Detection and genetic analysis of bovine rhinitis B virus in Japan.

Bovine rhinitis B virus (BRBV) (genus Aphthovirus, family Picornaviridae) is a significant etiological agent of the bovine respiratory disease complex. Despite global reports on BRBV, genomic data for Japanese strains are not available. In this study, we aimed to obtain genomic information on BRBV in Japan and analyze its genetic characteristics. In nasal swabs from 66 cattle, BRBV was detected in 6 out of 10 symptomatic and 4 out of 56 asymptomatic cattle. Using metagenomic sequencing and Sanger sequencing, the nearly complete genome sequences of two Japanese BRBV strains, IBA/2211/2 and LAV/238002, from symptomatic and asymptomatic cattle, respectively, were determined. These viruses shared significant genetic similarity with known BRBV strains and exhibited unique mutations and recombination events, indicating dynamic evolution, influenced by regional environmental and biological factors. Notably, the leader gene was only approximately 80% and 90% identical in its nucleotide and amino acid sequence, respectively, to all of the BRBV strains with sequences in the GenBank database, indicating significant genetic divergence in the Japanese BRBV leader gene. These findings provide insights into the genetic makeup of Japanese BRBV strains, enriching our understanding of their genetic diversity and evolutionary mechanisms.

Genomic diversity of group A rotaviruses from wild boars and domestic pigs in Japan: wide prevalence of NSP5 carrying the H2 genotype.

Group A rotavirus (RVA) sequences were detected in 10.8% (23/212) and 20.7% (87/421) of fecal samples collected in 2017-2022 from wild boars and domestic pigs, using next-generation sequencing. Complete genome sequence analysis of one wild boar and 13 domestic pig RVAs revealed that six of them carried the rare H2 NSP5 genotype. Out of the 39 samples for which the NSP5 genotype could be determined, 23 (59.0%) were of genotype H2. H2 porcine RVAs consist exclusively of Japanese porcine RVAs and exhibit sequence diversity in each segment, suggesting that H2 porcine RVAs may have evolved through reassortment within the Japanese pig population.

Pathogenicity of genotype 2.1 classical swine fever virus isolated from Japan in 2019 in pigs.

Classical swine fever (CSF) re-emerged in Japan in 2018 for the first time in 26 years. The disease has been known to be caused by a moderately pathogenic virus, rather than the highly pathogenic virus that had occurred in the past. However, the underlying pathophysiology remains unknown. This study conducted an experimental challenge on specific pathogen-free (SPF) pigs in a naïve state for 2, 4, and 6 weeks and confirmed the disease state during each period by clinical observation, virus detection, and pathological necropsy. We revealed the pathological changes and distribution of pathogens and virus-specific antibodies at each period after virus challenge. These results were comprehensively analyzed and approximately 70% of the pigs recovered, especially at 4- and 6-week post-virus challenge. This study provides useful information for future countermeasures against CSF by clarifying the pathogenicity outcomes in unvaccinated pigs with moderately pathogenic genotype 2.1 virus.

First report of the whole-genome sequence analysis of avian rotavirus A from Japanese chickens.

Rotavirus A infects many mammalian species, including humans and causes diarrhea and gastrointestinal diseases. The virus also infects various bird species, including chickens, although information of avian rotavirus A (ARVA) infection in chicken populations in Japan is scarce. In this study, we report for the first time the whole-genome sequences of ARVA strains from Japanese chicken populations. The virus strains were inoculated to MA104 cells and cultured viruses were used to obtain the sequences with the MiSeq system, and genetic analysis demonstrated the genotype constellation of G19-P[30]-I11-R6-C6-M7-A16-N6-T8-E10-H8 of the Japanese chicken ARVA isolates. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the VP1, VP2, VP3, VP4, VP7, NSP2, and NSP4 coding gene sequences of the Japanese strains were closer to those of Korean than the European ARVA strains, although such relationship was not clear for other genes. The data suggest that the Japanese ARVA strains and the ones in Korea have genetically close relationship, although the origin is not clear at this point. Further information including the whole-genome sequences of the Korean strains and sequences of other Japanese chicken ARVA strains will be necessary for elucidation of their origin.

Non-Glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.5 Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) with a Native-like Conformation Induces a Robust Immune Response with Potent Neutralization in a Mouse Model.

The Omicron BA.5 variant of SARS-CoV-2 is known for its high transmissibility and its capacity to evade immunity provided by vaccine protection against the (original) Wuhan strain. In our prior research, we successfully produced the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in an E. coli expression system. Extensive biophysical characterization indicated that, even without glycosylation, the RBD maintained native-like conformational and biophysical properties. The current study explores the immunogenicity and neutralization capacity of the E. coli-expressed Omicron BA.5 RBD using a mouse model. Administration of three doses of the RBD without any adjuvant elicited high titer antisera of up to 7.3 × 105 and up to 1.6 × 106 after a booster shot. Immunization with RBD notably enhanced the population of CD44+CD62L+ T cells, indicating the generation of T cell memory. The in vitro assays demonstrated the antisera's protective efficacy through significant inhibition of the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and its human receptor, ACE2, and through potent neutralization of a pseudovirus. These findings underscore the potential of our E. coli-expressed RBD as a viable vaccine candidate against the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2.

Diverse Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Microbe-Inducing Male Killing in the Moth Homona magnanima.

Male killing (MK) is a type of reproductive manipulation induced by microbes, where sons of infected mothers are killed during development. MK is a strategy that enhances the fitness of the microbes, and the underlying mechanisms and the process of their evolution have attracted substantial attention. Homona magnanima, a moth, harbors two embryonic MK bacteria, namely, Wolbachia (Alphaproteobacteria) and Spiroplasma (Mollicutes), and a larval MK virus, Osugoroshi virus (OGV; Partitiviridae). However, whether the three distantly related male killers employ similar or different mechanisms to accomplish MK remains unknown. Here, we clarified the differential effects of the three male killers on the sex-determination cascades and development of H. magnanima males. Reverse transcription-PCR demonstrated that Wolbachia and Spiroplasma, but not OGVs, disrupted the sex-determination cascade of males by inducing female-type splice variants of doublesex (dsx), a downstream regulator of the sex-determining gene cascade. We also found that MK microbes altered host transcriptomes in different manners; Wolbachia impaired the host dosage compensation system, whereas Spiroplasma and OGVs did not. Moreover, Wolbachia and Spiroplasma, but not OGVs, triggered abnormal apoptosis in male embryos. These findings suggest that distantly related microbes employ distinct machineries to kill males of the identical host species, which would be the outcome of the convergent evolution. IMPORTANCE Many microbes induce male killing (MK) in various insect species. However, it is not well understood whether microbes adopt similar or different MK mechanisms. This gap in our knowledge is partly because different insect models have been examined for each MK microbe. Here, we compared three taxonomically distinct male killers (i.e., Wolbachia, Spiroplasma, and a partiti-like virus) that infect the same host. We provided evidence that microbes can cause MK through distinct mechanisms that differ in the expression of genes involved in sex determination, dosage compensation, and apoptosis. These results imply independent evolutionary scenarios for the acquisition of their MK ability.

Novel ollusvirus detected in a solitary wild bee species (Osmia taurus) in Japan.

Pathogens of wild bees in Japan remain largely unknown. We examined viruses harbored by solitary wild Osmia bees, including Osmia cornifrons and Osmia taurus. Interestingly, the full-length genome of a novel virus (designated as "Osmia-associated bee chuvirus", OABV) was identified in three Osmia taurus bees collected in Fukushima prefecture. The sequences and genomic features are similar to those of Scaldis River bee virus. Phylogenetic analysis based on RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, glycoprotein, and nucleoprotein sequences showed that OABV formed a subcluster within ollusviruses and was closely related to strains identified in European countries. This study extends our knowledge of wild bee parasites in Japan.

Prevalence and genetic diversity in bovine parechovirus infecting Japanese cattle.

The first bovine parechovirus (Bo_ParV) was reported in 2021, and currently, only two nearly complete genome sequences of Bo_ParV are available. In this study, we detected Bo_ParVs in 10 out of 158 bovine fecal samples tested using real-time RT-PCR, and Bo_ParVs were isolated from three of these samples using MA104 cells. Analysis of the P1 region revealed that Bo_ParVs shared high pairwise amino acid sequence similarity (≥ 95.7% identity), suggesting antigenic similarity among Bo_ParVs, whereas nucleotide sequence identity values (≥ 84.8%) indicated more variability. A recombination breakpoint was identified in the 2B region, which may influence the evolution of this virus.

Natto extract inhibits infection caused by the Aujeszky's disease virus in mice.

Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV), also known as Suid alphaherpesvirus 1, which mainly infects swine, causes life-threatening neurological disorders. This disease is a serious global risk factor for economic losses in the swine industry. The development of new anti-ADV drugs is highly anticipated and required. Natto, a traditional Japanese fermented food made from soybeans, is a well-known health food. In our previous study, we confirmed that natto has the potential to inhibit viral infections by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 through their putative serine protease(s). In this study, we found that an agent(s) in natto functionally impaired ADV infection in cell culture assays. In addition, ADV treated with natto extract lost viral infectivity in the mice. We conducted an HPLC gel-filtration analysis of natto extract and molecular weight markers and confirmed that Fraction No. 10 had ADV-inactivating ability. Furthermore, the antiviral activity of Fraction No. 10 was inhibited by the serine protease inhibitor 4-(2-Aminoethyl) benzene sulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride (AEBSF). These results also suggest that Fraction No. 10, adjacent to the 12.5 kDa peak of the marker in natto extract, may inactivate ADV by proteolysis. Our findings provide new avenues of research for the prevention of Aujeszky's disease.

Antisera Produced Using an E. coli-Expressed SARS-CoV-2 RBD and Complemented with a Minimal Dose of Mammalian-Cell-Expressed S1 Subunit of the Spike Protein Exhibits Improved Neutralization.

E. coli-expressed proteins could provide a rapid, cost-effective, and safe antigen for subunit vaccines, provided we can produce them in a properly folded form inducing neutralizing antibodies. Here, we use an E. coli-expressed SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein as a model to examine whether it yields neutralizing antisera with effects comparable to those generated by the S1 subunit of the spike protein (S1 or S1 subunit, thereafter) expressed in mammalian cells. We immunized 5-week-old Jcl-ICR female mice by injecting RBD (30 µg) and S1 subunit (5 µg) according to four schemes: two injections 8 weeks apart with RBD (RBD/RBD), two injections with S1 (S1/S1), one injection with RBD, and the second one with S1 (RBD/S1), and vice versa (S1/RBD). Ten weeks after the first injection (two weeks after the second injection), all combinations induced a strong immune response with IgG titer > 105 (S1/RBD < S1/S1 < RBD/S1 < RBD/RBD). In addition, the neutralization effect of the antisera ranked as S1/RBD~RBD/S1 (80%) > S1/S1 (56%) > RBD/RBD (42%). These results indicate that two injections with E. coli-expressed RBD, or mammalian-cell-produced spike S1 subunit alone, can provide some protection against SARS-CoV-2, but a mixed injection scheme yields significantly higher protection.

Visualization of clonal expansion after massive depletion of cells carrying the bovine leukemia virus (BLV) integration sites during the course of disease progression in a BLV naturally-infected cow: a case report.

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infects cattle, integrates into host DNA as a provirus, and induces malignant B-cell lymphoma. Previous studies have addressed the impact of proviral integration of BLV on BLV-induced leukemogenesis. However, no studies have monitored sequential changes in integration sites in which naturally infected BLV individuals progress from the premalignant stage to the terminal disease. Here, we collected blood samples from a single, naturally infected Holstein cow at three disease progression stages (Stage I: polyclonal stage, Stage II: polyclonal toward oligoclonal stage, Stage III: oligoclonal stage) and successfully visualized the kinetics of clonal expansion of cells carrying BLV integration sites using our BLV proviral DNA-capture sequencing method. Although 24 integration sites were detected in Stages I and II, 92% of these sites experienced massive depletion in Stage III. Of these sites, 46%, 37%, and 17% were located within introns of Refseq genes, intergenic regions, and repetitive sequences, respectively. At Stage III cattle with lymphoma, only two integration sites were generated de novo in the intergenic region of Chr1, and the intron of the CHEK2 gene on Chr17 was significantly increased. Our results are the first to demonstrate clonal expansion after the massive depletion of cells carrying BLV integration sites in a naturally infected cow.

First isolation and genomic characterization of bovine parechovirus from faecal samples of cattle in Japan.

A novel picornavirus was isolated from the faeces of a diarrhoeic cow using MA-104 cells at the third blind passage. This virus, named Den1/2021/JPN, was completely sequenced using total RNA from the cell culture supernatant by deep sequencing. The genome of Den1/2021/JPN had a standard picornavirus genome organisation with conserved picornaviral motifs. The 5' untranslated region harboured a type-II internal ribosomal entry site. Den1/2021/JPN was most closely related to a bovine parechovirus (Bo_ParV) named cow/2018/4, which has been recently identified in publicly available databases. Phylogenetic analyses and pairwise sequence comparison revealed that Den1/2021/JPN and Bo_ParV cow/2018/4 clustered with parechoviruses and were most closely related to Parechovirus E identified in birds of prey, exhibiting nucleotide sequence similarity of 64.2-64.5 %, 58.6-59.7 % and 66.3-66.4 % in the polyprotein, P1 and 2C+3 CD coding regions, respectively. This study presents the first report on the isolation of Bo_ParV. Den1/2021/JPN and Bo_ParV cow/2018/4, which are candidates for a novel species in the genus Parechovirus.

Genomic diversity and intragenic recombination of species C rotaviruses.

Rotavirus C (RVC) is a major cause of diarrhoea in swine, cattle, and humans worldwide. RVC exhibits sequence diversity in all 11 genes, especially in VP4 and VP7, and all segment-based genotyping has been performed similar to rotavirus A. To date, recombination events have been reported in rotavirus A and B. However, there are no reports describing gene recombination of RVC, except for recombination in NSP3 between RVC and rotavirus H. In this study, nine porcine RVC strains identified in Japanese pigs were completely sequenced and analysed together with RVC sequences from the GenBank database. The analyses showed that sequences of the VP4, VP2, and NSP1 of several porcine RVC strains did not branch with any of those of the RVC strains in the GenBank database, suggesting new genotypes. Several homologous recombination events, between or within genotypes, were identified in the VP4, VP7, VP2, NSP1, and NSP3 genes. Of these, nine, one, and one intergenotypic recombination events in the VP4, VP2, and NSP3 genes, respectively, were supported with sufficient statistical values. Although these findings suggest occurrences of the intragenic recombination events in the RVC genome, potential sequence errors and poor sequence assemblies in the databases should be watched with care. The results in this study present data about the important recombination events of the RVCs, which influence evolution of the virus by aiding them to gain genetic diversity and plasticity, although further sequence data will be necessary to obtain more comprehensive understanding of such mechanisms.

Inhibition of YAP/TAZ-TEAD activity induces cytotrophoblast differentiation into syncytiotrophoblast in human trophoblast.

During placentation, placental cytotrophoblast (CT) cells differentiate into syncytiotrophoblast (ST) cells and extravillous trophoblast (EVT) cells. In the placenta, the expression of various genes is regulated by the Hippo pathway through a transcription complex, Yes-associated protein (YAP)/transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ)-TEA domain transcription factor (TEAD) (YAP/TAZ-TEAD) activity. YAP/TAZ-TEAD activity is controlled by multiple factors and signaling, such as cAMP signaling. cAMP signaling is believed to be involved in the regulation of trophoblast function but is not yet fully understood. Here we showed that YAP/TAZ-TEAD expressions and their activities were altered by cAMP stimulation in BeWo cells, a human choriocarcinoma cell line. The repression of YAP/TAZ-TEAD activity induced the expression of ST-specific genes without cAMP stimulation, and transduction of constitutively active YAP, i.e. YAP-5SA, resulted in the repression of 8Br-cAMP-induced expressions of ST-specific genes in a TEAD-dependent manner. We also investigated the role of YAP/TAZ-TEAD in maintaining CT cells and their differentiation into ST and EVT cells using human trophoblast stem (TS) cells. YAP/TAZ-TEAD activity was involved in maintaining the stemness of TS cells. Induction or repression of YAP/TAZ-TEAD activity resulted in marked changes in the expression of ST-specific genes. Using primary CT cells, which spontaneously differentiate into ST-like cells, the effects of YAP-5SA transduction were investigated, and the expression of ST-specific genes was found to be repressed. These results indicate that the inhibition of YAP/TAZ-TEAD activity, with or without cAMP stimulation, is essential for the differentiation of CT cells into ST cells.

Genetic diversity, reassortment, and recombination of mammalian orthoreoviruses from Japanese porcine fecal samples.

Mammalian orthoreoviruses (MRVs) are non-enveloped double-stranded RNA viruses with a broad host range. MRVs are prevalent worldwide, and in Japan, they have been isolated from various hosts, including humans, dogs, cats, wild boars, and pigs, and they have also been found in sewage. However, Japanese porcine MRVs have not been genetically characterized. While investigating porcine enteric viruses including MRV, five MRVs were isolated from the feces of Japanese pigs using MA104 cell culture. Genetic analysis of the S1 gene revealed that the Japanese porcine MRV isolates could be classified as MRV-2 and MRV-3. Whole genome analysis showed that Japanese porcine MRVs exhibited genetic diversity, although they shared sequence similarity with porcine MRV sequences in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank database. Several potential intragenetic reassortment events were detected among MRV strains from pigs, sewage, and humans in Japan, suggesting zoonotic transmission. Furthermore, homologous recombination events were identified in the M1 and S1 genes of Japanese porcine MRV. These findings imply that different strains of Japanese porcine MRV share a porcine MRV genomic backbone and have evolved through intragenetic reassortment and homologous recombination events.

Guest edited collection serological study of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in japanese cats using protein-A/G-based ELISA.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the epidemic status of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in cats in Japan due to insufficiently reliable seroepidemiological analysis methods that are easy to use in cats. RESULTS: We developed a protein-A/G-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in cats. The assay was standardized using positive rabbit antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. The ELISA results were consistent with those of a conventional anti-feline-immunoglobulin-G (IgG)-based ELISA. To test the protein-A/G-based ELISA, we collected blood samples from 1,969 cats that had been taken to veterinary clinics in Japan from June to July 2020 and determined the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Nine cats were found to have SARS-CoV-2 S1-specific IgG, of which 4 had recombinant receptor-binding domain-specific IgG. Of those 9 samples, one showed neutralizing activity. Based on these findings, we estimated that the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies in cats in Japan was 0.05% (1/1,969 samples). This prevalence was consistent with the prevalence of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in humans in Japan according to research conducted at that time. CONCLUSIONS: Protein-A/G-based ELISA has the potential to be a standardized method for measuring anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in cats. The infection status of SARS-CoV-2 in cats in Japan might be linked to that in humans.

An Escherichia coli Expressed Multi-Disulfide Bonded SARS-CoV-2 RBD Shows Native-like Biophysical Properties and Elicits Neutralizing Antisera in a Mouse Model.

A large-scale Escherichia coli (E. coli) production of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 could yield a versatile and low-cost antigen for a subunit vaccine. Appropriately folded antigens can potentially elicit the production of neutralizing antisera providing immune protection against the virus. However, E. coli expression using a standard protocol produces RBDs with aberrant disulfide bonds among the RBD's eight cysteines resulting in the expression of insoluble and non-native RBDs. Here, we evaluate whether E. coli expressing RBD can be used as an antigen candidate for a subunit vaccine. The expressed RBD exhibited native-like structural and biophysical properties as demonstrated by analytical RP-HPLC, circular dichroism, fluorescence, and light scattering. In addition, our E. coli expressed RBD binds to hACE2, the host cell's receptor, with a binding constant of 7.9 × 10-9 M, as indicated by biolayer interferometry analysis. Our E. coli-produced RBD elicited a high IgG titer in Jcl:ICR mice, and the RBD antisera inhibited viral growth, as demonstrated by a pseudovirus-based neutralization assay. Moreover, the increased antibody level was sustained for over 15 weeks after immunization, and a high percentage of effector and central memory T cells were generated. Overall, these results show that E. coli-expressed RBDs can elicit the production of neutralizing antisera and could potentially serve as an antigen for developing an anti-SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine.

Natto extract, a Japanese fermented soybean food, directly inhibits viral infections including SARS-CoV-2 in vitro.

Natto, a traditional Japanese fermented soybean food, is well known to be nutritious and beneficial for health. In this study, we examined whether natto impairs infection by viruses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as well as bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1). Interestingly, our results show that both SARS-CoV-2 and BHV-1 treated with a natto extract were fully inhibited infection to the cells. We also found that the glycoprotein D of BHV-1 was shown to be degraded by Western blot analysis and that a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) was proteolytically degraded when incubated with the natto extract. In addition, RBD protein carrying a point mutation (UK variant N501Y) was also degraded by the natto extract. When the natto extract was heated at 100 °C for 10 min, the ability of both SARS-CoV-2 and BHV-1 to infect to the cells was restored. Consistent with the results of the heat inactivation, a serine protease inhibitor inhibited anti-BHV-1 activity caused by the natto extract. Thus, our findings provide the first evidence that the natto extract contains a protease(s) that inhibits viral infection through the proteolysis of the viral proteins.

Isolation and characterization of mammalian orthoreovirus type 3 from a fecal sample from a wild boar in Japan.

Mammalian orthoreoviruses (MRVs) have been identified in various mammalian species, including humans, bats, and pigs. However, isolation and complete genome sequences of MRVs from wild boars have not yet been reported. In this study, we isolated, sequenced, and analyzed an MRV from a free-living wild boar in Japan using the porcine-sapelovirus-resistant cell line N1380. Complete and empty virus particles were obtained from the N1380 cell culture supernatants, and complete genome sequences were obtained from complete virus particles. Sequence analysis revealed that the isolated MRV, named TY-14, could be classified as MRV3 and had a close genetic relationship to an MRV2 isolate from a lion in a Japanese zoo (L2, L3, and M3 genes) and a human MRV2 isolate from Japan (S2 gene). Phylogenetic analysis showed that TY-14 clustered only with bat MRVs in the M1 phylogenetic tree but formed a cluster with several animal MRVs in the M2 and S3 phylogenetic trees and branched independently in the L1, S1, and S4 phylogenetic trees, suggesting a genetic relationship to viruses of unknown origin. Recombination events were identified in the M2 gene. These results suggest that TY-14 was generated by reassortment and recombination events involving MRVs circulating in Japan, viruses from bats, and other viruses of unknown origin.

Establishment of Intestinal Organoid from Rousettus leschenaultii and the Susceptibility to Bat-Associated Viruses, SARS-CoV-2 and Pteropine Orthoreovirus.

Various pathogens, such as Ebola virus, Marburg virus, Nipah virus, Hendra virus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and SARS-CoV-2, are threatening human health worldwide. The natural hosts of these pathogens are thought to be bats. The rousette bat, a megabat, is thought to be a natural reservoir of filoviruses, including Ebola and Marburg viruses. Additionally, the rousette bat showed a transient infection in the experimental inoculation of SARS-CoV-2. In the current study, we established and characterized intestinal organoids from Leschenault's rousette, Rousettus leschenaultii. The established organoids successfully recapitulated the characteristics of intestinal epithelial structure and morphology, and the appropriate supplements necessary for long-term stable culture were identified. The organoid showed susceptibility to Pteropine orthoreovirus (PRV) but not to SARS-CoV-2 in experimental inoculation. This is the first report of the establishment of an expandable organoid culture system of the rousette bat intestinal organoid and its sensitivity to bat-associated viruses, PRV and SARS-CoV-2. This organoid is a useful tool for the elucidation of tolerance mechanisms of the emerging rousette bat-associated viruses such as Ebola and Marburg virus.