RESUMO
A new strain of measles virus, D4-Hamburg, was imported from London to Hamburg in December 2008 and subsequently spread to Bulgaria, where an outbreak of >24,300 cases was observed. We analyzed spread of the virus to demonstrate the importance of addressing hard-to-reach communities within the World Health Organization European Region regarding access to medical care and vaccination campaigns. The D4-Hamburg strain appeared during 2009-2011 in Poland, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Austria, Greece, Romania, Turkey, Macedonia, Serbia, Switzerland, and Belgium and was repeatedly reimported to Germany. The strain was present in Europe for >27 months and led to >25,000 cases in 12 countries. Spread of the virus was prevalently but not exclusively associated with travel by persons in the Roma ethnic group; because this travel extends beyond the borders of any European country, measures to prevent the spread of measles should be implemented by the region as a whole.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Surtos de Doenças , Vírus do Sarampo/genética , Sarampo/epidemiologia , Sarampo/transmissão , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Europa (Continente)/epidemiologia , Genótipo , Alemanha/epidemiologia , Humanos , Lactente , Sarampo/virologia , Vírus do Sarampo/classificação , Vírus do Sarampo/imunologia , Vírus do Sarampo/isolamento & purificação , Filogenia , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Viagem , Organização Mundial da Saúde , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Phylogenetic analysis of 166 human parvovirus B19 sequences from 11 different countries attributed 91.57% to genotype 1, 5.42% to genotype 3b, and 3.01% to genotype 3a. Very similar viruses of genotype 1 circulated widely in Europe and Israel. Genotype 3b seems to show an increasing spread outside of Africa.
Assuntos
DNA Viral/genética , Infecções por Parvoviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Parvoviridae/virologia , Parvovirus B19 Humano/classificação , Parvovirus B19 Humano/genética , Filogenia , Adolescente , Adulto , África/epidemiologia , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Análise por Conglomerados , DNA Viral/química , Europa (Continente)/epidemiologia , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Lactente , Israel/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Epidemiologia Molecular/métodos , Parvovirus B19 Humano/isolamento & purificação , Prevalência , Homologia de Sequência , Adulto JovemRESUMO
During 2005-2006, nine measles virus (MV) genotypes were identified throughout the World Health Organization European Region. All major epidemics were associated with genotypes D4, D6, and B3. Other genotypes (B2, D5, D8, D9, G2, and H1) were only found in limited numbers of cases after importation from other continents. The genetic diversity of endemic D6 strains was low; genotypes C2 and D7, circulating in Europe until recent years, were no longer identified. The transmission chains of several indigenous MV strains may thus have been interrupted by enhanced vaccination. However, multiple importations from Africa and Asia and virus introduction into highly mobile and unvaccinated communities caused a massive spread of D4 and B3 strains throughout much of the region. Thus, despite the reduction of endemic MV circulation, importation of MV from other continents caused prolonged circulation and large outbreaks after their introduction into unvaccinated and highly mobile communities.