Study on prognosis of acutely ruptured intracranial aneurysms (SPARTA): a protocol for a multicentre prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Ruptured intracranial aneurysms resulting in subarachnoid haemorrhage can be treated by open surgical or endovascular treatment. Despite multiple previous studies, uncertainties on the optimal treatment practice still exists. The resulting treatment variation may result in a variable, potentially worse, patient outcome. To better inform future treatment strategies, this study aims to identify the effectiveness of different treatment strategies in patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms by investigating long-term functional outcome, complications and cost-effectiveness. An explorative analysis of the diagnostic and prognostic value of radiological imaging will also be performed. METHODS: This multi-centre observational prospective cohort study will have a follow-up of 10 years. A total of 880 adult patients with a subarachnoid haemorrhage caused by a ruptured intracranial aneurysm will be included. Calculation of sample size (N = 880) was performed to show non-inferiority of clip-reconstruction compared to endovascular treatment on 1 year outcome, assessed by using the ordinal modified Rankin Scale. The primary endpoint is the modified Rankin Scale score and mortality at 1 year after the initial subarachnoid haemorrhage. Patients will receive 'non-experimental' regular care during their hospital stay. For this study, health questionnaires and functional outcome will be assessed at baseline, before discharge and at follow-up visits. DISCUSSION: Despite the major healthcare and societal burden, the optimal treatment strategy for patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage caused by ruptured intracranial aneurysms is yet to be determined. Findings of this comparative effectiveness study, in which in-between centre variation in practice and patient outcome are investigated, will provide evidence on the effectiveness of treatment strategies, hopefully contributing to future high value treatment standardisation. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT05851989 DATE OF REGISTRATION: May 10th, 2023.

Clinical response following hypertension induction for clinical delayed cerebral ischemia following subarachnoid hemorrhage: A retrospective, multicenter, cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension induction (HTI) is often used for treating delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH); however, high-quality studies on its efficacy are lacking. We studied immediate and 3-/6-month clinical efficacy of HTI in aSAH patients with clinical DCI. METHODS: A retrospective, multicenter, comparative, observational cohort study in aSAH patients with clinical deterioration due to DCI, admitted to three tertiary referral hospitals in the Netherlands from 2015 to 2019. Two hospitals used a strategy of HTI (HTI group) and one hospital had no such strategy (control group). We calculated adjusted relative risks (aRR) using Poisson regression analyses for the two primary (clinical improvement of DCI symptoms at days 1 and 5 after DCI onset) and secondary outcomes (DCI-related cerebral infarction, in-hospital mortality, and poor clinical outcome [modified Rankin Scale 4-6] assessed at 3 or 6 months), using the intention-to-treat principle. We also performed as-treated and per-protocol analyses. RESULTS: The aRR for clinical improvement on day 1 after DCI in the HTI group was 1.63 (95% CI 1.17-2.27) and at day 5 after DCI 1.04 (95% CI 0.84-1.29). Secondary outcomes were comparable between the groups. The as-treated and per-protocol analyses yielded similar results. CONCLUSIONS: No clinical benefit of HTI is observed 5 days after DCI due to spontaneous reversal of DCI symptoms in patients treated without HTI. The 3-/6-month clinical outcome was similar for both groups. Therefore, these data suggest that one may consider to not apply HTI in aSAH patients with clinical DCI.

Ethical triage during the COVID-19 pandemic: a toolkit for neurosurgical resource allocation.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic confronts healthcare workers, including neurosurgeons, with difficult choices regarding which patients to treat. METHODS: In order to assist ethical triage, this article gives an overview of the main considerations and ethical principles relevant when allocating resources in times of scarcity. RESULTS: We discuss a framework employing four principles: prioritizing the worst off, maximizing benefits, treating patients equally, and promoting instrumental value. We furthermore discuss the role of age and comorbidity in triage and highlight some principles that may seem intuitive but should not form a basis for triage. CONCLUSIONS: This overview is presented on behalf of the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies and can be used as a toolkit for neurosurgeons faced with ethical dilemmas when triaging patients in times of scarcity.

Randomized controlled trials comparing surgery to non-operative management in neurosurgery: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: A randomized controlled trial (RCT) remains the pinnacle of clinical research design. However, RCTs in neurosurgery, especially those comparing surgery to non-operative treatment, are rare and their relevance and applicability have been questioned. This study set out to assess trial design and quality and identify their influence on outcomes in recent neurosurgical trials that compare surgery to non-operative treatment. METHODS: From 2000 to 2017, PubMed and Embase databases and four trial registries were searched. RCTs were evaluated for study design, funding, adjustments to reported outcome measures, accrual of patients, and academic impact. RESULTS: Eighty-two neurosurgical RCTs were identified, 40 in spine disorders, 19 neurovascular and neurotrauma, 11 functional neurosurgery, ten peripheral nerve, and two pituitary surgery. Eighty-four RCTs were registered, of which some are ongoing. Trial registration rate differed per subspecialty. Funding was mostly from non-industry institutions (58.5%), but 25.6% of RCTs did not report funding sources. 36.4% of RCTs did not report a difference between surgical and non-operative treatment, 3.7% favored non-operative management. Primary and secondary outcome measures were changed in 13.2% and 34.2% of RCTs respectively and varied by subspecialty. 41.9% of RCTs subtracted ≥ 10% of the anticipated accrual and 12.9% of RCTs added ≥ 10%. 7.3% of registered RCTs were terminated, mostly due to too slow recruitment. Subspecialty, registration, funding, masking, population size, and changing outcome measures were not significantly associated with a reported benefit of surgery. High Jadad scores (≥ 4) were negatively associated with a demonstration of surgical benefit (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Neurosurgical RCTs comparing surgical to non-operative treatment often find a benefit for surgical treatment. Changes to outcome measurements and anticipated accrual are common and funding sources are not always reported.

Neurosurgical procedures performed during residency in Europe-preliminary numbers and time trends.

BACKGROUND: Differences in the postgraduate training programs of neurosurgical residents are suspected throughout Europe. The influence of working hour restrictions by the European Working Time Directive (WTD) 2003/88/EC on the number of surgical procedures remains unclear. We designed a survey to collect information on the number of surgical procedures, performed by European neurosurgical trainees during residency. This article reports preliminary data. METHODS: An electronic survey was distributed among the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies (EANS) member countries by national delegates of the training committee, as well as by members of the Young Neurosurgeons' committee. The EANS mailing list of individual members was also used for distribution. All responses received between 04/2018 and 12/2018 were considered. RESULTS: From n = 180 responses received, 42 were omitted as responders were still in residency and for 58 relevant information was missing. The final sample was n = 80, with a mean responder's age of 43.0 years (SD 8.6) and 88.8% being male. Responses came from 16 European countries; board certification was received between the years of 1976-2018. The numbers of surgical procedures performed independently were 511 (mean, 95% confidence interval (CI) 413-610), supervised were 514 (95%CI 360-668) and assisted were 752 (95%CI 485-1019) throughout residency. More detailed numbers for specific procedure types are reported in the article. Independently performed cranial procedures outnumbered spinal procedures (p < 0.006), and adult procedures outnumbered pediatric procedures (p < 0.001). There was a strong decrease in caseload between 1976 and 2018, with trainees performing on average 65 cases less throughout residency for each calendar year increase in board certification (95% CI - 116 to - 15, p = 0.012). Trainees graduating residency before introduction of the European WTD 2003/88/EC participated in more procedures than those graduating afterwards (mean 2797 vs. 1418, p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: The preliminary analysis of the first 80 responses now provides a first reference frame for caseload that can be used by current and future European residents to critically compare their own operative numbers to. There was a strong decline in surgical cases over time, and trainees graduating after introduction of the European WTD 2003/88/EC had less surgical exposure. The survey remains open, and we invite further European neurosurgeons to provide their data in order to get even more robust estimates.

Thoracic epidural haematoma due to a subclavian steal syndrome and secondary formed thoracic collateral circuits, coincidence or consequence: a case report.

Despite profound diagnostics, the aetiology of spinal epidural haematoma (SEH) often remains unknown. In this case, diagnostics revealed an SEH at the fifth and sixth thoracic levels due to a subclavian steal syndrome with a tortuous vascular loop between the sixth thoracic intercostal artery and the costocervical arteries deriving from the left subclavian artery with plump arteries in the epidural space. The patient underwent decompression surgery and a percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. The patient showed good recovery at follow-up. The SEH was a result of secondary formed thoracic collateral circuits with epidural involvement due to a subclavian steal syndrome.

Laminoplasty and laminectomy for cervical sponydylotic myelopathy: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Cervical spondylotic myelopathy is frequently encountered in neurosurgical practice. The posterior surgical approach includes laminectomy and laminoplasty. OBJECTIVE: To perform a systematic review evaluating the effectiveness of posterior laminectomy compared with posterior laminoplasty for patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy. METHODS: An extensive search of the literature in Pubmed, Embase, and Cochrane library was performed by an experienced librarian. Risk of bias was assessed by two authors independently. The quality of the studies was graded, and the following outcome measures were retrieved: pre- and postoperative (m)JOA, pre- and postoperative ROM, postoperative VAS neck pain, and Ishira cervical curvature index. If possible data were pooled, otherwise a weighted mean was calculated for each study and a range mentioned. RESULTS: All studies were of very low quality. Due to inadequate description of the data in most articles, pooling of the data was not possible. Qualitative interpretation of the data learned that there were no clinically important differences, except for the higher rate of procedure-related complications with laminoplasty. CONCLUSION: Based on these results, a claim of superiority for laminoplasty or laminectomy was not justified. The higher number of procedure-related complications should be considered when laminoplasty is offered to a patient as a treatment option. A study of robust methodological design is warranted to provide objective data on the clinical effectiveness of both procedures.

IPD without bony decompression versus conventional surgical decompression for lumbar spinal stenosis: 2-year results of a double-blind randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE: Interspinous process devices (IPDs) are implanted to treat patients with intermittent neurogenic claudication (INC) based on lumbar spinal stenosis. It is hypothesized that patients with lumbar spinal stenosis treated with IPD have a faster short-term recovery, an equal outcome after 2 years and less back pain compared with bony decompression. METHODS: A randomized design with variable block sizes was used, with allocations stratified according to center. Allocations were stored in prepared opaque, coded and sealed envelopes, and patients and research nurses were blind throughout the follow-up. Five neurosurgical centers (including one academic and four secondary level care centers) included participants. 211 participants were referred to the Leiden-The Hague Spine Prognostic Study Group. 159 participants with INC based on lumbar spinal stenosis at one or two levels with an indication for surgery were randomized into two groups. Patients and research nurses were blinded for the allocated treatment throughout the study period. 80 participants received an IPD and 79 participants underwent spinal bony decompression. The primary outcome at long-term (2-year) follow-up was the score for the Zurich Claudication Questionnaire. Repeated measurement analyses were applied to compare outcomes over time. RESULTS: At two years, the success rate according to the Zurich Claudication Questionnaire for the IPD group [69 % (95 % CI 57-78 %)] did not show a significant difference compared with standard bony decompression [60 % (95 % CI 48-71 %) p value 0.2]. Reoperations, because of absence of recovery, were indicated and performed in 23 cases (33 %) of the IPD group versus 6 (8 %) patients of the bony decompression group (p < 0.01). Furthermore, long-term VAS back pain was significantly higher [36 mm on a 100 mm scale (95 % CI 24-48)] in the IPD group compared to the bony decompression group [28 mm (95 % CI 23-34) p value 0.04]. CONCLUSIONS: This double-blinded study could not confirm the advantage of IPD without bony decompression over conventional 'simple' decompression, two years after surgery. Moreover, in the IPD treatment arm, the reoperation rate was higher and back pain was even slightly more intense compared to the decompression treatment arm.

Interspinous process device versus standard conventional surgical decompression for lumbar spinal stenosis: randomised controlled trial.

STUDY QUESTION: Is interspinous process device implantation more effective in the short term (eight weeks) than conventional surgical decompression for patients with intermittent neurogenic claudication due to lumbar spinal stenosis? SUMMARY ANSWER: The use of interspinous implants did not result in a better outcome than conventional decompression, but the reoperation rate was significantly higher. WHAT IS KNOWN AND WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: Bony decompression and treatment with interspinous process devices are superior to conservative and non-surgical treatment for intermittent neurogenic claudication due to lumbar spinal stenosis. Interspinous implants surgery is not superior to bony decompression, and the reoperation rate is significantly higher.

Management of lumbar spinal stenosis: a survey among Dutch spine surgeons.

BACKGROUND: Various surgical and non-surgical treatments for lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) are widely adopted in clinical practice, but high quality randomised controlled trials to support these are often lacking, especially in terms of their relative benefit and risk compared with other treatment options. Therefore, an evaluation of agreement among clinicians regarding the indications and the choice for particular treatments seems appropriate. METHODS: One hundred and six Dutch neurosurgeons and orthopaedic spine surgeons completed a questionnaire, which evaluated treatment options for LSS and expectations regarding the effectiveness of surgical and non-surgical treatments. RESULTS: Responders accounted for 6,971 decompression operations and 831 spinal fusion procedures for LSS annually. Typical neurogenic claudication, severe pain/disability, and a pronounced constriction of the spinal canal were considered the most important indications for surgical treatment by the majority of responders. Non-surgical treatment was generally regarded as ineffective and believed to be less effective than surgical treatment. Interlaminar decompression was the preferred technique by 68% of neurosurgeons and 52% orthopaedic surgeons for the treatment of LSS. Concomitant fusion was applied in 12% of all surgery for LSS. Most surgeons considered spondylolisthesis as an indication and spinal instability as a definite indication for additional fusion. CONCLUSIONS: The current survey demonstrates a wide variety of preferred treatments of symptomatic LSS by Dutch spine surgeons. To minimise variety, national and international protocols based on high-quality randomised controlled trials and systematic reviews are necessary to give surgeons more tools to support everyday decision-making.

Aspin: neurosurgical aspirin intervention prognostic study - perioperative continuation versus discontinuation of aspirin in lumbar spinal surgery, a randomized controlled, noninferiority trial.

RATIONALE: Aspirin is typically discontinued in cranial and spinal surgery because of the increased risk of hemorrhagic complications, but comes together with the risk of resulting in an increase of cardiac and neurologic thrombotic perioperative events. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to investigate the non-inferiority of perioperative continuation of aspirin patients undergoing low complex lumbar spinal surgery, compared with the current policy of perioperative discontinuation of aspirin. STUDY DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial with two parallel groups of 277 cases (554 in total). STUDY POPULATION: Patients undergoing low complex lumbar spinal surgery and using aspirin. All patients are aged >18 years. INTERVENTION: Peri-operative continuation of aspirin. STUDY OUTCOMES: Primary study outcome: composite of the following bleeding complications: Neurological deterioration as a result of hemorrhage in the surgical area with cauda and/or nerve root compression. Post-surgical anemia with hemoglobin level lower than 5 mmol/l, requiring transfusion. Subcutaneous hematoma leading to wound leakage and pain higher than NRS=7. Major and/or minor hemorrhage in any other body system according to the definition of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis bleeding scale. Secondary study outcomes: Each of the individual components of the primary outcome Absolute mean difference in operative blood loss between the study arms Thrombo-embolic-related complications: Myocardial infarction Venous thromboembolism Stroke Arterial thromboembolism FURTHER STUDY OUTCOMES: Anticoagulant treatment satisfaction by the Anti-Clot Treatment Scale (ACTS) and general health by the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS Global-10) in the pre- and postoperative phase. NATURE AND EXTENT OF THE BURDEN AND RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH PARTICIPATION, BENEFIT, AND GROUP RELATEDNESS: Participation in this study imposes no additional risk to patients. Currently, there is no consensus on whether or not aspirin should be discontinued before cranial or spinal surgery. Currently, aspirin is typically discontinued in cranial and spinal surgery, because of a potential increased risk of hemorrhagic complication. An argument not based on a clinical trial. However, this policy might delay surgical procedures or carry the risk of resulting in an increase in cardiac and neurologic thrombotic perioperative events. It is unclear if the possibility of an increase in hemorrhage-related complications outweighs the risk of an increase in cardiac and neurologic thrombotic perioperative events. Furthermore, the Data Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) will be asked for safety analysis by monitoring the study. There are no further disadvantages to participating in this study. Outcome measurements are recorded during admission and regular outpatient visits, and thus, do not require additional visits to the hospital.

Surgical intervention for cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related lobar intracerebral hemorrhage: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: The risks and benefits of surgery for cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA)-related lobar intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) are unclear. The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature on this topic. METHODS: The authors conducted a systematic review according to the 2020 PRISMA statement. PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Emcare, and Academic Search Premier were searched (on December 27, 2022) for relevant articles. Study inclusion criteria were: 1) randomized controlled trial (RCT), cohort study, cross-sectional design, or case series with more than 5 patients; 2) possible, probable, or definite CAA according to the Boston criteria (version 1.0 or 1.5) or autopsy; 3) surgical intervention for acute ICH; and 4) data on peri- and/or postoperative outcomes. Primary outcomes were the presence of intraoperative hemorrhage (IOH), postoperative hemorrhage (POH), and early ICH recurrence. Secondary outcomes were 3-month mortality, late ICH recurrence, functional outcome at discharge, and factors associated with poor outcome. Pooled estimates were calculated, and the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tool was used to assess risk of bias. RESULTS: Four cohort studies and 15 case series (n = 738 patients, mean age 70 years, 56% women) were included. IOH occurred in 2 (0.6%) of 352 patients. Pooled estimates for POH were 13.0% (30/225) for less than 48 hours and 6.2% (3/437) for 48 hours to 14 days. Overall recurrent ICH (mean follow-up 19 months, n = 5 studies) occurred in 11% of patients. Outcome was predominantly poor with a pooled 3-month mortality rate of 19% and good outcome of 23%. Factors associated with poor outcome were advanced age, poor condition on admission, preexisting dementia, and concomitant intraventricular, subarachnoid, or subdural hemorrhage. All studies contained possible sources of bias and reporting was heterogeneous. CONCLUSIONS: Surgery in CAA-related ICH is safe with no substantial IOH, POH, and early recurrent hemorrhage risk. Outcome appears to be poor, however, especially in older patients, although good quality of evidence is lacking. Patients with CAA should not be excluded from ongoing surgery RCTs in ICH to enable future subgroup analysis of this specific patient population.

Impact of evidence-based guidelines on healthcare utilisation and costs for disc related sciatica in the Netherlands: a population-based, cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of high-quality evidence supporting surgical treatment of lumbar disc herniation (LDH) on healthcare practice in the Netherlands by examining changes in healthcare utilisation, including the timing of surgery, and the healthcare costs for patients with LDH. DESIGN: A retrospective, cross-sectional study was performed using population-based, longitudinal data obtained from the Dutch Healthcare Authority (2007-2020) and NIVEL's primary care (2012-2020) administrative databases. SETTING: The study was conducted within the healthcare system of the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS: We included adults (≥18 years) who visited a Dutch hospital or a general practitioner (GP) for lumbar degenerative disc disease. Patients with LDH were identified based on registered diagnosis code, type of surgery (discectomy) and age (<56 years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome measure was the difference in the annual number of LDH procedures following the publication of evidence-based guidelines in 2009 (comparing the periods 2007-2009 to 2017-2019). Secondary outcome measures focused on the timing of surgery and associated healthcare costs. To validate the outcomes, secondary outcomes also include the number of discectomies and the number of procedures in the younger age group (discectomies, laminectomies, and fusion surgery). RESULTS: The number of patients suffering from LDH increased from 55 581 to 68 997 (+24%) between 2007 and 2019. A decrease was observed in the annual number of LDH procedures (-18%), in the number of discectomies (-22%) and in the number of procedures for patients aged <56 years (-18%). This resulted in lower healthcare costs by €10.5 million annually. In 2012, 31% of all patients <56 years had surgery before 12 weeks from diagnosis at the GP, whereas 20% did in 2019. CONCLUSIONS: Healthcare utilisation for LDH changed tremendously in the Netherlands between 2007 and 2020 and seemed to be associated with the publication and implementation of evidence-based guidelines. The observed decrease in the number of procedures has been accompanied by a corresponding reduction in healthcare costs. These findings underscore the importance of adhering to evidence-based guidelines to optimise the management of patients with LDH.

Practice variation in surgical treatment for lumbar degenerative disc disease: exploring regional and hospital factors influencing surgical rates.

The presence of significant, unwarranted variation in treatment suggests that clinical decision making also depends on where patients live instead of what they need and prefer. Historically, high practice variation in surgical treatment for lumbar degenerative disc disease (LDDD) has been documented. This study aimed to investigate current regional variation in surgical treatment for sciatica resulting from LDDD. We conducted a retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of all Dutch adults (>18 years) between 2016 and 2019. Demographic data from Statistics Netherlands were merged with a nationwide claims database, covering over 99% of the population. Inclusion criteria comprised LDDD diagnosis codes and relevant surgical codes. Practice variation was assessed at the level of postal code areas and hospital service areas (HSAs). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed to identify variables associated with surgical treatment. Among the 119,148 hospital visitors with LDDD, 14,840 underwent surgical treatment. Practice variation for laminectomies and discectomies showed less than two-fold variation in both postal code and HSAs. However, instrumented fusion surgery demonstrated a five-fold variation in postal code areas and three-fold variation in HSAs. Predictors of receiving surgical treatment included opioid prescription and patient referral status. Gender differences were observed, with males more likely to undergo laminectomy or discectomy, and females more likely to receive instrumented fusion surgery. Our study revealed low variation rates for discectomies and laminectomies, while indicating a high variation rate for instrumented fusion surgery in LDDD patients. High-quality research is needed on the extent of guideline implementation and its influence on practice variation.

Treatment-limiting decisions in patients with severe traumatic brain injury in the Netherlands.

Introduction: Treatment-limiting decisions (TLDs) can be inevitable severe traumatic brain injury (s-TBI) patients, but data on their use remain scarce. Research question: To investigate the prevalence, timing and considerations of TLDs in s-TBI patients. Material and methods: s-TBI patients between 2008 and 2017 were analysed retrospecively. Patient data, timing, location, involvement of proxies, and reasons for TLDs were collected. Baseline characteristics and in-hospital outcomes were compared between s-TBI patients with and without TLDs. Results: TLDs were reported in 117 of 270 s-TBI patients (43.3%) and 95.9% of deaths after s-TBI were preceded by a TLD. The majority of TLDs (68.4%) were categorized as withdrawal of therapy, of which withdrawal of organ-support in 64.1%. Neurosurgical intervention was withheld in 29.9%. The median time from admission to TLD was 2 days [IQR, 0-8] and 50.4% of TLDs were made within 3 days of admission. The main reason for a TLD was that the patients were perceived as unsalvageable (66.7%). Nearly all decisions were made multidisciplinary (99.1%) with proxies involvement (75.2%). The predicted mortality (CRASH-score) between patients with and without TLDs were 72.6 vs. 70.6%. The percentage of TLDs in s-TBI patients increased from 20.0% in 2008 to 42.9% in 2012 and 64.3% in 2017. Discussion and conclusion: TLDs occurred in almost half of s-TBI patients and were instituted more frequently over time. Half of TLDs were made within 3 days of admission in spite of baseline prognosis between groups being similar. Future research should address whether prognostic nihilism contributes to self-fulfilling prophecies.

Early versus delayed cranioplasty after decompressive craniectomy in traumatic brain injury: a multicenter observational study within CENTER-TBI and Net-QuRe.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of early (≤ 90 days) and delayed (> 90 days) cranioplasty following decompressive craniectomy (DC) in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS: The authors analyzed participants enrolled in the Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury (CENTER-TBI) and the Neurotraumatology Quality Registry (Net-QuRe) studies who were diagnosed with TBI and underwent DC and subsequent cranioplasty. These prospective, multicenter, observational cohort studies included 5091 patients enrolled from 2014 to 2020. The effect of cranioplasty timing on functional outcome was evaluated with multivariable ordinal regression and with propensity score matching (PSM) in a sensitivity analysis of functional outcome (Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended [GOSE] score) and quality of life (Quality of Life After Brain Injury [QOLIBRI] instrument) at 12 months following DC. RESULTS: Among 173 eligible patients, 73 (42%) underwent early cranioplasty and 100 (58%) underwent delayed cranioplasty. In the ordinal logistic regression and PSM, similar 12-month GOSE scores were found between the two groups (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.87, 95% CI 0.61-1.21 and 0.88, 95% CI 0.48-1.65, respectively). In the ordinal logistic regression, early cranioplasty was associated with a higher risk for hydrocephalus than that with delayed cranioplasty (aOR 4.0, 95% CI 1.2-16). Postdischarge seizure rates (early cranioplasty: aOR 1.73, 95% CI 0.7-4.7) and QOLIBRI scores (ß -1.9, 95% CI -9.1 to 9.6) were similar between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Functional outcome and quality of life were similar between early and delayed cranioplasty in patients who had undergone DC for TBI. Neurosurgeons may consider performing cranioplasty during the index admission (early) to simplify the patient's chain of care and prevent readmission for cranioplasty but should be vigilant for an increased possibility of hydrocephalus. Clinical trial registration nos.: CENTER-TBI, NCT02210221 (clinicaltrials.gov); Net-QuRe, NTR6003 (trialsearch.who.int) and NL5761 (onderzoekmetmensen.nl).

The evidence on surgical interventions for low back disorders, an overview of systematic reviews.

PURPOSE: Many systematic reviews have been published on surgical interventions for low back disorders. The objective of this overview was to evaluate the available evidence from systematic reviews on the effectiveness of surgical interventions for disc herniation, spondylolisthesis, stenosis, and degenerative disc disease (DDD). An earlier version of this review was published in 2006 and since then, many new, better quality reviews have been published. METHODS: A comprehensive search was performed in the Cochrane database of systematic reviews (CDSR), database of reviews of effectiveness (DARE) and Pubmed. Two reviewers independently performed the selection of studies, risk of bias assessment, and data extraction. Included are Cochrane reviews and non-Cochrane systematic reviews published in peer-reviewed journals. The following conditions were included: disc herniation, spondylolisthesis, and DDD with or without spinal stenosis. The following comparisons were evaluated: (1) surgery vs. conservative care, and (2) different surgical techniques compared to one another. The methodological quality of the systematic reviews was evaluated using AMSTAR. We report (pooled) analyses from the individual reviews. RESULTS: Thirteen systematic reviews on surgical interventions for low back disorders were included for disc herniation (n = 6), spondylolisthesis (n = 2), spinal stenosis (n = 4), and DDD (n = 4). Nine (69 %) were of high quality. Five reviews provided a meta-analysis of which two showed a significant difference. For the treatment of spinal stenosis, intervertebral process devices showed more favorable results compared to conservative treatment on the Zurich Claudication Questionnaire [mean difference (MD) 23.2 95 % CI 18.5-27.8]. For degenerative spondylolisthesis, fusion showed more favorable results compared to decompression for a mixed aggregation of clinical outcome measures (RR 1.40 95 % CI 1.04-1.89) and fusion rate favored instrumented fusion over non-instrumented fusion (RR 1.37 95 % CI 1.07-1.75). CONCLUSIONS: For most of the comparisons, the included reviews were not significant and/or clinically relevant differences between interventions were identified. Although the quality of the reviews was quite acceptable, the quality of the included studies was poor. Future studies are likely to influence our assessment of these interventions.