Effectiveness of the ICCMS caries management system for children: a 3-year multicentre randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: This 3-year multicentre randomised controlled trial compared, in 6-7-year-old Colombian children, the effectiveness of the ICCMS (International Caries Classification and Management System) with a conventional caries-management system (CCMS) in terms of individual caries-risk, caries lesions, and secondarily, oral-health-related knowledge/attitudes/practices, and number of appointments. MATERIAL AND METHODS: With ethical approval, 240 6-7-year olds from six Colombian clinics were recruited. Trained examiners conducted the following baseline/follow-up assessments: Caries risk (Cariogram-ICCMS); caries severity/activity staging (ICDAS-merged combined radiographic/visual); sealants/fillings/missing teeth, and oral-health-related knowledge, attitudes and practices. Children received their randomly allocated (ICCMS/CCMS) care from dental practitioners. Outcomes: caries-risk control (children); caries-progression control (tooth surfaces); oral-health-related knowledge/attitudes/practices improvement (parents/children), and appointments' number (children). Descriptive and non-parametric/parametric bivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS: Three-year-follow-up: n = 187 (77.9%; ICCMS: n = 92; CCMS: n = 95) disclosed a baseline-to-3-year overall high-caries-risk children decrease (ICCMS: 60.9-0%, p < .001; CCMS: 54.7-5.3%, p < .001) (p > .05). ICCMS versus CCMS showed: fewer tooth-surface caries progression (6.2% vs 7.1%, p = .010) and fewer active-caries lesions (49.8% vs. 59.1%, p < .05); higher proportion of children with ≥2/day fluoride-toothpaste tooth-brushing practice (p < .05); similar mean number of appointments (10.9 ± 5.9 vs. 10.0 ± 3.8, p = .15). CONCLUSION: Both caries-management systems showed similar effectiveness in caries-risk control, with ICCMS more effectively controlling tooth-surface caries progression and improving toothbrushing practices.

Sinus Floor Elevation and Antrostomy Healing: A Histomorphometric Clinical Study in Humans.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the histomorphometric outcomes of biopsies collected from the antrostomy and from the alveolar crest of the maxillary sinus after a sinus-lift procedure. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In 12 volunteers, sinus floor elevation was performed using collagenated corticocancellous porcine bone. Nine months after the surgery, 2 biopsies, 1 from the alveolar crest and 1 from the antrostomy, were collected for histological analysis. RESULTS: Biopsies from 11 patients were available for histological analyses (n = 11). At the alveolar crest sites, the percentage of mineralized bone was 40.1 ± 14.1%, of bone marrow was 40.1 ± 18.0%, and of the xenograft was 14.7 ± 15.2%. Small amounts of soft tissue were found. At the antrostomy sites, the percentages of mineralized bone, bone marrow, and xenograft were 26.0 ± 10.8%, 23.4 ± 17.0%, and 28.2 ± 15.7%, respectively. Soft tissue was represented by 19.7 ± 19.4%. CONCLUSION: Higher amounts of mineralized bone and bone marrow were found in the alveolar crest compared with the antrostomy.

Reconstructing Native American population history.

The peopling of the Americas has been the subject of extensive genetic, archaeological and linguistic research; however, central questions remain unresolved. One contentious issue is whether the settlement occurred by means of a single migration or multiple streams of migration from Siberia. The pattern of dispersals within the Americas is also poorly understood. To address these questions at a higher resolution than was previously possible, we assembled data from 52 Native American and 17 Siberian groups genotyped at 364,470 single nucleotide polymorphisms. Here we show that Native Americans descend from at least three streams of Asian gene flow. Most descend entirely from a single ancestral population that we call 'First American'. However, speakers of Eskimo-Aleut languages from the Arctic inherit almost half their ancestry from a second stream of Asian gene flow, and the Na-Dene-speaking Chipewyan from Canada inherit roughly one-tenth of their ancestry from a third stream. We show that the initial peopling followed a southward expansion facilitated by the coast, with sequential population splits and little gene flow after divergence, especially in South America. A major exception is in Chibchan speakers on both sides of the Panama isthmus, who have ancestry from both North and South America.

Influence of the Presence of Alveolar Mucosa at Implants: A Histological Study in Humans.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of the presence or absence of keratinized mucosa on hard and soft tissues around implants. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixteen volunteers with edentulous regions in the distal aspect of the mandible participated in the study. In each patient, 2 solid titanium screw-shaped devices, 3.5 mm in diameter and 5 mm long, were installed. The incision of the mucosa was performed in such a way to allow that, after the suture of the flaps, only the alveolar mucosa surround the test sites and the keratinized mucosa surround the control implants. After 3 months of healing, biopsies were retrieved and ground sections were prepared for histological analysis. RESULTS: Eighteen biopsies from 9 patients were collected for analysis. Both buccal bone resorption and most coronal level of osseointegration were higher at the test sites compared with the control sites, the difference between the 2 sites being 0.2 and 0.5 mm, respectively. The difference in the coronal level of osseointegration between the test and control sites was statistically significant. Mineralized bone-to-implant contact was 70.6% ± 10.9% at the test sites and 71.5% ± 9.2% at the control sites. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of alveolar mucosa at implants resulted in a more apical position of the coronal level of osseointegration in respect of the implant margin compared with the presence of keratinized mucosa.

Knowledge about emergency dental trauma management among school teachers in Colombia: A baseline study to develop an education strategy.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Dental trauma in school populations has a high frequency and school teachers are often close to the place where such injuries occur. However, many studies have confirmed the lack of knowledge as to how to act in these cases. The aim of this study was to determine the knowledge in regard to dental trauma of school teachers in Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A multicentre, descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in 251 schools using a stratified randomized sampling. A structured hard copy survey was personally delivered to 2390 school teachers in the selected schools. The survey contained questions related to work experience, teaching level and demographic data, as well as questions related to their knowledge of and attitude towards emergency dental trauma management. RESULTS: The response rate was 96%. Most of the school teachers (95%) had never received training related to dental trauma, although 35% had witnessed at least 1 case. Of 2296 school teachers surveyed, only 5.8% would have replanted an avulsed tooth. An association was found between work experience and appropriate management of an avulsed tooth. No significant differences were found in regard to school location (city), school type (private/public), gender and school teachers' education level. CONCLUSIONS: The knowledge of school teachers in Colombia about emergency dental trauma management is inadequate. The findings strongly suggest a need for an education strategy with the involvement of the government, dentistry schools and private organizations.

Psychometric Properties of the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale III in Latin American University Dental Students.

OBJECTIVE: The Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale III (FACES III) is a self-report instrument that enables the assessment of the dimensions of adaptability and cohesion within a family, establishing whether or not that family is functional and classifying it according to categories within those dimensions. The objective of this research was to determine the psychometric properties of this instrument using a sample of dental students from 5 Latin American countries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The FACES III was administered to a sample of 2888 university dental students from Colombia (35.3%), Chile (34.6%), the Dominican Republic (19%), Argentina (6%), and El Salvador (5.1%). Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the factorial structure of the scale, comparing 3 models proposed in the Latin American literature, establishing a multigroup analysis to examine invariance among countries. RESULTS: The results revealed a structure composed of 2 dimensions: cohesion and adaptability. These dimensions showed adequate structure and internal consistency. The invariance of the measurement model in the participating countries was confirmed. CONCLUSION: In general, this study offers evidence of the adequacy of the psychometric properties of FACES III in Colombian, Chilean, Dominican, Argentine, and Salvadoran dental students.

Dopamine partial agonism in antipsychotic-induced sexual dysfunction.

INTRODUCTION: Sexual dysfunction is a frequent side effect associated with antipsychotic treatment. It is known to be caused by the hyperprolactinemia that results from the D2 receptor blockade that is characteristic of antipsychotic drugs. The D2 partial dopaminergic agonism of aripiprazole could explain why its use does not usually cause this side effect, and may even revert it when added to another antipsychotic. CASE REPORTS: We present the cases of two patients treated with D2 dopaminergic antagonists for a first episode of psychosis, who complained of amenorrhea and erectile dysfunction during follow-up. After the addition of aripiprazole to their previous antipsychotic treatment, these side effects reverted without a negative impact on treatment adherence or therapeutic efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacological treatments with the potential of reverting sexual dysfunction secondary to antipsychotic treatment can improve compliance and quality of life of our patients, especially in those who are younger and are being treated for a first psychotic episode. In the cases reported here, the use of aripiprazole as an adjunctive treatment resulted in the disappearance of the undesirable effects without affecting the efficacy already achieved with the previous antipsychotic treatment.

Fruits as nutraceuticals: A review of the main fruits included in nutraceutical patents.

Fruits have relevant usefulness in the elaboration of nutraceutical compositions and, as it is considered a "natural medicine", its market has been growing exponentially each year. Fruits, in general, contain a large source of phytochemicals, carbohydrates, vitamins, amino acids, peptides and antioxidants that are of interest to be prepared as nutraceuticals. The biological properties of its nutraceuticals can range from antioxidant, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, anti-Alzheimer, antiproliferative, antimicrobial, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, among others. Furthermore, the need for innovative extraction methods and products reveals the importance of developing new nutraceutical compositions. This review was developed by searching patents of nutraceuticals from January 2015 until January 2022 in Espacenet, the search database of the European Patent Office (EPO). Of 215 patents related to nutraceuticals, 43% (92 patents) were including fruits, mainly berries. A great number of patents were focused on the treatment of metabolic diseases, representing 45% of the total patents. The principal patent applicant was the United States of America (US), with 52%. The patents were applied by researchers, industries, research centers and institutes. It is important to highlight that from 92 fruit nutraceutical patent applications reviewed, 13 already have their products available on the market.

Features and outcomes of rectal cancer patients treated in a hospital in Bogotá, Colombia: a retrospective cohort study.

Rectal cancer is an increasing disease worldwide. The outcomes of its treatment are related to the preoperative characteristics of the patient. The objective of this study was to describe sociodemographic, clinical and surgical characteristics and outcomes of patients operated on for rectal cancer at Hospital Universitario Mayor Méderi (HUM) during the period within 2013-2017.A retrospective descriptive cohort-type study was carried out by consulting the clinical records of patients above the age of 18 years with a clinical/histopathological diagnosis of rectal cancer and an institutional follow-up in those who underwent surgery with laparoscopic anterior resection of the rectum carried out by the coloproctology service of the HUM between 2013 and 2017. For statistical analysis, the SPSS V22 program was used.Data from 133 patients were collected during the study period, most of them male, with more frequent involvement of the lower rectum. Complications occurred in 25% of the patients. Conversion rate to open surgery was 8.6%, in-hospital death was associated with cardiovascular comorbidity, corticosteroid uses and with the presence of complications. Sociodemographic characteristics of the patients were similar to the world population. The institution has a low prevalence of anastomotic dehiscence, global complications are comparable with international statistics.

Influence on Implant Bone Healing of a Collagen Membrane Placed Subjacent the Sinus Mucosa-A Randomized Clinical Trial on Sinus Floor Elevation.

BACKGROUND: Perforation of the sinus mucosa is quite a frequent complication that might occur during sinus floor elevation. The perforation is often protected with a collagen membrane to avoid the extrusion of graft particles within the sinus. However, this procedure might hinder the innate osteogenic potential of the sinus mucosa. Hence, the aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of a placement of a collagen membrane subjacent the Schneiderian membrane during sinus floor elevation on implant bone healing. METHODS: Twenty volunteers took part in the trial. Ten were randomly included in the group that received a collagen membrane subjacent the sinus mucosa (Mb group), and ten did not receive the membrane (non-Mb group). A collagenated corticocancellous porcine bone was used to fill the elevated space. Six 6 months after the sinus floor elevation, a mini implant was placed transcrestally and retrieved after a further 3 months. Histological analyses were then performed on the full body of the mini implant as well as on its coronal and apical portions. RESULTS: The new bone apposition proportion onto the implant surface was similar in the Mb and non-Mb groups, both in the apical and coronal portions of the mini implants. A lesser amount of graft was found in contact with the surface. New bone density around the mini implants were similar both in the apical and coronal portions. However, a statistically higher proportion of graft particles was found in the Mb group compared to the non-membrane group. CONCLUSIONS: The placement of a collagen membrane subjacent the sinus mucosa did not affect bone healing at implants and bone density.

Osseointegration at Implants Installed in Composite Bone: A Randomized Clinical Trial on Sinus Floor Elevation.

Osseointegration of implants installed in conjunction with sinus floor elevation might be affected by the presence of residual graft. The implant surface characteristics and the protection of the access window using a collagen membrane might influence the osseointegration. To evaluate these factors, sinus floor elevation was performed in patients using a natural bovine bone grafting material. The access windows were either covered with a collagen membrane made of porcine corium (Mb group) or left uncovered (No-Mb group) and, after six months, two mini-implants with either a moderate rough or turned surfaces were installed. After 3 months, biopsies containing the mini-implants were retrieved, processed histologically, and analyzed. Twenty patients, ten in each group, were included in the study. The two mini-implants were retrieved from fourteen patients, six belonging to the Mb group, and eight to the No-Mb group. No statistically significant differences were found in osseointegration between groups. However, statistically significant differences were found between the two surfaces. It was concluded that implants with a moderately rough surface installed in a composite bone presented much higher osseointegration compared to those with a turned surface. The present study failed to show an effect of the use of a collagen membrane on the access window.

Dynamics of humoral immune response in SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals with different clinical stages.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic remains a global health problem. As in other viral infections, the humoral immune response against SARS-CoV-2 is thought to be crucial for controlling the infection. However, the dynamic of B cells in the clinical spectrum of this disease is still controversial. This study aimed to characterize B cell subsets and neutralizing responses in COVID-19 patients according to disease severity through a one-month follow-up. Methods: A cohort of 71 individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by RT-PCR were recruited and classified into four groups: i) asymptomatic; ii) symptomatic outpatients; iii) hospitalized in ward, and iv) intensive care unit patients (ICU). Samples were taken at days 0 (inclusion to the study), 7 and 30. B cell subsets and neutralizing antibodies were assessed using multiparametric flow cytometry and plaque reduction neutralization, respectively. Results: Older age, male gender and body mass index over 25 were common factors among hospitalized and ICU patients, compared to those with milder clinical presentations. In addition, those requiring hospitalization had more comorbidities. A significant increase in the frequencies of CD19+ cells at day 0 was observed in hospitalized and ICU patients compared to asymptomatic and symptomatic groups. Likewise, the frequency of plasmablasts was significantly increased at the first sample in the ICU group compared to the asymptomatic group, but then waned over time. The frequency of naïve B cells decreased at days 7 and 30 compared to day 0 in hospitalized and ICU patients. The neutralizing antibody titers were higher as the severity of COVID-19 increased; in asymptomatic individuals, it was strongly correlated with the percentage of IgM+ switched memory B cells, and a moderate correlation was found with plasmablasts. Conclusion: The humoral immune response is variable among SARS-CoV-2 infected people depending on the severity and time of clinical evolution. In severe COVID-19 patients, a higher plasmablast frequency and neutralizing antibody response were observed, suggesting that, despite having a robust humoral immunity, this response could be late, having a low impact on disease outcome.

Impact of a virtual learning environment on the conscious prescription of antibiotics among Colombian dentists.

Appropriate antibiotic prescription contributes to reducing bacterial resistance; therefore, it is critical to provide training regarding this challenge. The objective of this study was to develop a virtual learning environment for antibiotic prescription and to determine its impact on dentists' awareness, attitudes, and intention to practice. First, the learning content on multimedia resources was developed and distributed into three challenges that participants had to overcome. Then, a quasi-experimental study was performed in which the virtual learning environment was implemented on dentists from seven Colombian cities. The median of correct answers and the levels of awareness, attitudes, and intention to practice were compared before, immediately after, and 6-months post-intervention. Wilcoxon signed-rank and McNemar's tests were used to determine the differences. A total of 206 participants who finished the virtual learning environment activities exhibited a favorable and statistically significant impact on the median of correct answers of awareness (p < 0.001), attitudes (p < 0.001), and intention to practice (p = 0.042). A significant increase occurred in the number of participants with a high level of awareness (p < 0.001) and a non-significant increase in participants with high levels of attitudes (p = 0.230) and intention to practice (p = 0.286). At 6 months, the positive effect on the median of correct answers on awareness and intention to practice persisted (p < 0.001); however, this was not evident for attitudes (p = 0.105). Moreover, there was a significant decrease in the number of participants who showed low levels of awareness (p = 0.019) and a slight increase in those with high levels of the same component (p = 0.161). The use of a virtual learning environment designed for dentists contributed to a rapid improvement in awareness and intention to practice antibiotic prescription; however, their attitudes and information retention need reinforcement.

The Effect of Inclusion Criteria on the Functional Properties Reported in Mouse Visual Cortex.

Neurophysiology studies require the use of inclusion criteria to identify neurons responsive to the experimental stimuli. Five recent studies used calcium imaging to measure the preferred tuning properties of layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons in mouse visual areas. These five studies employed different inclusion criteria and reported different, sometimes conflicting results. Here, we examine how different inclusion criteria can impact reported tuning properties, modifying inclusion criteria to select different subpopulations from the same dataset of almost 17,000 layer 2/3 neurons from the Allen Brain Observatory. The choice of inclusion criteria greatly affected the mean tuning properties of the resulting subpopulations; indeed, the differences in mean tuning because of inclusion criteria were often of comparable magnitude to the differences between studies. In particular, the mean preferred temporal frequencies (TFs) of visual areas changed markedly with inclusion criteria, such that the rank ordering of visual areas based on their TF preferences changed with the percentage of neurons included. It has been suggested that differences in TF tuning support a hierarchy of mouse visual areas. These results demonstrate that our understanding of the functional organization of the mouse visual cortex obtained from previous experiments critically depends on the inclusion criteria used.

Prescribing antibiotics by dentists in Colombia: Toward a conscientious prescription.

OBJECTIVES: Inappropriate prescription of antibiotics contributes to antibiotic resistance. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the awareness, attitudes, and intention to practice of dentists prescribing antibiotics in Colombia in order to design a virtual learning environment on this subject. METHODS: In a descriptive study across seven cities, 700 dentists from different Colombian cities were requested to complete a validated questionnaire containing five sections: general information, awareness on antibiotic effectiveness and antibiotic resistance, attitudes regarding prescription decision, intention to practice concerning clinical cases, and complementary information. The level of awareness, attitudes, and intention to practice was determined and Chi-square test was used to determine the existence of significant differences among cities. RESULTS: The majority of dentists showed a medium level regarding the number of correct answers on awareness (62.4 percent) and attitudes (88.7 percent) and a high level on intention to practice (91.7 percent). Common errors within the awareness section included the meaning of the term "antibiotic resistance" (35 percent) and most dentists were not convinced that such resistance could be derived from prescription of antibiotics (51.2 percent). In the attitudes section, only 45 percent declared that they prescribe antibiotics based mainly on symptoms, and the intention to practice section showed a significant percentage of unnecessary prescription (51 percent for pacemaker users) or absence of prescription (53.9 percent for ventricular septal defect) in antibiotic prophylaxis for infectious endocarditis (IE). CONCLUSION: The dentists interviewed should be trained and made aware of antibiotic resistance, microbiological and clinical foundations, and current antibiotic prophylaxis guidelines.

Involvement of the maxillary sinus ostium (MSO) in the edematous processes after sinus floor augmentation: a cone-beam computed tomographic study.

BACKGROUND: After sinus floor augmentation, a thickening of the sinus mucosa has been described. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the involvement of the maxillary sinus ostium in the edematous processes after a sinus floor augmentation procedure. METHODS: Seventy-two cone-beam computerized tomographies (CBSTs) were taken before sinus floor augmentation and after 1 week and 9 months from surgery and analyses. Sinus mucosa thickness and area, ostium diameter and patency, and extension of the post-surgical transient mucosal thickening in relation to the ostium were evaluated on the CBCTs for all three periods. The term "virtual" when referring to sinus mucosa thickness and area was introduced because of the edema and bleeding that both contributed to a transient thickening and additional elevation of the sinus mucosa. RESULTS: The mean virtual thickness of the sinus mucosa was 2.7 ± 4.0 mm, 7.7 ± 7.1 mm, 1.7 ± 2.0 mm before surgery, and after 1 week and 9 months. The virtual mucosa area was 37.2 ± 52.5 mm2, 184.5 ± 153.8 mm2, and 34.0 ± 50.7 mm2. The ostium diameter at the three periods evaluated was 1.8 ± 0.5 mm, 1.1 ± 0.6 mm, 1.5 ± 0.8 mm, respectively. Three infundibula (4.2%) were found out of patency before surgery while this number increased to 14 (19.4%) after 1 week. Nine months after surgery, only one infundibulum (1.4%) was out of patency, however, without presenting signs of sinus pathologies. The extension of the mucosal edema on the palatal sinus was reduced after 9 months of healing. CONCLUSIONS: One week after sinus floor augmentation, the maxillary sinus mucosa increased in dimensions and in several cases involved the ostium, reducing its diameter and producing a transient loss of patency. After 9 months of healing, the initial conditions were recovered.

Bone healing at non-submerged implants installed with different insertion torques: a split-mouth histomorphometric randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate histomorphometrically the healing at implants installed with standard or very low insertion torque values MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twelve volunteer patients were recruited, and two screw-shaped titanium devices were installed in the distal segments of the mandible using insertion torque values of either < 10 Ncm or ~ 30 Ncm. The implants were left to heal in a non-submerged fashion. After 8 weeks, biopsies were retrieved, and ground sections were prepared for histological evaluation. RESULTS: Histological slides from 11 patients were available for (n = 11). The new bone in contact with the implant surface was 39.3 ± 18.5% and 49.4 ± 9.4% at the < 10 and ~ 30 Ncm sites, respectively. Considering the pre-existing old bone, the total mineralized bone was 46.8 ± 22.1% at the < 10 Ncm sites and 57.0 ± 14.1% at the ~ 30 Ncm. No statistically significant differences were found. New bone density and total mineralized bone density were 36.6 ± 8.1% and 53.0 ± 13.5% at the < 10 Ncm sites and 35.9 ± 10.0% and 52.2 ± 16.0% at the ~ 30 Ncm sites, respectively. No statistically significant differences were disclosed. CONCLUSION: From the data of the present study, it can be concluded that a trend of higher osseointegration was observed at the ~ 30 Ncm compared to the < 10 Ncm torque group. Nevertheless, it can be concluded that an implant installed with a very low torque may achieve a good integration. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04017156; trial retrospectively registered on 12 July 2019.

Tomographic evaluation of the influence of the placement of a collagen membrane subjacent to the sinus mucosa during maxillary sinus floor augmentation: a randomized clinical trial.

AIM: To study the influence of a collagen membrane placed subjacent to the sinus mucosa on the dimensional changes of augmented maxillary sinus floor. METHODS: Twenty patients were recruited in the study and randomly assigned to two groups. After the elevation of the maxillary sinus mucosa, a collagen membrane with standardized dimensions was placed at the test sites subjacent to the sinus mucosa and the elevated space was filled with a xenograft, both at test and control sites. A collagen membrane was then used to cover the antrostomy at both sites, and sutures were applied to close the wounds. Cone beam computed tomographies (CBCTs) were taken for all patients before surgery (T0), after 1 week from sinus floor augmentation (T1), and after 9 months of healing (T2). Dimensional changes over time of soft and hard tissues were evaluated on the CBCTs. RESULTS: After 1 week of healing, the sinus floor was elevated by 10.0 ± 2.8 mm and 10.6 ± 2.5 mm at the no-membrane and membrane groups, respectively. After 9 months of healing, a similar reduction of the height was observed in both groups, providing a total vertical augmentation of 8.6 ± 2.8 mm at the no-membrane sites and 9.1 ± 3.1 mm at the membrane sites. After 9 months of healing, the hard tissues subjacent to the sinus mucosa appeared to be partially corticalized in three patients in the no-membrane group and in six patients in the membrane group. CONCLUSIONS: The use of collagen membranes subjacent to the sinus mucosa did not influence the dimensional variations of the augmented regions and the clinical outcomes after 9 months of healing also in absence of perforations.

Common Mental Disorders and Associated Factors in Dental Students From Cartagena, Colombia. / Trastornos mentales comunes y factores asociados en estudiantes de Odontología en Cartagena, Colombia.

INTRODUCTION: Psychological morbidity assessments are of interest since mental health is part of a person's overall health and early detection promotes emotional well-being. AIM: To determine the association between common mental disorders and related factors in dental students from Cartagena, Colombia. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study in 858 dental students from Cartagena, Colombia; who answered a structured anonymous self-report questionnaire to assess the presence of common mental disorders (CMD) (General Health Questionnaire-12), problematic alcohol consumption (CAGE), sociodemographic and other related variables. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis was conducted later using χ2 tests. The strength of association was obtained with prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Finally adjusted PRs, and 95%CIs were obtained using a log-binomial regression model. Statistical analysis was performed using Stata v.13.2 for Windows (Stata Corp.; TX, USA). RESULTS: The average age was 20.8±3.01 years of age, and more than half were females. CMD overall prevalence was 30.3% (95%CI, 27.3-33.5). The regression model suggested as associated factors: sex (PR, 1.54; 95%CI, 1.21-1.96), recent economic changes (PR, 1.70; 95%CI, 1.37-2.12), family conflicts [PR, 2.29; 95%CI, 1.89-2.77), abandonment (PR, 1.58; 95%CI, 1.23-2.03), history of abuse (PR, 2.05; 95%CI, 1.27-3.31), and problematic alcohol consumption (PR, 1.35; 95%CI, 1.02-1.78). CONCLUSIONS: CMD prevalence was high. Being female, family conflicts, history of abuse and problematic alcohol consumption are considered as risk factors for CMD development and should be carefully assessed to predict emotional well-being.

Bacterial profile of the supragingival dental biofilm in children with deciduous and early mixed dentition using next generation sequencing (HOMINGS) technique. / Perfil bacteriano del biofilm dental supragingival en niños con dentición temporal y mixta temprana utilizando la técnica de secuenciación de próxima generación (HOMINGS).

OBJECTIVE: Tdescribe the bacterial profile of the supragingival biofilm of children with temporary dentition (CTD) and early mixed dentition (CEMD), with the next-generation sequencing (HOMINGS) technique. METHOD: A comparative descriptive study was carried out with 30 systemically healthy children aged between 5 and 7 years old from public schools in Cartagena-Colombia. All participants were caries-free applying the criteria of the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS II) and had no caries experience according to the Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index. Supragingival biofilm samples were collected. Bacterial DNA was extracted and used for analysis using HOMINGS (Human Oral Microbe Identification using Next-Generation Sequencing) based on the sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene using the Illumina MiSeq platform (V3-V4 primers). RESULTS: A total of 360 species-specific and 65 genus-specific probes were identified. The bacterial genus most predominant in CTD were Streptococcus, Actinomyces, Veillonella and Fusobacterium (29.2% of all bacterial DNA present), while in CEMD the most predominant were Streptococcus, Leptotrichia, TM7 and Porphyromonas (24.5% of all bacterial DNA present). The bacterial species with the highest relative abundance in the oral biofilm microbiome from CTD were Streptococcus sanguinis, Rothia aeria, Gemella haemolysans, while in CEMD they were S. sanguinis, Leptotrichia spp. HOT-417 and Leptotrichia spp. HOT-498. The Shannon diversity index was 2.77 (SD=0.26) for CTD and 3.01 (SD=0.39) for CEMD (P=0.06). CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of the bacterial profile of the supragingival dental biofilm in children with DMFT, by means of HOMINGS showed low microbiological diversity both in presence and in relative abundance in terms of genus as well as bacterial species.