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BACKGROUND: Providing accessible and high-quality patient-centered healthcare remains a challenge in many countries, despite global efforts to strengthen primary health care (PHC). Research and knowledge management are integral to enhancing PHC, facilitating the implementation of successful strategies, and promoting the use of evidence-based practices. Practice-based research in primary care (PC-PBR) has emerged as a valuable approach, with its external validity to diverse PHC settings, making it an effective means of translating research findings into professional practice. OBJECTIVE: To identify challenges and strategies for conducting practice-based research in primary health care services. METHOD: An integrative literature review was conducted by searching the PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Lilacs databases. The research question, guided by the PICo framework, directed the execution of study selection and data extraction. Data analysis followed the RAdAR method's three phases: pre-analysis, data analysis, and interpretation of results. RESULTS: Out of 440 initially identified articles, 26 met the inclusion criteria. Most studies were conducted in high-income countries, primarily the United States. The challenges and strategies for PC-PBR were categorized into six themes: research planning, infrastructure, engagement of healthcare professionals, knowledge translation, the relationship between universities and health services, and international collaboration. Notable challenges included research planning complexities, lack of infrastructure, difficulties in engaging healthcare professionals, and barriers to knowledge translation. Strategies underscore the importance of adapting research agendas to local contexts, providing research training, fostering stakeholder engagement, and establishing practice-based research networks. CONCLUSION: The challenges encountered in PC-PBR are consistent across various contexts, highlighting the need for systematic, long-term actions involving health managers, decision-makers, academics, diverse healthcare professionals, and patients. This approach is essential to transform primary care, especially in low- and middle-income countries, into an innovative, comprehensive, patient-centered, and accessible healthcare system. By addressing these challenges and implementing the strategies, PC-PBR can play a pivotal role in bridging the gap between research and practice, ultimately improving patient care and population health.
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Atenção à Saúde , Pessoal de Saúde , Humanos , Serviços de Saúde , Prática Clínica Baseada em Evidências , Atenção Primária à SaúdeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization has advocated for the integration of dental care into the primary healthcare (PHC) setting, including oral urgent treatment (OUT). However, the knowledge necessary for OUT implementation in this setting is still limited. Thus, this study aimed to describe the impact of the implementation of oral disease risk assessment tools for oral health management in PHC. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study that included individuals served by a single public PHC unit, with integrated oral healthcare teams, located in the south region of the city of São Paulo, Brazil, between April of 2015 and March of 2017. Data were collected from dental records. Three co-primary endpoints: same day treatment offered, first future appointment scheduled fulfilled, and treatment plan completed were compared before and after the implementation of oral disease risk assessment for OUT. RESULTS: A total of 1214 individuals that sought OUT, 599 before and 615 after the implementation of oral disease risk assessment for OUT were included in the study. All three co-primary endpoints had significant changes after the implementation of oral disease risk assessment for OUT. Individuals were significantly more likely to be offered same day treatment after (39.9%; 95% CI:36.0-43.9%) than before (9.4%; 95% CI: 7.2-12.0%), to fulfill their first future appointment scheduled after (34.9%; 95% CI:31.1-38.8%) than before (20.7%; 95% CI: 17.5-24.2%), and to have their treatment plan completed after (14.3%; 95% CI:11.6-17.4%) than before (10.0%; 95% CI: 7.7-12.7%) the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: This study provided evidence of the positive impact oral disease risk assessment tools could have in the organization of OUT in PHC settings.
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Saúde Bucal , Atenção Primária à Saúde , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , Medição de RiscoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Access to, and use of, dental health services in Brazil have improved since 2003. The increase of private health care plans and the implementation of the "Smiling Brazil" Program, the largest public oral health care program in the world, could have influenced this increase in access. However, we do not yet know if inequalities in the use of dental health services persist after the improvement in access. The aims of this study are to analyze socioeconomic differences for dental health service use between 2003 and 2008 in São Paulo and to examine changes in these associations since the implementation of the Smiling Brazil program in 2003. METHOD: Data was obtained via two household health surveys (ISA-Capital 2003 and ISA-Capital 2008) which investigated living conditions, lifestyle, health status and use of health care services. Logistic regression was used to analyze associations between socioeconomic factors and dental services use. Additionally, trends from 2003 to 2008 regarding socioeconomic characteristics and dental health service use were explored. RESULTS: Overall, dental health service use increased between 2003 and 2008 and was at both time points more common among those who had higher income, better education, better housing conditions, private health care plans and were Caucasian. Inequalities in use of dental health care did not decrease over time. Among the reasons for not seeking dental care, not having teeth and financial difficulty were more common in lower socioeconomic groups, while thinking it was unnecessary was more common in higher socioeconomic groups. CONCLUSIONS: The Brazilian oral health policy is still in a period of expansion and seems to have contributed slightly to increased dental health service use, but has not influenced socioeconomic inequalities in the use of these services. Acquiring deeper knowledge about inequalities in dental health service use will contribute to better understanding of potential barriers to reducing them.
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Serviços de Saúde Bucal/estatística & dados numéricos , Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Brasil , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Atenção à Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Assistência Odontológica/estatística & dados numéricos , Inquéritos de Saúde Bucal , Características da Família , Feminino , Serviços de Saúde , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Nível de Saúde , Humanos , Renda/estatística & dados numéricos , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Saúde Bucal/estatística & dados numéricos , Classe Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The scope of this paper was to estimate the prevalence of multimorbidity in the city of São Paulo and to verify the factors associated with the utilization of the health services. It involved a population based cross-sectional study based on data from the Health Survey in the city of São Paulo, in which descriptive analysis was conducted, and logistic regression models were developed using multimorbidity and sociodemographic independent variables, living conditions and use of health services as the outcome. A total of 3,184 individuals aged 20 years or older participated, with a mean age of 43.8 years. The prevalence of multimorbidity was 50.7% among women, 62.5% among those who reported some health problem and 55.1% among those who had recourse to health services in the last 2 weeks. A higher prevalence was identified among those who used the health service due to a mental health problem (66.1%), and in those who reported higher health expenditures in the preceding month (55.4%). Multimorbidity was more frequently associated with aging, in the population with a higher economic status, with worse self-rated health, who frequented health services for 6 months or less, who reported a health problem, or who had a health plan and opted for polypharmacy.
O objetivo foi estimar a prevalência de multimorbidade no município de São Paulo e verificar os fatores associados à utilização de serviços de saúde. Estudo transversal de base populacional a partir do Inquérito de Saúde do Município de São Paulo (ISA-Capital 2015), em que foi realizada análise descritiva e foram elaborados modelos de regressão logística utilizando como desfecho a multimorbidade e variáveis independentes sociodemográficas, de condições de vida e utilização de serviços de saúde. Participaram 3.184 indivíduos com 20 anos ou mais, idade média de 43,8 anos. A prevalência de multimorbidade foi de 50,7% entre as mulheres, 62,5% entre os que relataram algum problema de saúde e 55,1% entre os que utilizaram serviços de saúde nas duas últimas semanas. Foi identificada maior prevalência nos indivíduos que usaram serviço de saúde por problema de saúde mental (66,1%) e que informaram maiores despesas com saúde no último mês (55,4%). A multimorbidade foi mais frequente com o envelhecimento, na população com nível econômico mais elevado, com pior autoavaliação de saúde, que utilizou serviços de saúde há seis meses ou menos, que relatou problema de saúde, que tinha plano de saúde e fazia uso da polifarmácia.
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Serviços de Saúde , Multimorbidade , Humanos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Feminino , Masculino , Estudos Transversais , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Adulto Jovem , Serviços de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Idoso , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Polimedicação , Modelos Logísticos , Gastos em Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The promotion of physical activity has been recognized as an important component in the management and prevention of multimorbidity, a condition that is increasing prevalent worldwide, including in Brazil. However, there is a scarcity of studies exploring the disparity in physical activity levels between individuals with and without multimorbidity. Therefore, the study aimed to estimate the prevalence of multimorbidity and physical activity among older adults, as well as analyze the relationship of a sufficient level of physical activity and multimorbidity, while considering sociodemographic characteristics of residents in São Paulo, Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from 1.019 participants aged 60 years or older (59.7% female; mean age 69.7±7.7) were collected from the Health Survey (ISA-Capital, 2015) conducted in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. We defined multimorbidity as the presence of two or more chronic conditions, and for physical activity, classified a sufficient level (≥150 min/week). Prevalence Ratios (PR) with 95% Confidence Intervals (95%CI) were estimated using univariate and multivariate Poisson regression to examine the relationship between multimorbidity and sufficient level of physical activity. RESULTS: 67.7% of the participants lived with multimorbidity, while 30.1% had achieved a sufficient level of physical activity. There was a higher prevalence of sufficient level of physical activity among older adults with two (PR = 1.38; 95%CI 1.02-1.88) and four (PR = 1.37; 95%CI 1.00-1.87) chronic conditions. Older adults with multimorbidity who were 70 years or older (PR = 1.77; 95%IC 1.13-2.77), female (PR = 1.65; 95%CI 1.16-2.36), without a partner (PR = 1.43; 95%IC 1.03-1.99), and had a per capita income of 1 to 2.5 (PR = 1.83; 95%IC 1.00-3.33) were more likely to achieve a sufficient level of physical activity compared to their peers without multimorbidity. CONCLUSIONS: The study highlights sociodemographic disparities in the sufficient level of physical activity among multimorbidity, suggesting the importance of considering these factors when planning public policies aimed at promoting physical activity.
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Exercício Físico , Multimorbidade , Humanos , Feminino , Idoso , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Masculino , Brasil/epidemiologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Doença Crônica , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , PrevalênciaRESUMO
Introduction: Considering that noise is present in different work environments, occupational health regulations have been created that advocate for the care of employees' auditory system in these environments. Occupational hearing assessment should be performed by audiologists through audiological examinations, otoscopy, as well as an interview to assess possible risk factors for the development of hearing loss. However, up to the present moment, a standardized set of updated questions for this interview has not been defined. Objectives: To develop a clinical investigation instrument for occupational auditory health that provides support for clinical decision-making and differential diagnosis. Methods: The study was conducted using Design Thinking as a methodological approach in its stages of inspiration (problem identification), ideation (theoretical foundation and protocol design), and prototyping (protocol construction). Experience report: This study was conducted with the objective of providing support for clinical decision-making and differential diagnosis of the auditory aspects of the assisted population. The Protocolo de Investigação Clínica da Saúde Auditiva Ocupacional was developed, consisting of six main sections that address medical history, lifestyle habits, exposure to non-occupational noise, work history, extra-auditory symptoms, and auditory and vestibular signs and symptoms, aimed at investigating workers' auditory health and related aspects. Conclusions: The developed instrument can be used for data collection and assist audiologists in the occupational health teams in diagnosis and decision-making processes.
Introdução: Considerando que o ruído está presente em diferentes ambientes laborais, foram criadas normas regulamentadoras de saúde ocupacional que preconizam o cuidado com o sistema auditivo dos colaboradores destes ambientes. A avaliação auditiva ocupacional deve ser realizada pelo fonoaudiólogo através dos exames de audiometria e meatoscopia, além de uma entrevista para avaliar possíveis fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de perdas auditivas. Entretanto, até o presente momento não foi definido um padrão de perguntas atualizado para esta entrevista. Objetivos: Desenvolver um instrumento de investigação clínica da saúde auditiva ocupacional que ofereça suporte para tomadas de decisões clínicas e diagnóstico diferencial. Métodos: O estudo foi desenvolvido utilizando o design thinking como abordagem metodológica em suas etapas de inspiração (observada a problemática), ideação (fundamentação e delineamento teórico do protocolo) e prototipação (construção do protocolo). Relato da experiência: Este estudo foi realizado objetivando oferecer suporte para tomadas de decisões clínicas e diagnóstico diferencial dos aspectos auditivos da população assistida. Foi desenvolvido o Protocolo de Investigação Clínica da Saúde Auditiva Ocupacional, composto de seis seções principais que abordam o histórico clínico, hábitos de vida, exposição a ruído extraocupacional, histórico laboral, sintomas extra-auditivos e sinais e sintomas auditivos e vestibulares, que visam investigar a saúde auditiva do trabalhador e aspectos relacionados a ela. Conclusões: O instrumento desenvolvido poderá servir para a coleta de dados e auxílio para diagnóstico e tomada de decisões dos fonoaudiólogos das equipes de saúde ocupacional.
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OBJECTIVE: This study monitors trends in access to cancer screening, focusing on mammography, Papanicolaou (Pap smear), and Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA), assessing the magnitude of inequality in the city of São Paulo from 2003 to 2015 according to education level. METHOD: This is a cross-sectional population-based study conducted with data from the 2003, 2008, and 2015 editions of the Health Survey of the City of São Paulo (ISA-Capital). Outcome variables were the proportion of mammography, Papanicolaou (Pap smear), and Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) tests according to the protocols. Inequality was measured by education level according to years of study. For static analysis, Poisson regression was used to estimate proportion ratios. RESULTS: The proportion of Pap smears remained stationary at a high level (>89%) throughout the study period, while access to mammography and PSA tests significantly increased in the 2003â2015 period. The present results indicate inequalities in access to cancer screening due to education, and being more expressive for mammography and PSA tests. However, this inequality significantly decreased over the period analyzed comparing the most educated individuals with those with the lowest educational level. In addition, an increase in the proportion of tests performed in the Brazilian Unified Health System was identified, especially for mammography and PSA tests, in the period 2003â2015. CONCLUSIONS: The inequalities observed in the access to preventive exams were influenced by the level of education. The offer of exams was expanded, more significantly for mammography and PSA, especially among the less educated group.
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Neoplasias da Mama , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero , Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Detecção Precoce de Câncer , Antígeno Prostático Específico , Brasil/epidemiologia , Esfregaço Vaginal , Programas de Rastreamento , Estudos Transversais , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/diagnóstico , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Mamografia , Neoplasias da Mama/diagnósticoRESUMO
The great socioeconomic inequality that prevails in Brazil and the existence of a national health system with universal coverage places the need to monitor the evolution and social inequities regarding access to these services. This study aims to analyze the changes in the prevalence of health care use and the extent of social inequality in the demand, use and, access, resolution of health problems, satisfaction, and health care use of Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) according to education levels in the population living in the urban area of the Municipality of São Paulo, in 2003 and 2015. We analyzed data from two population-based household health surveys (Health Survey in São Paulo City - ISA-Capital) from 2003 and 2015. Dependent variables related to health care use in the two weeks preceding the survey and due to diseases included demand, access, satisfaction, problem resolution, and the public or private nature of the service. Prevalence was estimated using level of education and prevalence ratios (PR) by the Poisson regression. In the period, the demand for health care, access, resolution, and use of public health care increased from 2003 to 2015. Inequities in public health care use changed from 2003 to 2015 according to level of education. We found no social inequities in health care use in the municipality of São Paulo regarding demand, access, satisfaction, and resolution according to levels of education. Results show progress in the use and resolution of health care services, as well as the strong concentration of the use of SUS by the population with lower education. Results indicate the progress that SUS has made, but also show persistent challenges in the use and access to services.
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Atenção à Saúde , Serviços de Saúde , Humanos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Fatores Socioeconômicos , EscolaridadeRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate Primary Health Care attributes and analyze the association between the fulfilment of these attributes and problem-solving capacity of services for elderly patients. METHODS: A cross-sectional, observational, quantitative study. The Primary Care Assessment Tool, designed to assess Primary Health Care attributes, was employed to evaluate elderly users of Primary Care Units located in the south region of the city of São Paulo (SP). RESULTS: Many attributes assessed at the reference services were considered as unsatisfactory by users. Overall scores were also below the cut-off point. "First contact access - use", "longitudinality" and "coordination - information system" were the only attributes considered as satisfactory. Also, more than half (62.7%) of respondent patients reported having been referred to specialized services. A combined analysis of these three outcomes revealed users referred to other services had a significantly better perception of Primary Health Care attributes. CONCLUSION: The study provides important insights on satisfaction of elderly individuals and the problem-solving capacity of health care services, especially for the study population. Findings reported emphasize the association between Primary Health Care attributes and the problem-solving capacity of health care services at this level.
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Atenção Primária à Saúde , Encaminhamento e Consulta , Idoso , Brasil , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , Satisfação PessoalRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To analyze the use and acquisition of medicines in São Paulo, Brazil, in 2003 and 2015, according to sociodemographic factors, socioeconomic status, and health conditions of the population. METHODS: Data were obtained from population health surveys "ISA-Capital". Descriptive analysis, bivariate analysis, and logistic regression models were used to evaluate the use of medicines and coverage by the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) according to socioeconomic status and health conditions in two periods: 2003 and 2015. RESULTS: From 2003 to 2015, the surveys showed an increase in the income and education level of the study population. There was no increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases and use of medicines from 2003 to 2015. The provision of medicines by SUS was higher in 2015 than in 2003, and the coverage by SUS was higher in the population with lower education level and income in both 2003 and 2015. CONCLUSIONS: The use of medicines, mainly for chronic disease control, did not change over the years, and there was an increase in SUS coverage for medicines during 2003-2015 in all population groups, with a greater impact on the lower socioeconomic status population. The programs of the provision of medicines implanted since 2003 had influenced the greater SUS coverage for medicines and in the reduction of inequalities in access to medicines.
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Atenção à Saúde , Brasil , Doença Crônica , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , Prevalência , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
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OBJECTIVES: To analyze the socioeconomic and demographic differences in medication use to control hypertension and diabetes mellitus in Brazil. METHOD: Data from the National Health Survey (Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde - PNS) performed in Brazil in 2013 with a representative sample of the population aged 18years old or older were analyzed. The use of medications for hypertension and diabetes according to income, education, race, possession of a private health insurance plan and region of household were estimated. Theprevalence ratios adjusted for sex and age were also estimated using Poisson regression. RESULTS: 81.4% of the hypertensive population used medication to control the disease. The use was higher among females, white/Caucasian individuals and those with a private health plan. In the case of diabetes mellitus, 80.2% of the population used medication to control the disease and the use was higher in elderly patients, patients with a higher level of education, patients with a private health plan, and patients in the Southeast region. Inequalities according to income and health plan were small even in the strata of sex, age and geographic region analyzed. CONCLUSION: We found a high use of medication to control hypertension and diabetes. Socioeconomic inequalities in use were not expressive, probably due to medication policies that promote greater and equitable access to medicines in Brazil.
OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a magnitude de desigualdades socioeconômicas e demográficas da utilização de medicamentos para controle de hipertensão arterial e diabetes mellitus na população brasileira. MÉTODO: Foram analisados dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) conduzida no Brasil em 2013, com amostra representativa da população com idade de 18 anos ou mais. Foi estimada a utilização de medicamentos para hipertensão e diabetes segundo renda, escolaridade, raça, posse de plano de saúde e região de moradia. Também foram estimadas as razões de prevalência ajustadas por sexo e idade, por meio de regressão de Poisson. RESULTADOS: Entre os hipertensos, 81,4% fazem uso de medicamentos para controle da doença, sendo a utilização maior entre as mulheres, os brancos e os que têm plano de saúde. No caso de diabetes mellitus, 80,2% fazem uso de medicamentos para controlar a doença e o uso foi mais elevado entre os pacientes idosos, com maior escolaridade, com plano de saúde e da Região Sudeste. As desigualdades segundo renda e plano de saúde foram de pequena magnitude mesmo nos estratos de sexo, idade e região geográfica analisados. CONCLUSÃO: Foi constatada utilização de medicamentos para controle da hipertensão e diabetes que pode ser considerada elevada, e as desigualdades socioeconômicas e regionais desse uso revelaram-se de magnitude não expressiva, em virtude da implementação de políticas farmacêuticas no Brasil, que visam promover maior e mais equânime acesso da população a medicamentos.
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Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Diabetes Mellitus/tratamento farmacológico , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos/métodos , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Feminino , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde , Humanos , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Seguro Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Distribuição por Sexo , Classe Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) or sports in the Brazilian population according to demographic and income variables. METHODS: Data from 60,202 Brazilian individuals (18 years and over) were analyzed, belonging to the National Health Survey 2013 sample. The prevalence of different modalities of LTPA and sports was estimated according to age, sex, skin color and income. The adjusted prevalence ratios were estimated by Poisson regression. RESULTS: Of every thousand Brazilians, 695 do not practice LTPA or sports. Walking is the most practiced LTPA (98/1000), followed by soccer (68/1000) and weight training (45/1000). For poor and black men, the most frequent LTPA was soccer, and, for women, gymnastics and walking. The prevalence of weight training and gymnastics was higher for white people compared with black people. All LTPA practices were more prevalent in individuals with higher income, except for soccer. Running on a treadmill and weight training had, respectively, 24.7 and 6.4 times higher prevalence in the richer quartile. CONCLUSIONS: The study allowed identifying the type of LTPA and sport reported as the most frequent by the Brazilian population according to age, sex, skin color, and income, detecting strong social disparities in these practices.
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Exercício Físico , Atividades de Lazer , Esportes , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Brasil/epidemiologia , Etnicidade , Feminino , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Fatores Sexuais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To analyze social inequalities in the prevalence of indicators of active aging in the Brazilian older adult population. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study with a sample of 11,177 older adults who participated in the Brazilian National Health Survey in 2013. We estimated the prevalence of five domains of active aging (social activities, civic engagement, leisure-time physical activity, paid work, and volunteer work) according to gender, ethnicity, schooling, income, and private health insurance. Prevalence ratios and confidence intervals were calculated using Poisson regression. RESULTS: The percentage of involvement in organized social activities, civic engagement, and physical activity was 25.1, 12.4, and 13.1%, respectively. Regarding work, 20.7% of the sample had a paid job, and 9.7% participated in volunteer work. Women had a higher prevalence of participation in organized social activities and volunteer work; while civic engagement and paid work were more frequent among men. White people were more likely to participate in social activities, volunteer work, and leisure-time physical activity, explained by their schooling. The strata with a higher level of schooling, income, and who had private health insurance showed a greater incidence of participation in all activities studied. CONCLUSION: The five activities analyzed are challenging for the proposed policy of active aging, as they are marked by considerable social inequality.
OBJETIVO: Analisar desigualdades sociais na prevalência de indicadores de envelhecimento ativo na população idosa brasileira. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com amostra de 11.177 idosos que participaram da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Brasil em 2013. Estimaram-se as prevalências de cinco domínios do envelhecimento ativo (atividades sociais, participação cívica, atividade física de lazer, trabalho remunerado e trabalho voluntário) segundo sexo, raça/cor, escolaridade, renda e posse de plano privado de saúde. As razões de prevalência e os intervalos de confiança foram calculados pela regressão de Poisson. RESULTADOS: O percentual de envolvimento em atividades sociais organizadas, participação cívica e atividade física foi de 25,1; 12,4 e 13,1%, respectivamente. Em relação ao trabalho, 20,7% exerciam trabalho remunerado e 9,7% participavam de trabalho voluntário. As mulheres apresentaram maiores prevalências de participação em atividades sociais organizadas e em trabalho voluntário; e entre os homens prevaleceu a participação cívica e o trabalho remunerado. Entre os brancos, foram observadas maiores frequências de participação em atividades sociais, trabalho voluntário e atividade física de lazer, explicadas pela escolaridade. E os estratos com maior nível de escolaridade, renda e com posse de plano privado de saúde apresentaram maiores prevalências de participação em todas as atividades consideradas. CONCLUSÃO: As cinco atividades analisadas se apresentam como desafiadoras à proposta política de envelhecimento ativo por serem marcadas por considerável desigualdade social.
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Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos/métodos , Classe Social , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Seguro Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Atividades de Lazer , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Distribuição por Sexo , Fatores Sexuais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Trabalho/fisiologia , Trabalho/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: to estimate the vaccination coverage against influenza and pneumonia and to analyze the utilization of Brazilian National Health System-SUS for vaccination in adults and elderly with self-reported diabetes in São Paulo, Brazil, in 2003, 2008 and 2015. METHODS: Cross-sectional studies with data from the ISA-Capital (population-based household surveys). RESULTS: 3,357, 3,271 and 4,043 were interviewed in 2003, 2008 and 2015; the prevalence of diabetes mellitus were 5.0% (2003), 6.4% (2008) and 7.7% (2015); fewer than half of people with diabetes, vaccinated against influenza (47.2%) and pneumonia (17.9%) in 2003, with a small increase in 2015 (59.2% and 26.1%, respectively); the majority of people who are vaccinated against influenza and pneumonia used SUS, 88.7% (2003) and 97.2% (2015) for influenza; 84.7% (2003) and 94.5% (2015) for pneumonia, without difference among age, sex, education level and ethnicity. CONCLUSION: despite the low vaccination coverage against influenza and pneumonia in the population with diabetes mellitus since 2003 the utilization of SUS to vaccination has been progressively expanding.
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Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Vacinas contra Influenza/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/administração & dosagem , Cobertura Vacinal/tendências , Adulto , Idoso , Brasil , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Influenza Humana/prevenção & controle , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Programas Nacionais de Saúde , Pneumonia Pneumocócica/prevenção & controle , Prevalência , Autorrelato , Vacinação/tendências , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The great socioeconomic inequality that prevails in Brazil and the existence of a national health system with universal coverage places the need to monitor the evolution and social inequities regarding access to these services. This study aims to analyze the changes in the prevalence of health care use and the extent of social inequality in the demand, use and, access, resolution of health problems, satisfaction, and health care use of Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) according to education levels in the population living in the urban area of the Municipality of São Paulo, in 2003 and 2015. We analyzed data from two population-based household health surveys (Health Survey in São Paulo City - ISA-Capital) from 2003 and 2015. Dependent variables related to health care use in the two weeks preceding the survey and due to diseases included demand, access, satisfaction, problem resolution, and the public or private nature of the service. Prevalence was estimated using level of education and prevalence ratios (PR) by the Poisson regression. In the period, the demand for health care, access, resolution, and use of public health care increased from 2003 to 2015. Inequities in public health care use changed from 2003 to 2015 according to level of education. We found no social inequities in health care use in the municipality of São Paulo regarding demand, access, satisfaction, and resolution according to levels of education. Results show progress in the use and resolution of health care services, as well as the strong concentration of the use of SUS by the population with lower education. Results indicate the progress that SUS has made, but also show persistent challenges in the use and access to services.
A grande iniquidade socioeconômica que prevalece no Brasil e a existência de um sistema nacional de saúde com cobertura universal torna necessário o acompanhamento da evolução e das iniquidades sociais no acesso aos serviços. Analisar as mudanças na prevalência do uso de serviços de saúde e o grau de iniquidade social considerando a demanda, o uso e acesso, resolução de problemas de saúde, satisfação e utilização dos serviços de saúde do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), segundo o nível de escolaridade, na população residente na zona urbana do Município de São Paulo, em 2003 e 2015. Foram analisados dados de dois inquéritos domiciliares de saúde de base populacional (Inquérito de Saúde do Município de São Paulo - ISA-Capital) de 2003 e 2015. As variáveis dependentes relacionadas à utilização de serviços de saúde nas duas semanas anteriores à pesquisa e devido à presença de alguma doença incluem: demanda, acesso, satisfação, resolução do problema e a natureza pública ou privada do serviço. A prevalência foi estimada por meio da escolaridade e das razões de prevalência (RP) por regressão de Poisson. Entre 2003 e 2015, a demanda por cuidados de saúde, acesso, resolutividade e utilização de serviços públicos de saúde aumentou. As iniquidades no uso da saúde pública mudaram de 2003 para 2015 quando se trata do nível de escolaridade. Não foram encontradas iniquidades sociais na utilização dos serviços de saúde no Município de São Paulo em termos de demanda, acesso, satisfação e resolutividade, segundo o nível de escolaridade. Os resultados mostram avanços na utilização e resolutividade dos serviços de saúde, bem como uma forte concentração do uso do SUS pela população com menor nível de escolaridade. Os resultados indicam os avanços do SUS, mas também mostram que ainda há desafios no uso e acesso aos serviços.
La gran desigualdad socioeconómica que prevalece en Brasil y la existencia de un sistema nacional de salud con cobertura universal hace necesario el seguimiento de la evolución y de las desigualdades sociales en el acceso a los servicios. Analizar los cambios en la prevalencia del uso de servicios de salud y el grado de desigualdad social considerando la demanda, el uso y acceso, resolución de problemas de salud, satisfacción y utilización de los servicios de salud del Sistema Único de Salud brasileño (SUS), según el nivel de educación, en la población residente en la zona urbana del Municipio de São Paulo, en 2003 y 2015. Se analizaron los datos de dos encuestas de salud domiciliaria de base poblacional (Encuesta de Salud en el Municipio de São Paulo - ISA-Capital) de 2003 y 2015. Las variables dependientes relacionadas con el uso de los servicios de salud en las dos semanas anteriores a la investigación y debido a la presencia de alguna enfermedad incluyen: la demanda, el acceso, la satisfacción, la resolución del problema y la naturaleza pública o privada del servicio. La prevalencia se estimó mediante la educación y las razones de prevalencia (RP) mediante regresión de Poisson. Entre 2003 y 2015, aumentó la demanda de atención médica, el acceso, la resolución y el uso de los servicios de salud pública. Las desigualdades en el uso de la salud pública cambiaron de 2003 a 2015 en lo que respecta al nivel de educación. No fueron encontradas desigualdades sociales en la utilización de los servicios de salud en el municipio de São Paulo en términos de demanda, acceso, satisfacción y resolutividad, según el nivel de educación. Los resultados muestran avances en la utilización y la resolutividad de los servicios de salud, así como una fuerte concentración del uso del SUS por parte de la población con menor nivel de educación. Los resultados indican los avances del SUS, pero también muestran que todavía hay desafíos en el uso y acceso a los servicios.
RESUMO
Abstract Objective: This study monitors trends in access to cancer screening, focusing on mammography, Papanicolaou (Pap smear), and Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA), assessing the magnitude of inequality in the city of São Paulo from 2003 to 2015 according to education level. Method: This is a cross-sectional population-based study conducted with data from the 2003, 2008, and 2015 editions of the Health Survey of the City of São Paulo (ISA-Capital). Outcome variables were the proportion of mammography, Papanicolaou (Pap smear), and Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) tests according to the protocols. Inequality was measured by education level according to years of study. For static analysis, Poisson regression was used to estimate proportion ratios. Results: The proportion of Pap smears remained stationary at a high level (>89%) throughout the study period, while access to mammography and PSA tests significantly increased in the 2003-2015 period. The present results indicate inequalities in access to cancer screening due to education, and being more expressive for mammography and PSA tests. However, this inequality significantly decreased over the period analyzed comparing the most educated individuals with those with the lowest educational level. In addition, an increase in the proportion of tests performed in the Brazilian Unified Health System was identified, especially for mammography and PSA tests, in the period 2003-2015. Conclusions: The inequalities observed in the access to preventive exams were influenced by the level of education. The offer of exams was expanded, more significantly for mammography and PSA, especially among the less educated group.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the use of health services in the Brazilian population by sociodemographic factors, according to data from the 2013 Brazilian National Health Survey. METHODS: The study analyzed data from 205,000 Brazilian citizens in all age groups who participated in the Brazilian National Health Survey, a cross-sectional study carried out in 2013. Prevalence and confidence intervals were estimated for indicators related to access to and use of health services according to age group, level of education of head of household, and Brazilian macroregions. RESULTS: Among individuals who sought health services in the two weeks prior to the survey, 95.3% (95%CI 94.9-95.8) received care in their first visit. Percentages were higher in the following groups: 60 years of age and over; head of household with complete tertiary education; living in the South and Southeast regions. In addition, 82.5% (95%CI 81.2-83.7) of individuals who received health care and prescriptions were able to obtain all the necessary medicines, 1/3 of them from SUS. Less than half the Brazilian population (44.4%; 95%CI 43.8-45.1) visited a dentist in the 12 months prior to the survey, with smaller percentages among the following groups: 60 years of age or older; head of household with no education or up to incomplete elementary; living in the North region of Brazil. CONCLUSIONS: People living in the South and Southeast regions still have greater access to health services, as do those whose head of household has a higher level of education. The (re)formulation of health policies to reduce disparities should consider differences encountered between regions and social levels. OBJETIVO: Descrever o uso de serviços de saúde na população brasileira segundo fatores sociodemográficos, de acordo com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2013. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados dados referentes a 205 mil brasileiros, de todas as faixas etárias, que participaram da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, estudo transversal conduzido em 2013. Calcularam-se as prevalências e seus intervalos de confiança para indicadores referentes ao acesso e a utilização dos serviços de saúde, segundo grupos de idade, nível de instrução do chefe da família e macrorregiões do país. RESULTADOS: Dentre os indivíduos que procuraram o serviço de saúde nas duas semanas prévias à pesquisa, 95,3% (IC95% 94,9-95,8) conseguiu usá-lo na primeira vez que procurou. As proporções foram maiores: no grupo de 60 anos ou mais; cujo chefe da família tinha nível superior completo; e nas regiões Sul e Sudeste. Ainda, dos indivíduos atendidos e que tiveram medicamentos receitados, 82,5% (IC95% 81,2-83,7) conseguiram obter todos os medicamentos, sendo 1/3 pelo SUS. Menos da metade da população brasileira (44,4%; IC95% 43,8-45,1) consultou um dentista nos 12 meses anteriores à pesquisa, com proporções menores entre: indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais; cujo chefe da família não possuía nível de instrução ou tinha até o fundamental incompleto; e indivíduos que residiam na região Norte do país. CONCLUSÕES: Pessoas que residem nas regiões Sul e Sudeste ainda possuem maior acesso aos serviços de saúde, bem como aquelas cujo chefe da família tem maior nível de instrução. A (re)formulação de políticas de saúde no intuito de reduzir disparidades deve considerar as diferenças regionais e entre níveis sociais encontradas.
Assuntos
Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Serviços de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Brasil , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Equidade em Saúde , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Lactente , Programas Nacionais de Saúde , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The study analyzed how socioeconomic factors are associated with seeking, access, use, and quality of health care services in São Paulo, Brazil. Data were obtained from two household health surveys in São Paulo. We used logistic regression to analyze associations between socioeconomic factors and seeking, access, use, and quality of health care services. Access to health care services was high among those who sought it (94.91% in 2003 and 94.98% in 2008). The proportion of access to and use of health care services did not change significantly from 2003 to 2008. Use of services in the public sector was more frequent in lower socioeconomic groups. There were some socioeconomic differences in seeking health care and resolution of health problems. The study showed almost universal access to health care services, but the results suggest problems in quality of services and differences in quality experienced by lower socioeconomic groups, who mostly use the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS).
Assuntos
Equidade em Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Serviços de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Brasil , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Programas Nacionais de Saúde , Setor Público , Fatores Socioeconômicos , População Urbana , Adulto JovemRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate Primary Health Care attributes and analyze the association between the fulfilment of these attributes and problem-solving capacity of services for elderly patients. Methods A cross-sectional, observational, quantitative study. The Primary Care Assessment Tool, designed to assess Primary Health Care attributes, was employed to evaluate elderly users of Primary Care Units located in the south region of the city of São Paulo (SP). Results Many attributes assessed at the reference services were considered as unsatisfactory by users. Overall scores were also below the cut-off point. "First contact access - use", "longitudinality" and "coordination - information system" were the only attributes considered as satisfactory. Also, more than half (62.7%) of respondent patients reported having been referred to specialized services. A combined analysis of these three outcomes revealed users referred to other services had a significantly better perception of Primary Health Care attributes. Conclusion The study provides important insights on satisfaction of elderly individuals and the problem-solving capacity of health care services, especially for the study population. Findings reported emphasize the association between Primary Health Care attributes and the problem-solving capacity of health care services at this level.