Incremental cost of implementing residual insecticide treatment with delthametrine on top of intensive routine Aedes aegypti control.

OBJECTIVE: Information on the cost of implementing residual insecticide treatment (RIT) for Aedes control is scarce. We evaluated the incremental cost on top of intensive conventional routine activities of the Aedes control programme (ACP) in the city of Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. METHODS: We conducted the cost analysis study in 2011-2012, from the perspective of the ACP. Data sources were bookkeeping records, activity registers of the Provincial ACP Centre and the accounts of an RIT implementation study in 21 clusters of on average four house blocks comprising 5180 premises. RESULTS: The annual cost of the routine ACP activities was 19.66 US$ per household. RIT applications in rounds at 4-month intervals covering, on average, 97.2% and using 8.5 g of delthametrine annually per household, cost 3.06 US$ per household per year. Delthametrine comprised 66.5% of this cost; the additional cost for deploying RIT comprised 15.6% of the total ACP routine cost and 27% of the cost related to routine adult stage Aedes control. CONCLUSIONS: The incremental cost of implementing RIT is high. It should be weighed against the incremental effect on the burden caused by the array of pathogens transmitted by Aedes. The cost could be reduced if the insecticide became cheaper, by limiting the number of yearly applications or by targeting transmission hot spots.

The additional benefit of residual spraying and insecticide-treated curtains for dengue control over current best practice in Cuba: Evaluation of disease incidence in a cluster randomized trial in a low burden setting with intensive routine control.

BACKGROUND: Aedes control interventions are considered the cornerstone of dengue control programmes, but there is scarce evidence on their effect on disease. We set-up a cluster randomized controlled trial in Santiago de Cuba to evaluate the entomological and epidemiological effectiveness of periodical intra- and peri-domiciliary residual insecticide (deltamethrin) treatment (RIT) and long lasting insecticide treated curtains (ITC). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Sixty three clusters (around 250 households each) were randomly allocated to two intervention (RIT and ITC) and one control arm. Routine Aedes control activities (entomological surveillance, source reduction, selective adulticiding, health education) were applied in the whole study area. The outcome measures were clinical dengue case incidence and immature Aedes infestation. Effectiveness of tools was evaluated using a generalized linear regression model with a negative binomial link function. Despite significant reduction in Aedes indices (Rate Ratio (RR) 0.54 (95%CI 0.32-0.89) in the first month after RIT, the effect faded out over time and dengue incidence was not reduced. Overall, in this setting there was no protective effect of RIT or ITC over routine in the 17months intervention period, with for house index RR of 1.16 (95%CI 0.96-1.40) and 1.25 (95%CI 1.03-1.50) and for dengue incidence RR of 1.43 (95%CI 1.08-1.90) and 0.96 (95%CI 0.72-1.28) respectively. The monthly dengue incidence rate (IR) at cluster level was best explained by epidemic periods (Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) 5.50 (95%CI 4.14-7.31)), the IR in bordering houseblocks (IRR 1.03 (95%CI 1.02-1.04)) and the IR pre-intervention (IRR 1.02 (95%CI 1.00-1.04)). CONCLUSIONS: Adding RIT to an intensive routine Aedes control programme has a transient effect on the already moderate low entomological infestation levels, while ITC did not have any effect. For both interventions, we didn't evidence impact on disease incidence. Further studies are needed to evaluate impact in settings with high Aedes infestation and arbovirus case load.

Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T. Blake (Myrtales: Myrtaceae): Natural alternative for mosquito control.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate an essential oil with larvicide, adulticide and growth inhibitory activity against Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes, of medical importance. METHODS: Standardized methodology by WHO was used to determine the levels of susceptibility of mosquito larvae exposed to the essential oil. To evaluate the adulticide activity with the essential oil at different doses, bottles were impregnated according to the methodology CDC. To determine the development inhibitory activity of Melaleuca quinquenervia (M. quinquenervia) oil in three mosquito species, third instar larvae were exposed to the LC50 and LC90 dose (calculated for each population) of M. quinquenervia oil in glass containers with a capacity of 500 mL. After 24 h exposure, the dead larvae were discarded. The mortality of larvae and pupae were recorded on a daily basis. RESULTS: The calculated LC50 indicates an order of effectiveness of preferential oil for Culex quinquefasciatus (LC50 = 0.0021%), Aedes aegypti (LC50 = 0.0047%) and Aedes albopictus (LC50 = 0.0049%). CONCLUSIONS: The adulticide activity was achieved with impregnated bottles at 40 and 50 mg/mL with the three mosquitoes species. In larvae, a growth inhibition was detected when exposed to sublethal doses. The results indicate that M. quinquenervia is a plant with promising environmentally sustainable source for vector control.

No effect of insecticide treated curtain deployment on aedes infestation in a cluster randomized trial in a setting of low dengue transmission in Guantanamo, Cuba.

OBJECTIVE & METHODOLOGY: The current study evaluated the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of Insecticide Treated Curtain (ITC) deployment for reducing dengue vector infestation levels in the Cuban context with intensive routine control activities. A cluster randomized controlled trial took place in Guantanamo city, east Cuba. Twelve neighborhoods (about 500 households each) were selected among the ones with the highest Aedes infestation levels in the previous two years, and were randomly allocated to the intervention and control arms. Long lasting ITC (PermaNet) were distributed in the intervention clusters in March 2009. Routine control activities were continued in the whole study area. In both study arms, we monitored monthly pre- and post-intervention House Index (HI, number of houses with at least 1 container with Aedes immature stages/100 houses inspected), during 12 and 18 months respectively. We evaluated the effect of ITC deployment on HI by fitting a generalized linear regression model with a negative binomial link function to these data. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: At distribution, the ITC coverage (% of households using ≥1 ITC) reached 98.4%, with a median of 3 ITC distributed/household. After 18 months, the coverage remained 97.4%. The local Aedes species was susceptible to deltamethrin (mosquito mortality rate of 99.7%) and the residual deltamethrin activity in the ITC was within acceptable levels (mosquito mortality rate of 73.1%) after one year of curtain use. Over the 18 month observation period after ITC distribution, the adjusted HI rate ratio, intervention versus control clusters, was 1.15 (95% CI 0.57 to 2.34). The annualized cost per household of ITC implementation was 3.8 USD, against 16.8 USD for all routine ACP activities. CONCLUSION: Deployment of ITC in a setting with already intensive routine Aedes control actions does not lead to reductions in Aedes infestation levels.

[Segregation of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) niche under laboratory conditions]. / Segregación de nicho de Aedes aegypti y Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) en condiciones de laboratorio.

INTRODUCTION: Aedes and Culex are two mosquito genuses of epidemiological importance, being Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus the predominant ones in urban areas. It is common to find both of them associated in the same breeding sites where they share a lot of things despite the literature. OBJECTIVE: To determine if there is inter-specific competence between these two species when they co-exist in a single reservoir under lab conditions. METHODS: First staging larvae, which had been kept in the insect storage deposit of the Vector Control Department, were used. The three bioassays used 2 000 mL, 1 000 mL and 500 mL of dechlorinated water. The larvae were daily fed on with 0.7 g of fish flour; temperature was 26 degrees C +/- 2 degrees C. RESULTS: The larval cycle for Aedes aegypti was 6 days in crossbreds and in controls whereas it was 8 days for Culex quinquefasciatus, regardless of variation in the number of individuals of each species and in each bioassay. The larvae of each species completely developed since food was always provided and the living space remained the same. It should be noticed that the water was not totally translucent but no pollution indicators were observed. The sexual index for each species was determined after adult vectors emerged, with 1:1 ratio for both sexes approximately. CONCLUSIONS: Under lab conditions, these species did not compete one against the other for either food or living space and there was segregation of niche that favored their co-existence.

Plantas con actividad insecticida: una alternativa natural contra mosquitos / Insecticidal activity plants: A natural alternative against mosquitoes. Current status of the topic in the America´s region

Resumen El siguiente trabajo pretende reunir la información existente con respecto la evaluación de la actividad insecticida de plantas contra mosquitos realizados en la región de las Américas en los últimos veinte años. Se utilizó Pubmed Central, SCielo regional y BioOne y se acudió a buscadores como Google y Bing. Como criterio de inclusión se introdujeron las categorías: actividad larvicida, adulticida-repelente, ovicida e inhibidora del desarrollo de aceites esenciales y extractos de plantas en condiciones de laboratorio contra mosquitos en el área de las Américas en un período desde 1995-2015. La especie de mosquito más estudiada ha sido Ae aegypti seguido de Cx. quinquefascitus, Ae. albopictus, Cx. tarsalis, Cx. pipiens, An. albimanus. El país a la vanguardia en estudios sobre esta temática es Brasil seguido de Cuba México, Estados Unidos. Estados Unidos se destaca por la evaluación de productos comerciales registrados a base de plantas con actividad repelente. En 239 plantas se evaluó la actividad larvicida. El 64 % de los artículos revisados estudia este tipo de actividad con aceites esenciales. La repelencia es el acápite más estudiado después de la actividad larvicida, dentro de los que se destacan la evaluación de formulaciones comerciales con principios activos naturales. Con escasa representación, se encuentran los estudios sobre la actividad ovicida e inhibidora del desarrollo. Más de 85 plantas se evaluaron en forma de extractos y el extracto mas evaluado fue el etanólico seguido del metanólico y el acuoso.

Abstract The following paper aims to gather the existing information regarding the evaluation of the insecticidal activity of plants against mosquitoes made in the region of the Americas in the last twenty years. Pubmed Central, SCielo regional and BioOne were used and search engines such as Google and Bing were used. As an inclusion criterion, the categories were introduced: larvicidal, adulticidal-repellent, ovicidal activity and inhibitor of the development of essential oils and extracts of plants under conditions of Laboratory in the area of the Americas in a period from 1995-2015. The most studied mosquito species was Ae aegypti followed by Cx. quinquefascitus, Ae. albopictus and Cx tarsalis, Cx. pipiens, An. albimanus. The country at the forefront in studies on this subject is Brazil followed by Cuba Mexico, United States. The United States stands out by evaluating commercially registered herbal products with repellent activity. The larvicidal activity was evaluated in 239 plants. 64% of the reviewed articles study this type of activity with essential oils. The repellency is the most studied section after the larvicidal activity, among which the evaluation of commercial formulations with natural active principles. With little representation, there are studies on ovicidal and developmental inhibitory activity. More than 85 plants have been evaluated in the form of extracts and the most evaluated extract has been ethanolic followed by methanolic and aqueous.

Estado de la resistencia a insecticidas en Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) del municipio Pinar del Río / Situation of resistance to insecticides in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) from Pinar del Rio municipality

Introducción: el programa de control de Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Culicidae) en Cuba utiliza temefos como larvicida y piretroides como adulticidas, aunque el organofosforado clorpirifos ha sido utilizado esporádicamente. Conocer el nivel de resistencia a estos insecticidas es esencial para lograr un control efectivo de esta especie. Objetivo: determinar el nivel de resistencia a insecticidas en su grado técnico y en sus formulaciones comerciales en Ae. aegypti de Pinar del Río. Métodos: una cepa de Ae. aegypti del Área de Salud Raúl Sánchez, Pinar del Río, fue evaluada a través de los bioensayos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para determinar la susceptibilidad en larvas al organofosforado temefos en su formulación técnica. Se evaluaron además tres formulaciones granuladas de temefos (Abatex-G1, Biolarv G-1 y Temefar G-1). En el estado adulto se determinó el nivel de susceptibilidad a los insecticidas piretroides: cipermetrina, deltametrina, lambdacialotrina y al organofosforado clorpirifos, en su formulación técnica. Además se evaluaron algunos en su formulación comercial: Galgotrin 25 EC (cipermetrina), Aqua K-Otrina 2 EW (deltametrina) y Clorcide 44 EC (clorpirifos). Resultados: en larvas, se encontró alta resistencia a temefos, en su formulación técnica, y con los productos en su formulación comercial, se observó una efectividad del 100 por ciento, con recambio diario de agua, de hasta 20 días para Temefar G1, 18 días para Biolarv G1 y 12 días para Abatex G1. En los ensayos de adultos, la cepa resultó susceptible a cipermetrina, deltametrina y clorpirifos, y resistente a lambdacialotrina. Con respecto a las tres formulaciones comerciales evaluadas, solo se observó resistencia a Aqua K-Otrina 2 EW. Conclusiones: el uso de estrategias de control integrado de Ae. aegypti se hace necesario para disminuir la frecuencia de uso de temefos, y así recuperar la efectividad de este insecticida. Además, se evitaría la aparición de resistencia a productos adulticidas que aun mantienen su efectividad para el control efectivo de esta especie en la zona de estudio(AU)

Introduction: the control program of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Culicidae) in Cuba uses temephos as larvicide and pyrethroids as adulticide although the organophosphorate chlorpyrifos has been barely used. The level of knowledge about resistance to insecticides is essential to effectively control this species. Objective: to determine the level of resistance to insecticides of Ae. aegypti from Pinar del Rio in its technical aspect and in commercial formulations. Methods: one Ae. aegypti strain from the health area Raul Sánchez in Pinar del Rio province was evaluated through the World Health Organization bioassays to determine susceptibility of larvae to temephos in its technical formulation. Additionally, three granulated formulations of temephos were evaluated (Abatex-G1, Biolarv G-1 and Temefar G-1). In the adult state, the level of susceptibility to pyrethroids called cypermethrin, deltamethrin, lambda cyhalothrine and to organophosphate chlorpyrifos in its technical formulation. Some of them were evaluated in its commercial formulation (Galgotrin 25 EC (cypermethrin), Aqua K-Otrina 2 EW (deltamethrin) and Clorcide 44 EC (chlorpyrifos). Results: it was found in larvae that the resistance to temephos was high in the technical formulation, but the commercial formulation showed an effectiveness rate of 100 percent., with daily change of water, up to 20 days for Temefar G1, 18 days for Biolarv G1 and 12 for Abatex G1. In the assays with adult vectors, the strain turned to be susceptible to cypermethrin, deltamethrin and chlorpyrifos and resistant to lambda cyhalothrin. Regarding the three evaluated commercial formulations, resistance to Aqua K-Otrina 2 EW was proved. Conclusions: the use of integrated control strategies for Ae. aegypti makes it necessary to reduce the frequency of use of temephos and to recover the effectiveness of this insecticide. Moreover, it will avoid the occurrence of resistance to adulticide products that are still effective for the control of this species in the study area(AU)

[Resistance to organophosphorus insecticides found in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) from Santiago de Cuba, 1997-2009]. / Resistencia a insecticidas organofosforados en Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) de Santiago de Cuba, 1997-2009.

INTRODUCTION: resistance to organophosphorus insecticides was diagnosed in Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) from Santiago de Cuba in 1997 and some of them are still used up to date; hence the need of ascertaining how the insecticidal resistance has changed in recent times, particularly in 2009. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the resistance to organophosporus insecticides in larvae from Santiago de Cuba collected in 2009, and its variation in comparison with that observed in 1997; and to determine the frequency of occurrence of resistance mechanisms on the basis of high esterase activity and its classification. METHODS: resistance to organophosphorus insecticides such as malathion, pirimiphos, methyl, phenitrotion, phention, temephos and clorpiriphos in larvae by using the WHO recommended methodology. The esterase mechanism was identified through biochemical assays and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. RESULTS: larvae from the Santiago de Cuba strain were susceptible to malathion, pirimiphos, methyl and phenitrothion; there was no variation with the results achieved in a Santiago de Cuba strain in 1997, moderate resistance to phenthion and high resistance to temephos and chlorpiriphos were observed. When comparing these results with those of 1997, it was noted that resistance to the three insecticides increased in the 1997-2009 period. In the Santiago de Cuba strain 2009, it was shown that esterase activity was very high at a rate of 0.7. The presence of an amplified type B esterase with relative mobility of 0.95 cm was detected, which did not exist in the reference strain. CONCLUSIONS: resistance to insecticides and its mechanisms are highly variable, even in the same species subjected to various intensities in the insecticidal use, therefore, it is necessary to constantly monitor both aspects at local level in the course of time, with a view to an effective vector control program.

Resistencia a insecticidas organofosforados en Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) de Santiago de Cuba, 1997-2009 / Resistance to organophosphorus insecticides found in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) from Santiago de Cuba, 1997-2009

INTRODUCCIÓN: la resistencia a insecticidas organofosforados en Santiago de Cuba fue diagnosticada en Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) en 1997, y alguno de ellos se han continuado utilizando hasta la fecha, de ahí la necesidad de conocer cómo ha variado la resistencia desde entonces, hasta fechas más recientes, año 2009. OBJETIVO: evaluar la resistencia a insecticidas organofosforados en larvas de Santiago de Cuba, colectadas en 2009 y su variación con respecto a 1997. Determinar la frecuencia en que aparece el mecanismo de resistencia, basado en la alta actividad de esterasas y su clasificación. MÉTODOS: se evaluó la resistencia a los insecticidas organofosforados, malation, pirimifos metil, fenitrotion, fention, temefos y clorpirifos en larvas mediante la metodología recomendada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. El mecanismo de esterasas se determinó a través de ensayos bioquímicos y electroforesis en gel de poliacrilamida. RESULTADOS: las larvas de la cepa de Santiago de Cuba resultaron susceptibles a malation, pirimifos metil y fenitrotion y no hubo variación con los resultados obtenidos en una cepa de Santiago de Cuba de 1997, se observó moderada resistencia a fention y alta a temefos y clorpirifos. Al comparar estos resultados con los obtenidos en 1997, se observó un incremento de la resistencia a los tres insecticidas en el período 1997-2009. En la cepa de Santiago de Cuba de 2009 se demostró que las esterasas se encontraron con una alta actividad a una frecuencia de 0,7. Se observó la presencia de una esterasa tipo B amplificada, con un valor de movilidad relativa de 0,95 cm, la cual no se encontró en la cepa susceptible de referencia. CONCLUSIONES: la resistencia a insecticidas y sus mecanismos es un fenómeno sumamente variable, aun en la misma especie sometida a distintas intensidades de aplicación de insecticidas, de ahí que su monitoreo constante de forma local y en el tiempo sea una necesidad para un programa de control de vectores.

INTRODUCTION: resistance to organophosphorus insecticides was diagnosed in Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) from Santiago de Cuba in 1997 and some of them are still used up to date; hence the need of ascertaining how the insecticidal resistance has changed in recent times, particularly in 2009. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the resistance to organophosporus insecticides in larvae from Santiago de Cuba collected in 2009, and its variation in comparison with that observed in 1997; and to determine the frequency of occurrence of resistance mechanisms on the basis of high esterase activity and its classification. METHODS: resistance to organophosphorus insecticides such as malathion, pirimiphos, methyl, phenitrotion, phention, temephos and clorpiriphos in larvae by using the WHO recommended methodology. The esterase mechanism was identified through biochemical assays and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. RESULTS: larvae from the Santiago de Cuba strain were susceptible to malathion, pirimiphos, methyl and phenitrothion; there was no variation with the results achieved in a Santiago de Cuba strain in 1997, moderate resistance to phenthion and high resistance to temephos and chlorpiriphos were observed. When comparing these results with those of 1997, it was noted that resistance to the three insecticides increased in the 1997-2009 period. In the Santiago de Cuba strain 2009, it was shown that esterase activity was very high at a rate of 0,7. The presence of an amplified type B esterase with relative mobility of 0.95 cm was detected, which did not exist in the reference strain. CONCLUSIONS: resistance to insecticides and its mechanisms are highly variable, even in the same species subjected to various intensities in the insecticidal use, therefore, it is necessary to constantly monitor both aspects at local level in the course of time, with a view to an effective vector control program.

Estado de la resistencia a insecticidas y sus mecanismos en Aedes aegypti en el municipio Boyeros / Situation of the insecticidal resistance and its mechanisms in Aedes aegypti in Boyeros municipality

INTRODUCCIÓN: el control de Aedes aegypti continúa siendo la única medida disponible para poder disminuir la transmisión de dengue. Desafortunadamente Ae. aegypti ha demostrado la habilidad de desarrollar resistencia a una gran variedad de tóxicos. OBJETIVO: evaluar la resistencia a insecticidas químicos en larvas y adultos del municipio Boyeros, Ciudad de La Habana, así como los mecanismos que contribuyeron a esta. MÉTODOS: se evaluó la resistencia a insecticidas químicos en larvas y adultos a través de metodologías de la OMS. Los mecanismos de resistencia se determinaron a través de sinergistas y pruebas bioquímicas. Se realizó electroforesis en gel de poliacrilamida para la visualización de enzimas esterasas. RESULTADOS: en larvas se observó susceptibilidad a los insecticidas organofosforados evaluados. Resistencia se observó a los piretroides cipermetrina y deltametrina. Los bioensayos en larvas con el producto comercial de temefos mostraron 100 por ciento de mortalidad con recambio diario de agua hasta 10 d. Se demostró que ni las esterasas, ni la enzima glutatión transferasa, desempeñaron un papel importante en la resistencia a insecticidas en larvas. Se observó la presencia de la esterasa A4 amplificada a baja frecuencia en las muestras estudiadas. En el estado adulto, la cepa Boyeros resultó resistente a los piretroides ciflutrina y lambdacialotrina, en verificación a deltametrina, y resultó susceptible a cipermetrina; también resultó ser resistente al organofosforado clorpirifos y al organoclorado DDT. CONCLUSIONES: estos resultados corroboran que aun el piretroide cipermetrina, a pesar de su uso en el municipio Boyeros, continúa siendo efectivo para el control de Ae. aegypti.

INTRODUCTION: the control of Aedes aegypti remains the only available measure to reduce dengue transmission. Unfortunately, this vector has proved that it is capable of developing resistance to a great variety of toxic substances. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the resistance to chemical insecticides in larvae and adult vectors in Boyeros municipality, City of Havana as well as those mechanisms supporting it. METHODS: insecticide resistance of mosquito larvae and adults was evaluated with the WHO methodologies. The resistance mechanisms were determined through synergy and biochemical tests. Polyacrylamid gel electropheresis was applied to visualize esterases. RESULTS: larvae were susceptible to the evaluated organophosphate insecticides whereas resistance to pyrethroids, cypermethrin and deltamethrin was observed. Bioassays performed in larvae with temephos-made commercial product showed 100 percent mortality up to 10 days, with daily change of water. It was proved that neither esterases nor glutathione transferase played an important role in larval insecticide resistance. Low frequency amplified esterase A4 was present in the studied samples. In adult stage, Boyeros strain was resistant to pyrethroids ciflutrhine and Lambdacyalothrine, in verification to deltamethrine and susceptible to cypermethrine; it was also resistant to organophosphate chlorpiriphos and organochlorate DDT. CONCLUSIONS: these results confirm that although the pyrethroid cipermethrine has been widely used in Boyeros municipality, it continues being effective for Ae. aegypti control.

Utilización de aceites esenciales de pinaceas endémicas como una alternativa en el control del Aedes aegypti / Use of essential oils from endemic pinaceae as an alternative for Aedes aegypti control

INTRODUCCIÓN: Pinus caribaea y Pinus tropicalis son especies de plantas endémicas de Cuba y en su composición química presentan estructuras que se reportan en otras especies de plantas con fuerte actividad insecticida. OBJETIVO: evaluar el efecto larvicida de dos Pinaceas y sus derivados (aceites de trementina) en, Aedes aegypti, además de determinar el efecto ovicida de estos últimos en huevos de esta especie. MÉTODOS: se utilizó una cepa susceptible de referencia Rockefeller, suministrada por el Centro de Control de Enfermedades de San Juan de Puerto Rico y los bioensayos se realizaron según metodología de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para determinar resistencia y(o) susceptibilidad a insecticidas en mosquitos. El aceite de Pinus tropicalis fue obtenido por hidrodestilación y el aceite de Pinus caribaea se obtuvo por arrastre al vapor. El aceite de trementina (AT01) fue obtenido destilando la resina de pinos y una parte de este fue sometido a un tratamiento fotoquímico (AT02) de izomerización del a-pineno y b-pineno como componentes mayoritarios. RESULTADOS: el aceite de P. tropicalis mostró una concentración letal CL50= 42 mg/L y una CL95= 57 mg/L, y para P. caribaea la CL50= 51 mg/L y CL95= 181 mg/L. Los 2 aceites de trementina utilizados AT01 y AT02 mostraron alta acción larvicida al obtenerse las CL50 más bajas de este estudio (21,4 mg/L y 23,9 mg/L). El mayor efecto ovicida se mostró con la dosis diagnóstico del aceite de trementina AT02, con 94 % de no eclosión. CONCLUSIONES: los aceites foliales y sus derivados son candidatos para el control de esta especie de insecto, tanto por actividad insecticida como por su factibilidad, extracción y escalado.

INTRODUCTION: Pinus caribaea and Pinus tropicalis are endemic plants of Cuba and their chemical composition exhibits structures similar to those reported in other plant species with strong insecticidal action. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the larvicidal effect of two pinaceae and their derivatives (turpentine oils) on Aedes aegypti in addition to determine the ovicidal effect of the latter on this species' eggs. METHODS: a reference susceptible strain called Rockefeller supplied by the Center of Disease Control in San Juan, Porto Rico was the choice whereas bioassays were conducted according to the World Health Organization methodology to ascertain resistance and (or) susceptibility of mosquitoes to insecticides. Water distillation allowed obtaining Pinus tropicalis oil and vapour dragging. Turpentine oil (AT01) was obtained by distilling pine resin and one part of it (AT02) underwent photochemical treatment of izomerization of a-pinen y b-pinen as main components. RESULTS: P. tropicalis showed lethal concentration LC50= 42 mg/L and LC95= 57 mg/L, and for P. caribaea, LC50= 51 mg/L and LC95= 181 mg/L. The two turpentine oils AT01 and AT02 exhibited high larvicidal action since they recorded the lowest LC50 of this study (21,4 mg/L and 23,9 mg/L). The greatest ovicidal effect went to diagnostic dose of AT02 turpentine oil, with 94% of hatching-deterrent action. CONCLUSIONS: leaf oils and their derivatives are candidates for the control of this species, because of their insecticidal action and also their feasibility, extraction and scaling.

Actividad insecticida de 3 aceites esenciales de plantas en Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) / Insecticidal activity of 3 essential oils from plants on Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae)

Introducción: Musca domestica se transforma en vectores mecánicos de diversas enfermedades, transportando diferentes microorganismos patógenos en su morfología externa y en su tracto digestivo. Son numerosos los métodos utilizados para el control de esta especie con insecticidas químicos, tanto adulticidas como larvicidas, a los cuales se ha reportado resistencia. Objetivo: evaluar la acción insecticida de 3 extractos de aceites esenciales aislados de plantas sobre Musca domestica y obtener las dosis diagnóstico respectivas. Métodos: se utilizaron aceites esenciales de las especies botánicas Eugenia melanadenia (Myrtales: Myrtacea); Psidium rotundatum Griseg (Myrtales: Myrtacea) y Piper aduncum (Piperales: Piperacea) en la determinación de actividad insecticida potencial. Los bioensayos de laboratorio se desarrollaron utilizando una cepa procedente de una localidad rural nombrada Bentre. Se prepararon varias concentraciones de cada aceite para evaluar la mortalidades entre 10 y 100 por ciento, aplicando 1 µL en el tórax, según metodología de la OMS para pruebas de susceptibilidad a insecticidas. Resultados: para Eugenia melanadenia se obtuvieron valores de LD50= 0,21 por ciento y LD95= 1,33 por ciento, y una línea de regresión y= 4,82 + 2,05x. Los valores de las dosis letales (LD50 y LD95) para el aceite de Psidium rotundatum correspondieron a 0,18 y 2,4 por ciento, respectivamente, la ecuación de la recta resultó y= 4,92 + 1,49x. El aceite de Piper aduncum mostró LD50= 0, 04 por ciento y LD95= 0,33 por ciento y su ecuación y= 5,19 + 2,10x. Conclusiones: se comprobó la acción insecticida de estos aceites sobre hembras adultas de M. domestica. Se estimaron las dosis diagnóstico para Eugenia melanadenia (2 µg/insecto a 2,88 por ciento); Psidium rotundatum (2 µg/insecto a 7 por ciento) y Piper aduncum (2 µg/insecto a 0,6 por ciento) para su utilización, como método alternativo de control, en la vigilancia de poblaciones adultas de Musca domestica.

Background: musca domestica turns into vectors of several diseases by transporting different pathogenic microorganisms in its external morphology and digestive tract. A number of methods has been used to control this species by means of chemical insecticides both adulticides and larvicides, to which resistance has been reported. Objectives: to evaluate the insecticidal action of 3 essential oil extracts from plants on Musca domestica and to obtain the respective diagnostic doses. Methods: essential oils from Eugenia melanadenia (Myrtales: Myrtacea); Psidium rotundatum Griseg (Myrtales: Myrtacea) y Piper aduncum (Piperales: Piperacea) were used to determine the potential insecticidal action. The lab bioassays used a strain from a rural area named Bentre. Several concentrations of each of these oils were prepared to evaluate mortality from 10 to 100 percent, by applying 1 µL on Musca domestica thorax according to WHO methodology for insecticide susceptibility tests. Results: Lethal dose values for Eugenia melanadenia were LD50= 0.21 percent and LD95= 1.33 percent, being the regression line y= 4.82 + 2.05x. Psidium rotundatum oil had LD50= 0.18 and LD95= 2.4 percent and its line equation y was 4.92 + 1.49x. Piper aduncum oil showed LD50= 0.04 percent and LD95= 0.33 percent and its line equation y= 5.19 + 2.10x. Conclusions: the insecticidal action of these essential oils on M. domestica adult females was confirmed. Diagnostic doses for Eugenia melanadenia (2 µg/insect at 2.88 percent); Psidium rotundatum (2 µg/insect at 7 percent) and Piper aduncum (2 µg / insect at 0.6 percent) were estimated to be used as alternative controlling method in the surveillance of adult Musca domestica populations.

Efectividad del tratamiento perifocal con Ficam (Bendiocarb) 80 WP en el control de Aedes aegypti en Santa Clara. Cuba / Effectiveness of perifocal application of Ficam (Bendiocarb) 80 WP in Aedes aegypti control in Santa Clara, Cuba

Objetivo: evaluar el efecto residual del insecticida Ficam (bendiocarb) 80 WP para el control de Aedes aegypti en el tratamiento perifocal. Métodos: se aplicó a 95 manzanas del área de salud XX Aniversario A, en Santa Clara. Villa Clara. De un total de 5 188 viviendas, 5 070 fueron tratadas con el insecticida a la dosis de 3 g/L de agua. En esta intervención que se efectuó de enero a julio de 2007, se rociaron 7 125 tanques bajos, 1 722 tanques elevados y 9 802 depósitos de otros tipos como tragantes, desagües, cisternas, vertederos, etc.; de igual manera se aplicó el tratamiento al lugar donde se encontraban colocados los tanques (trampa) y áreas periféricas. Resultados: en los 2 meses posteriores al tratamiento, no se encontraron depósitos tratados positivos a larvas de Aedes aegypti y solo 2 en el tercer mes, en el cuarto mes (julio) se observó un aumento de la positividad en los depósitos tratados. Conclusiones: de acuerdo con los resultados el Ficam 80 WP es efectivo en el control del mosquito Aedes aegypti, hasta 3 meses después de su aplicación, porque a partir del cuarto mes comienza a incrementarse la positividad en los depósitos tratados.

Objective: To evaluate the residual effect of insecticide Ficam (bendiocarb) 80 WP for the control of Aedes aegypti in the perifocal application. Methods: this product was applied in 95 blocks located in a health area located in Santa Clara, Villa Clara province. Of a total number of 5 188 dwellings, the insecticide was used in 5 070 of them at a dose of 3 g per litre. During this intervention that was carried out from January to July, 2007, 7 125 water tanks on the floor, 1 722 water tanks placed on the roofs and 9 802 other sites such as drainages, cisterns, outlets, etc were sprayed. Also the product was used where the tanks were placed and in surrounding areas. Results: Two months after the intervention, no treated water tanks were found to be positive to Aedes aegypti larvae; just 2 were positive on the third month and on the fourth month (July), more positive signs of Aedes aegypti presence were detected in treated tanks. Conclusions: According to the results achieved with Ficam 80 WP, it proved to be effective for the control of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes up to three months after its application, but on the fourth month, greater positivity to Aedes aegypti larvae began to be detected in treated tanks and water containers.

Actividad insecticida de aceites esenciales de plantas en larvas de Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) / Insecticidal effect of essential oils from plants in Aedes aegypti larvae (Diptera: Culicidae)

Introducción: la búsqueda de nuevas alternativas y compuestos ambientalmente inocuos y que generen mínima resistencia, como los productos naturales y metabolitos de origen vegetal, constituye una importante línea de investigación en el control integrado de plagas y vectores. Objetivos: evaluar la acción insecticida de aceites esenciales de las plantas Curcuma longa, Melaleuca leucadendron, Artemisia abrotanum en Aedes aegypti. Métodos: para los bioensayos se utilizó una cepa de Aedes aegypti de referencia susceptible a insecticidas y estabilizada en el laboratorio nombrada Rockfeller. Los bioensayos se realizaron según la metodología de la OMS. Resultados: se obtuvieron las dosificaciones y mortalidades obtenidas para el aceite de Curcuma longa. Resultaron la CL50= 0,0025 por ciento(concentración letal que provoca 50 por ciento de mortalidad) y la CL95= 0,0044 por ciento (concentración letal que provoca 95 por ciento de mortalidad) y su línea de regresión Y= 5,56 + 6,60X. Para Melaleuca leucadendron resultó ser CL50= 0,0041 por ciento y la CL95= 0,0051 por ciento y la ecuación de su recta fue Y= 5,20 + 13,90X. El aceite de Artemisia abrotamum mostró una CL50= 0,0193 por ciento y la CL95= 0,0272 por ciento y su línea de regresión fue Y= 5,22 + 11,19X. Conclusiones: con este estudio se comprobó la acción insecticida de estos aceites en larvas de Ae. aegypti, por lo que se recomienda una dosis diagnóstico para Curcuma longa de 113 mg/L= 0,0113 por ciento, para Melaleuca leucadendron una dosis diagnóstico de 120 mg/L= 0,0120 por ciento y para Artemisia abrotamum 620 mg/L= 0,062 por ciento.

Introduction: The search for new alternatives and environmentally-friendly compounds that generate minimal resistance such as natural products and metabolites of vegetal origin constitutes an important research line included in the comprehensive management of plagues and vectors. Objective: To evaluate the insecticidal activity of essential oils from Curcuma longa, Melaleuca leucadendron, Artemisia abrotanum against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Methods: An Aedes aegypti reference strain, susceptible to insecticides and stabilized at the laboratory, was used for the bioassays. It was known as Rockefeller. The bioassays were performed following the WHO methodology. Results: Dosing and mortality indexes were obtained for the three essential oils. For Curcuma longa oil, LC50= 0.0025 (lethal concentration that causes 50 percent mortality), LC95= 0.0044 percent (lethal concentration that causes 95 percent mortality) and regression line Y= 5.56 + 6.60X. For Melaleuca leucadendron oil, LC50= 0.0041 percent, LC95= 0.0051 percent and the regression line was Y= 5.20 + 13.90X. Artemisia abrotamun oil showed LC50= 0.0193 percent, LC95m= 0.0272 percent and the regression line was Y= 5.22 + 11.19X. Conclusions: This study verified the insecticidal action of these oils on Aedes aegypti larvae and recommended diagnosis doses of 113 mg/L= 0.0113 percet for Curcuma longa, 120 mg/L= 0.0120 percent for Melaleuca leucadendron, and 620mg/L= 0.062 percent for Artemisia abrotamum.

Efectos de 3 formulaciones de insecticidas en el desprendimiento y eclosion de las ootecas de Blattella germanica (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) / Effects of three insecticide formulations on the removal and hatching of Blattella germanica (Dyctyoptera Blattellidae)

Se estudiaron diferentes formulaciones de insecticidas usadas para el control de la cucaracha alemana, Blattella germanica (L), con el objetivo de conocer sus efectos sobre hembras gravidas de la mencionada especie. Los insecticidas ensayados fueron Baygon 20 por ciento EC, diazinon 60 EC e icon 2,5 por ciento EC. La exposicion a cada uno de los insecticidas mostro un efecto en el desprendimiento de las ootecas (p < 0,001). Las hembras gravidas tratadas con baygon mostraron el mayor tanto por ciento de ootecas desprendidas (71 por ciento) mientras que el diazinon causo el menor porcentaje (33,5 por ciento). Las dosis utilizadas de los insecticidas baygon, diazinon e icon mostraron que de las ootecas desprendidas solo el 19,01; 34,32 y 39,11 por ciento respectivamente, eclosionaron. De las ootecas retenidas por las hembras tratadas, el menor porcentaje de eclosion fue causado por el baygon (13,79) al compararse con los insecticidas diazinon e icon que mostraron los mayores porcentajes de eclosion con el 39,84 y 47,82; respectivamente. Por lo tanto, los efectos de los insecticidas sobre las hembras que trasportan ootecas podrian ser considerados cuando se seleccione un insecticida para el control de la cucaracha alemana

Efecto de la resistencia a los insecticidas sobre algunos parámetros demográficos de 3 cepas de Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera:Culicidae), en condiciones de laboratorio

Se estudiaron las tablas de vida en condiciones de laboratorio de 3 cepas de Culex quinquefasciatus: Slab, susceptible de referencia; Habana Vieja, presionada con cipermetrina hasta su cuarta generación; y Cotorro, procedente del terreno. Se encontró que los diferentes niveles de resistencia a insecticidas organofosforados y piretroides presentes en las cepas Cotorro y Habana Vieja no influyeron en la duración del período de desarrollo de los estadios inmaduros ni en la proporción sexual de los adultos emergidos, y ejercieron un efecto favorable y directamente proporcional sobre la supervivencia y longevidad de los adultos. Sin embargo, influyó de manera negativa e inversamente proporcional sobre la reproducción y el crecimiento poblacional de estas cepas. Se proporcionan datos de utilidad para el uso y manejo de insecticidas dentro de las estrategias de control de Culex quinquefasciatus, importante vector de la filariasis linfática.

The life tables of 3 strains of Culex quinquefasciatus were studied under laboratory conditions: Slab, susceptible to reference; Old Havana, treated with cypermethrin until its fourth generation; and Cotorro, from the field. It was found that the different levels of resistance to organophosphate insecticides and pyrethroids present in the Cotorro and Old Havana strains did not influence either on the duration of the period of development of the inmature stages or in the sexual proportion of the emerged adults, but they had a favorable and directly porportional effect on the survival and longevity of the adults. However, they exerted a negative and inversely proportional influence on the reproduction and population growth of these strains. Useful data for the use and management of insecticides within the strategics of control of Culex quinquefasciatus, an important vector of lymphatic filariasis, are provided.