Aortic Intimo-intimal Intussusception: A Pooled Analysis of Published Reports.

AIM: Aortic intimo-intimal intussusception (AoII) is a rare manifestation of aortic dissection with high mortality. This study aimed to obtain a comprehensive understanding of AoII. METHODS: Three databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase) were searched with predefined search terms ["intimal intussusception", "aortic intussusception", "(circumferential) AND (intimal dissection)" and "(circumferential) AND (aortic dissection)"]. Demographics, clinical manifestations, imaging methods, therapies, and follow-up data were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: The literature search finally identified 81 papers comprising 87 patients (Mean age: 53.7 ± 14.9 years old; male: n = 63). According to morphologic criteria (orientation of AoII intimal flap), patients were divided into three groups: antegrade (n = 37), retrograde (n = 49) and bidirectional (n = 1) orientation. The most frequent symptoms in antegrade group were chest pain (62.2%), syncope (27%), and unconsciousness (21.6%), while in retrograde group, they were chest pain (71.4%), dyspnea (20.4%), and back pain (16.3%). Regarding applied imaging modalities, 67.5% of patients in antegrade group were diagnosed with≥2 methods, comparing with 87.7% in retrograde group. A total of 21 patients (24.1%) with AoII finally died, among which 13.8% (12/87) died before surgery. CONCLUSION: AoII is a rare form of aortic dissection with high mortality. Antegrade orientation of the intima flap was more accompanied with neurological disorders and asymmetric blood pressure, while retrograde orientation mostly manifested with aortic regurgitation. Application of multiple imaging examinations may detect this rare entity in time.

Facile Preparation of Gold-Decorated Fe3O4 Nanoparticles for CT and MR Dual-Modal Imaging.

The development of a multifunctional nanoprobe capable of non-invasive multimodal imaging is crucial for precise tumour diagnosis. Herein, we report a facile polymer-assisted method to produce Au-Fe3O4 nanocomposites (NCPs) for the dual-modal magnetic resonance (MR) and X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging of tumours. In this approach, amino-functionalized Au nanospheres were first obtained by surface modification of the bifunctional polymer SH-PEG-NH2. Hydrophilic and carboxyl-functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles were produced by phase transfer of reverse micelle oxidation in our previous work. The Au nanoparticles were conjugated with hydrophilic Fe3O4 nanoparticles through an amide reaction. The obtained Au-Fe3O4 nanocomposites display a high r2 relativity (157.92 mM-1 s-1) and a Hounsfield units (HU) value (270 HU) at Au concentration of 8 mg/mL and could be applied as nanoprobes for the dual-modal MR/CT imaging of a xenografted tumour model. Our work provides a facile method to prepare Au-Fe3O4 nanocomposites for dual-modal MR/CT imaging, and this method can be extended to prepare other multifunctional nanoparticles for multimodal bioimaging.

Large-Scale, Facile Transfer of Oleic Acid-Stabilized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles to the Aqueous Phase for Biological Applications.

Fe3O4 nanoparticles synthesized via thermal decomposition in the organic phase have attracted tremendous research interest because of their unique morphology, size dispersion, and crystallinity. However, their poor water dispersibility strongly limited their development in biomedical applications. Therefore, a phase-transfer strategy through which hydrophobic nanoparticles with good performance in the aqueous phase can be obtained is an extremely critical issue. Herein, we present a large-scale, facile, highly efficient strategy for the phase transfer of oleic acid-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles via a reverse-micelle-based oxidative reaction. The reverse micelle system improves the efficiency of the interface oxidative reaction and prevents the aggregation of nanoparticles during the reaction, facilitating the transfer of Fe3O4 nanoparticles from the organic phase to the aqueous phase. The transferred Fe3O4 nanoparticles are used as a T2 contrast agent to perform magnetic resonance imaging of CNE2 cells (nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line). In addition, the free carboxyl groups on the surface of transferred nanoparticles can also be programmed to permit the conjugation of other molecules, in turn allowing nanoparticles to be extended in biological targeting or biological recognition applications. Therefore, this strategy offers a promising platform for the large-scale, highly efficient phase transfer of oleic acid-capped nanoparticles and may become a new paradigm to promote the development of diverse nanoparticles for widespread biomedical applications.

Design and Protocol for Beijing Hospital Takayasu Arteritis (BeTA) Biobank.

BACKGROUND: Although hundreds of studies have been conducted, our understanding of the pathogenesis, indications for surgical intervention, and disease markers of Takayasu arteritis (TAK) are still limited. Collection of biological specimens, clinical data and imaging data will facilitate translational research and clinical studies. In this study, we aim to introduce the design and protocol for the Beijing Hospital Takayasu Arteritis (BeTA) Biobank. METHODS: Based in the Department of Vascular Surgery of Beijing Hospital and Beijing Hospital Clinical Biological Sample Management Center, the BeTA Biobank is composed of clinical data and sample data from patients with TAK requiring surgical treatment. All clinical data of participants are collected, including demographic characteristics, laboratory tests, imaging results, operation information, perioperative complications, follow-up data, etc. Both blood samples including plasma, serum and cells, and vascular tissues or perivascular adipose tissue are collected and stored. These samples will promote the establishment of a multiomic database for TAK and help to identify disease markers and to explore potential targets for specific future drugs for TAK.

Identification of the shared gene signatures between pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension using bioinformatics analysis.

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) and pulmonary hypertension (PH) have common pathophysiological features, such as the significant remodeling of pulmonary parenchyma and vascular wall. There is no effective specific drug in clinical treatment for these two diseases, resulting in a worse prognosis and higher mortality. This study aimed to screen the common key genes and immune characteristics of PF and PH by means of bioinformatics to find new common therapeutic targets. Expression profiles are downloaded from the Gene Expression Database. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis is used to identify the co-expression modules related to PF and PH. We used the ClueGO software to enrich and analyze the common genes in PF and PH and obtained the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Then, the differential genes were screened out in another cohort of PF and PH, and the shared genes were crossed. Finally, RT-PCR verification and immune infiltration analysis were performed on the intersection genes. In the result, the positive correlation module with the highest correlation between PF and PH was determined, and it was found that lymphocyte activation is a common feature of the pathophysiology of PF and PH. Eight common characteristic genes (ACTR2, COL5A2, COL6A3, CYSLTR1, IGF1, RSPO3, SCARNA17 and SEL1L) were gained. Immune infiltration showed that compared with the control group, resting CD4 memory T cells were upregulated in PF and PH. Combining the results of crossing characteristic genes in ImmPort database and RT-PCR, the important gene IGF1 was obtained. Knocking down IGF1 could significantly reduce the proliferation and apoptosis resistance in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells, pulmonary smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts induced by hypoxia, platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB), and transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1), respectively. Our work identified the common biomarkers of PF and PH and provided a new candidate gene for the potential therapeutic targets of PF and PH in the future.

Prognostic Value of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Levels in Predicting Survival in Men With Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.

The objective of the study was to assess the association between changes in plasma follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and the potential effect on idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) in male patients. A total of 116 male patients with IPAH and 53 healthy controls were included from XX Hospital. Plasma FSH concentration was assessed in all participants. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to assess the mortality risk. Kaplan-Meier curve and Cox regression analyses were used to predict the value of FSH on the survival rate of male IPAH patients. The plasma FSH concentration in the IPAH group was significantly higher than that in the control group (p = .017). Nonsurvivors had significantly higher levels of FSH than survivors (p < .0001). FSH levels were positively correlated with World Health Organization Functional Class, mean pulmonary artery pressure, and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR; p = .023, p < .0001, and p < .0001, respectively) and negatively correlated with 6-min walk distance (6MWD) and cardiac output (CO; p = .004 and p = .010). Cox regression model analysis showed that the levels of FSH were also the independent factors of mortality in male IPAH patients (p < .0001). The IPAH patients with higher FSH levels had higher PVR, lower 6MWD, CO, and a lower survival rate (p = .042, p = .003, p = .029, and p < .0001, respectively). Therefore, we identified that increased FSH levels were associated with disease severity in male patients with IPAH and independently predicted risk of disease and poor survival rate.

Impact of Parthanatos on the Increased Risk of Onset and Mortality in Male Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension.

There have been no studies as to whether parthanatos, a poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1)-dependent and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF)-mediated caspase-independent programmed cell death, is present in pulmonary hypertension (PH). Basic studies have, however, been conducted on several of the key molecules in parthanatos, such as PARP-1, AIF, and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). For this study, we collected blood samples from 88 incident male patients with PH and 50 healthy controls at the Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital. We measured the key factors of parthanatos (PARP-1, PAR, AIF, and MIF) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and performed a logistic regression, Cox proportional hazards analysis, and Kaplan-Meier test to assess the prognostic value of the key molecules in diagnosing and predicting survival. The patients who ultimately died had a significantly poorer clinical status during the study than those who survived. The PARP-1, PAR, AIF, and MIF levels were significantly higher in the patients than in the controls (all p < .0001), and the PARP-1, PAR, and AIF levels were higher in the nonsurvivors than in the survivors (all p < .0001). PARP-1 and AIF levels served as independent predictors of disease onset and mortality in these patients (all p < .005). Patients with PARP-1 levels <11.24 ng/mL or AIF levels <1.459 pg/mL had significantly better survival than those with higher PARP-1 or AIF levels (p < .0001). Circulating levels of PARP-1 and AIF were independent predictors for PH onset and mortality, which indicated that parthanatos might be associated with the pathogenesis of PH.

The long-term outcomes of open and endovascular repair for abdominal aortic aneurysm: A meta-analysis.

To provide a meta-analysis of studies evaluating long-term all-cause mortality, aneurysm-related mortality and re-intervention after open or endovascular repair for abdominal aortic aneurysm. Electronic bibliographic sources were interrogated using a combination of free text and controlled vocabulary searches to identify studies comparing the long-term outcomes of open and endovascular repair for abdominal aortic aneurysm. The review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement standards. Fixed effect or random effects models were used. We retrieved 4 randomized controlled trials (RCTs; 2,783 patients), 7 nonrandomized trials (86,035 patients). The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. Heterogeneity was high and publication bias could not be excluded. Despite these limitations, the analysis showed that open and endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair had similar all-cause mortality (OR 1.16, 95% CI, 0.89-1.51) over 5 years follow up, which was maintained after at least 10 years of follow-up (OR 0.87, 95% CI, 0.73-1.03). There was no significant difference in aneurysm-related mortality by 5 years or longer follow-up. A significantly lower proportion of patients undergoing open repair required reintervention (OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.24-0.64), which was maintained over 5 years of follow-up. There is no long-term survival difference between the patients who underwent open or endovascular aneurysm repair. There is significantly higher risk of reinterventions after endovascular aneurysm repair.

Aortic intimal intussusception during acute type B aortic dissection endovascular repair.

Aortic intimal intussusception (AoII) is rare, especially during the endovascular repair of acute uncomplicated type B aortic dissection. Here we present a case of 47-year-old man who suffered AoII during the endovascular repair of type B aortic dissection. An abdominal aortic stent was inserted to recanalize the aorta, but failed. He was immediately transferred to our department from the local hospital. Computed tomography angiography confirmed the AoII and showed thrombus in the abdominal aortic stent. Hybrid operation was performed. Final angiography showed patency of the aorta. His postoperative period was uneventful and was discharged on the postoperative 8th day. No complications happened during the 6th month follow-up.

Pathogenic Gene Mutations or Variants Identified by Targeted Gene Sequencing in Adults With Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) can be classified into primary HLH and secondary HLH. Primary HLH usually occurs in infants and children with an underlying genetic defect, and there are also teens and occasional adults with primary HLH. Most cases with secondary HLH are adult patients with secondary triggers including infections, malignancies, and autoimmune diseases. The distinction between primary HLH and secondary HLH seems to be less straightforward, as patients with secondary HLH may also have genetic defects while primary HLH can be triggered by secondary causes. In this study, using amplicon-based targeted gene sequencing (TGS), we sequenced eighteen HLH-related genes in 112 adult HLH cases, which were mostly secondary HLH. Mutations or rare variants were identified in 48 cases (42.9%). All the variants except one were missense variants, and biallelic gene mutations were identified in 3 cases in which only one case harbored homogenous missense mutation. Recurrent variants including UNC13D p.G863D and AP3B1 p.T359A are much more prevalent in our cohort than in normal East Asian population, and in silico analysis predicted pathogenicity of these variants. In conclusion, according to our study, genetic defects may also contribute to the development of adult HLH cases or secondary HLH cases.

Pushing the cycling stability limit of hierarchical metal oxide core/shell nanoarrays pseudocapacitor electrodes by nanoscale interface optimization.

Three-dimensional hierarchical metal oxide core/shell nanowire arrays (HMONAs) have become promising pseudocapacitive materials due to their integrated smart architectures. However, these core/shell nanostructures have unsatisfactory structural stability and frequently suffer destruction during their fabrication process and their charge-discharge cycles, thus limiting their application lifespan. Herein, a general strategy based on the minimization of the lattice mismatch between the shell and the backbone at the nanoscale interface has been proposed to improve the cycling stability of the HMONAs. This strategy is achieved by a facile hydrothermal pretreatment under mild acidic condition, where a selective dissolution process occurs for interface optimization. To prove the concept, three typical HMONAs, α-MnO2 nanotube@δ-MnO2 nanosheet core/shell arrays, α-MnO2 nanotube@NiO nanosheet core/shell arrays and Co3O4@MnO2 core/shell nanoarrays, were synthesized for interface optimization. It was found that these thermodynamically unstable nanostructures in the shells of HMONAs can be selectively dissolved under a hydrothermal process, leading to enhanced stability of HMONAs. The comparison study indicates that all treated HMONAs exhibit excellent capacitance retention of 93.2% (MnO2@MnO2), 94.3% (MnO2@NiO) and 95.3% (Co3O4@MnO2) after 5000 cycles, which are 22.9%, 9.3% and 20.1% higher, respectively, than those of the untreated HMONAs. Furthermore, the symmetrical supercapacitors based on treated MnO2@MnO2 nanoarrays electrodes also demonstrate 92% capacitance retention after 5000 cycles, showing better comprehensive performance than their untreated counterpart (78% capacitance retention). The general strategy of nanoscale interface optimization provides new opportunities in pushing the cycling stability limit of HMONAs.

C-Myc-dependent repression of two oncogenic miRNA clusters contributes to triptolide-induced cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

BACKGROUND: Triptolide is a structurally unique diterpene triepoxide with potent antitumor activity. However,the effect and mechanism of triptolide on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is not well studied. METHODS: Cells were treated with triptolide, and the anti-HCC activity of triptolide was evaluated using flow cytometry, western blot, and xenograft studies. MicroRNA microarray and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to identify differential microRNAs induced by triptolide. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay was employed to study the interaction between c-Myc and genomic regions of miR106b-25. MicroRNAs overexpression and knockdown experiments were performed to determine the role of these microRNAs in triptolide-induced apoptosis. RESULTS: Triptolide inhibited cell proliferation and induced marked apoptosis in multiple HCC cell lines with different p53 status. Several signaling molecules involved in different pathways were altered after the treatment of triptolide. Xenograft tumor volume was significantly reduced in triptolide-treated group compared with vehicle control group. Two miRNA clusters, miR-17-92 and miR-106b-25, were significantly suppressed by triptolide, which resulted in the upregulation of their common target genes, including BIM, PTEN, and p21. In HCC samples, high levels of these miRNA clusters correlated with shorter recurrence free survival. Triptolide inhibited the expression of theses miRNAs in a c-Myc-dependent manner, which enhanced triptolide-induced cell death. We further showed that triptolide down-regulated the expression of c-Myc through targeting ERCC3, a newly identified triptolide-binding protein. CONCLUSIONS: The triptolide-induced modulation of c-Myc/miRNA clusters/target genes axis enhances its potent antitumor activity, which indicates that triptolide serves as an attractive chemotherapeutic agent against HCC.

[Study on the interaction of hemoglobin and Cu(II)-ARS complex].

The reaction of hemoglobin (Hb) with copper(II)-Alizarin red S (ARS) complex was studied in H3PO4-KH2PO4 buffer solution (pH 4. 2) by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry. The results show that the interaction of Hb and Cu(II)-ARS complex produces red ionic association complex with its maximum absorption peak at 537 nm. At the maximum absorption, the composition of the complex was determined to be n(Hb) : n(Cu(II)) : n(ARS) =1 : 4 : 8, and the apparent molar absorptivity was 1.52 x 10(5) L x mol(-1) x cm(-1). The concentration of Hb is linear with the absorbency in the range of 1.0 x 10(-7)-2.0 x 10(-6) mol x L(-1) and the regression equation was established as A = 0.026 9 + 151 675c (mol x L(-1)) with the coefficient r = 0.997 2. The effects of solution acidity, reagent amount, reaction time, temperature, ionic strength and the added surfactant were examined on the formation of the Hb-Cu(II)-ARS complex. A preliminary investigation was carried out to elucidate the reaction mechanism, and it could be concluded that the Hb and Cu(II)-ARS complex are combined mainly by electrostatic attraction. Further investigation was also undertaken to find out the effects of common amino acids and metallic ions on the formation of Hb-Cu(II)-ARS complex.

[Mixed infection of Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis in dog].

OBJECTIVE: To identify mixed infection of Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis in a dog from Xinjiang. METHODS: Thirty dogs from the pasture area were dissected and over 10,000 Echinococcus adult worms were found from one dog. Morphological observation revealed possible mixed infection of the two Echinococcus species. Further identification was made by amplification of the target gene DNA fragment (mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene). RESULTS: The adult worms of E. granulosus showed a relatively longer and larger gravid proglottid, its genital pore situated near or below the middle-side of the segment. The uterus was in a sacculate shape with irregular branches and approximately over 200 - 800 eggs in it. Morphology of the adult worms of E. multilocularis was similar to E. granulosus, slightly smaller, consisting of 4 to 5 proglottids. The uterus was not sacculate and with no branch. Its lateral genital pore often situated in the anterior part of the segment. Sequence analysis of mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene showed that amplification with the Eg1f/r primers shared complete identity with E. granulosus G1 genotype (GenBank accession no. AY462129), while that witht the EmH15/17 primers shared complete identity with E. multilocularis (GenBank accession no. AB031351). The presence of both E. granulosus and E. multilocularis was confirmed by microscopy and gene identification. CONCLUSION: Mixed infection of the two species of Echinococcus has been confirmed in the dog by morphological observation and PCR technique.

The efficiency of magnetic hyperthermia and in vivo histocompatibility for human-like collagen protein-coated magnetic nanoparticles.

Magnetic hyperthermia is a promising technique for the minimally invasive elimination of solid tumors. In this study, uniform magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) with different particle sizes were used as a model system to investigate the size and surface effects of human-like collagen protein-coated MNPs (HLC-MNPs) on specific absorption rate and biocompatibility. It was found that these HLC-MNPs possess rapid heating capacity upon alternating magnetic field exposure compared to that of MNPs without HLC coating, irrespective of the size of MNPs. The significant enhancement of specific absorption rate is favorable for larger sized nanoparticles. Such behavior is attributed to the reduced aggregation and increased stability of the HLC-MNPs. By coating HLC on the surface of certain sized MNPs, a significant increase in cell viability (up to 2.5-fold) can be achieved. After subcutaneous injection of HLC-MNPs into the back of Kunming mice, it was observed that the inflammatory reaction hardly occurred in the injection site. However, there was a significant presence of phagocytes and endocytosis after the injection of nonconjugated counterparts. The overall strategy to fabricate HLC-MNPs can serve as a general guideline to address the current challenges in clinical magnetic hyperthermia, improved biocompatibility, and enhanced heating characteristics through protein coating.

TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator protects from spontaneous apoptosis and predicts poor prognosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

OBJECTIVES: Circulating chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells appear not to be overly utilizing aerobic glycolysis. However, recurrent contact with CLL cells in a stromal microenvironment leads to increased aerobic glycolysis and the cells' overall glycolytic capacity, which promotes cell survival and proliferation. TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR) has been directly implicated in cellular metabolism in the control of glycolysis. TIGAR inhibits glycolysis and protects cells from intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS)-associated apoptosis. METHODS: TIGAR mRNA expression was investigated by quantitative PCR in 102 newly diagnosed CLL patients. Furthermore, the relationship between the expression of TIGAR and its clinical characteristics and prognosis were investigated. Moreover, we also investigated the correlation between TIGAR expression and apoptosis in primary CLL cells. RESULTS: Our data revealed that TIGAR overexpression was correlated with the protection from spontaneous apoptosis in CLL cells, and is strongly associated with advanced Binet stage, unmutated immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable region (IGHV) status, CD38 positivity, ß2-microglobulin and p53 aberrations. Higher expression of TIGAR was associated with shorter treatment-free survival (median: three months vs. 51 months, P=0.0108), worse overall survival (median: 74 months vs. not reached, P=0.0242), and the diverse responses to fludarabine-based chemotherapy. TIGAR expression in patients resistant to chemotherapy was significantly higher than in patients sensitive to chemotherapy (mean: 0.3859±0.1710 vs. 0.0974±0.0291, P=0.0290). CONCLUSION: Taken together, our findings revealed that high TIGAR expression is closely correlated with worse clinical outcome in CLL patients, and depicted how bioenergetic characteristics could be therapeutically exploited in CLL.

Prussian blue modified amperometric FIA biosensor: one-step immunoassay for alpha-fetoprotein.

The aim of this study was to develop a rapid method to measure alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in human serum by use of one-step sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based immunobiosensor with disposable screen-printed carbon electrode technology. Prussian blue (PB) was deposited using cyclic voltammetry (CV) on the surface of electrode to catalyze H202 from the reaction of glucose oxidase. It took only about 30 min to complete the whole experimental procedure through flow injection analysis (FIA). A detection range obtained is in the range from 5 to 500 ng/ml AFP. This detection seems to be quick, reliable and practical.

Impedimetric biosensors.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a sensitive indicator of a wide variety of chemical and physical properties. An increasing trend towards the development of impedimetric biosensors is being currently observed. Impedimetric techniques have been performed to characterize the fabrication of the biosensors and to monitor the catalyzed reactions of enzymes or the biomolecular recognition events of specific binding proteins, lectins, receptors, nucleic acids, whole cells, antibodies or antibody-related substances. However, little attention has been paid to reviewing this interesting research area. Herein, impedimetric biosensors are reviewed and many novel designs are discussed.

[Expression of AML1/ETO9a isoform in acute myeloid leukemia-M2 subtype].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of AML1/ETO9a isoform in the acute myeloid leukemia (AML)-M2 patients. METHODS: Expressions of AML1/ETO fusion gene and AML1/ETO9a isoform were detected by using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in leukemia patients, MDS patients, leukemia cell lines and healthy subjects. Karyotype was studied by R-banding technique. RESULT: In 30 newly diagnosed AML-M2 patients 15 were found to express AML1/ETO9a isoform, while the rest including 20 AML-M2CR, 18 other subtypes of AML, 5 chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), 3 myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), 3 leukemia cell lines (NB4, KG-1, K562) and 5 healthy subjects were AML1/ETO9a negative. Among the 15 AML/ETO9a isoform expressing cases, 13 were demonstrated t(8;21) translocation and AML1/ETO expression. CONCLUSION: Isoform AML1/ETO9a was correlated to AML/M2, and it may promote the development of leukemia in combination with the AML1/ETO fusion gene.