the medial side of the left thigh (MSLT), and GII which received T. serrulatus venom (250μg/kg), diluted in 0.5mL of PBS subcutaneously in the MSLT. Blood samples were collected before the venom inoculation (time zero) and after 2, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72h to obtain serum for measurement of total proteins. The fractionated protein profile was done by electrophoresis on agarose films using Tris and Amido Black staining and quantification of albumin and globulin fractions by software. The results showed no changes in the levels of total proteins, albumin and α, β and γ globulin or reversal of the albumin:globulin ratio between the groups, concluding that the dose of 250μg/kg of Tityus serrulatus venom did not induce acute phase proteins in dogs.

Eritrograma de híbridos de surubim (Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum X P. coruscans) mantidos em diferentes densidades de estocagem / Erythrogram of hybrids surubins (Pseudoplatystoma coruscans X P. reticulatum) kept at different stocking densities

The blood profile of hybrid fish was studied. Pseudoplatystoma (P. coruscans X P. reticulatum) were submitted to different stocking densities in recirculating water system in two distinct phases of production. Hemoglobin concentration (Hg), packed cell volume (PCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were evaluated. There was no difference between the studied densities. Hemoglobin concentration, PCV and MCHC remained within the normal range for teleost fish.

Infarto agudo do miocárdio e injeção intramiocárdica experimental em cães: estudos clínico, enzimático, eletrocardiográfico e ecocardiográfico / Experimental acute myocardial infarction in dogs: clinic, enzymatic, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic studies

Os eventos isquêmicos em cães são incomuns, porém podem estar sendo subnotificados. Avaliou-se o infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) clinicamente, por meio de eletrocardiografia (ECG), eletrocardiografia contínua (EC), ecocardiografia (ECO), enzima creatina quinase (CK), enzima creatina quinase fração MB (CK-MB) e anátomo-histologicamente em cães sem raça definida, e observou-se a ocorrência de arritmias após injeção intramiocárdia por EC. O IAM foi obtido após a ligadura da coronária descendente anterior. Os animais apresentaram ao ECO dilatação da câmara esquerda e aumento do índice de desempenho miocárdico. Ao ECG houve desnivelamento de ST nas derivações pré-cordiais V1 e V2. No EC observaram-se arritmias ventriculares graves e supradesnivelamento de ST. As enzimas CK e CK-MB aumentaram significativamente, sendo que os picos de CK-MB e de CK ocorreram seis horas e 12 horas, respectivamente, após o IAM. Na análise histológica constatou-se infarto da parede inferior do ventrículo esquerdo e substituição do tecido muscular por tecido fibroso. Avaliou-se a injeção intramiocárdica por EC que pode servir como via terapêutica cardíaca, não sendo observado aumento das arritmias ventriculares após a injeção no miocárdio infartado. O infarto em cães pode ser detectado pelos exames cardíacos disponíveis, e a injeção intramiocárdica é uma via terapêutica cardíaca possível.

Ischemic events in dogs are uncommon; however, this may be under-reported. The myocardial infarction was created by left anterior descending coronary ligation in healthy mongrel dogs in clinical and laboratorial exams. These dogs were evaluated clinically, electrocardiography (ECG), through ambulatory electrocardiography (AE), echocardiography (ECO), creatine kinase enzyme (CK), creatine kinase MB fraction enzyme (CK-MB) and histopathologically. Even in these animals we observed the occurrence of arrhythmia after intramyocardial injection by AE. The animals exhibited left ventricular chamber enlargement and increase in myocardial performance index at ECO. In ECG, there were deviations in ST segment in the precordial leads V1 and V2. CK and CK-MB showed high increase, CK and CK-MB peaks occurred six and 12 hours after infarction, respectively. Histopathology of the infarction in the inferior wall of the left ventricle and replacement of muscle tissue by fibrous tissue were seen. Furthermore, intramyocardial injection that may be used for therapeutic purposes was evaluated by AE, which demonstrated no increase in the ventricular arrhythmias. Therefore, myocardial infarction in dogs can be detected with the tests available and intramyocardial injection can be used as a therapeutic way.