Effects of Polycan, a ß-glucan, on experimental periodontitis and alveolar bone loss in Sprague-Dawley rats.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Polycan is a promising candidate for the treatment of periodontal disease. This study was undertaken to examine whether Polycan, a type of ß-glucan, has a protective effect on ligature-induced experimental periodontitis and related alveolar bone loss in Sprague-Dawley rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Polycan was orally administered, daily, for 10 d, at 21.25, 42.5 or 85 mg/kg, beginning 1 d after ligation. Changes in body weight and alveolar bone loss were monitored, and the anti-inflammatory effects of Polycan were determined by measuring the levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO), interleukin-1beta (IL-1ß) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in gingival tissue. We also evaluated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations as a measure of the antioxidant effect. RESULTS: Ligature placement led to a marked decrease in body weight, increased alveolar bone loss and increased concentrations of MPO, IL-1ß, TNF-α and MDA, as well as increased iNOS activity and inflammatory cell infiltration and decreased collagen-fiber content. Histological examination revealed increases in the number and activity of osteoclast cells, decreases in alveolar bone volume and elevated percentages of osteclasts on the alveolar bone surface. Daily oral treatment with 42.5 or 85 mg/kg of Polycan for 10 d led to significant, dose-dependent inhibition of the effect of ligature placement. CONCLUSION: Taken together, these results suggest that 10 d of oral treatment with Polycan effectively inhibits ligature placement-induced periodontitis and related alveolar bone loss via an antioxidant effect.

An abdominal aortic aneurysm in an 8-month-old girl with tuberous sclerosis.

The association between an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and tuberous sclerosis (TS) is rare. An 8-month-old girl presented with a seizure, and the clinical evaluation revealed TS. An abdominal evaluation showed a 3-cm infrarenal AAA. A normal diameter of infrarenal aorta for an 8-month-old girl is about 6mm. The patient underwent an open repair with a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) prosthesis. The pathology showed a loss of elastin fibres in the media of the aorta. The graft was patent on computed tomography (CT) angiography, performed 4 months after the operation. However, the patient died of complications related to seizures 5 years after the surgery. The graft remained patent until the time of death.

Time-optimal trajectories for cooperative multi-manipulator systems.

We present two schemes for planning the time-optimal trajectory for cooperative multi-manipulator system (CMMS) carrying a common object. We assume that the desired path is given and parameterizable by an arclength variable. Both approaches take into account the dynamics of the manipulators and object. The first approach employs linear programming techniques, and it allows us to obtain the time-optimal execution of the given task utilizing the maximum torque capacities of the joint motors. The second approach is a sub-time-optimal method that is computationally very efficient. In the second approach the given load is divided into a share for each robot in the CMMS in a manner in which the trajectory acceleration/deceleration is maximized, hence the trajectory execution time is minimized. This load distribution approach uses optimization schemes that degenerate to a linear search algorithm for the case of two robots manipulating a common load, and this results in significant reduction of computation time. The load distribution scheme not only enables us to reduce the computation time, but also gives us the possibility of applying this method in real-time planning and control of CMMS. Further, we show that for certain object trajectories the load distribution scheme yields truly time-optimal trajectories.

Joint factor analysis of the K-ABC and McCarthy Scales.

A joint-factor analysis was conducted using three major scales of the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities and eight Kaufman-ABC sub-tests as variables. Subjects were 90 children ages 4 to 8 1/2 yr. The screen test produced three significant factors, each interpretable from the Kaufman-ABC model. McCarthy Verbal scale was closely associated with the Achievement/Verbal factor; McCarthy Perceptual performance scale loaded highly on the Simultaneous Processing dimension; and McCarthy Quantitative was associated with all three factors. These results provide useful guidelines for interpreting a child's performance on each Index of the McCarthy scales in terms of the mental processing approach used to solve the task. However, the psychometric results must be coordinated with the examiner's clinical observations of the child's problem-solving strategies during administration of the McCarthy scales to understand more completely the processing demands of the Verbal, Perceptual performance, and Quantitative Scales.

Justification: the initial step in the expansion of a pharmacy service.

The tactics used by a director of pharmacy to get a new program approved are discussed. These include the use of justifications, both oral and written, the development of interpersonal relationship, the formation of coalitions with other department heads, timing, and various types of analysis. Some of the dangers of a written justification are emphasized. Among the precautions to be borne in mind are underestimating the abilities of the administrator, being too optimistic in one's predictions, being too conservative when planning the program, and not having a series of proposals for pharmacy expansion available at all times.

Outcomes of surgical management of total colonic aganglionosis.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the long-term clinical outcomes and bowel function of patients with total colonic aganglionosis (TCA) after surgery. METHODS: The hospital records of 17 TCA patients treated surgically during 1985 to 2004 were reviewed. Long-term follow-up was done by telephone interviews with the parents. RESULTS: Primary enterostomy was performed in 13 (76%) patients. In three (17%) patients, TCA was not suspected initially. They underwent conservative surgery primarily, which required a second operation soon after. One had transverse colectomy with ileostomy. By pathologic review, nine (53%) patients had small bowel involvement of aganglionosis. Six (35%) patients died before corrective surgery. They all had extensive small bowel involvement. Among 11 patients who had a corrective operation, 10 were treated with Martin's procedure. Long-term (mean 74 months) follow-up was available in seven patients, and the mean weight-for-age percentiles was 27.1% (range 5-50%), the frequency of defecation was three to five times a day in four patients (57%), one or two times a day in two patients (28%), and more than five times a day in one patient (15%). CONCLUSIONS: TCA is difficult to diagnose; but once it is diagnosed correctly and treated by corrective surgery, outcomes seem promising. Martin's operation brought about a good outcome and enabled patients to have acceptable bowel habits. The prognosis is highly dependent on the extent of aganglionosis.

A purified inactivated Japanese encephalitis virus vaccine made in Vero cells.

A second generation, purified, inactivated vaccine (PIV) against Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus was produced and tested in mice where it was found to be highly immunogenic and protective. The JE-PIV was made from an attenuated strain of JE virus propagated in certified Vero cells, purified, and inactivated with formalin. Its manufacture followed current GMP guidelines for the production of biologicals. The manufacturing process was efficient in generating a high yield of virus, essentially free of contaminating host cell proteins and nucleic acids. The PIV was formulated with aluminum hydroxide and administered to mice by subcutaneous inoculation. Vaccinated animals developed high-titered JE virus neutralizing antibodies in a dose dependent fashion after two injections. The vaccine protected mice against morbidity and mortality after challenge with live, virulent, JE virus. Compared with the existing licensed mouse brain-derived vaccine, JE-Vax, the Vero cell-derived JE-PIV was more immunogenic and as effective as preventing encephalitis in mice. The JE-PIV is currently being tested for safety and immunogenicity in volunteers.