The role of caveolin-1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase polymorphisms in susceptibility to prostate cancer.

Caveolin-1(cav-1) is overexpressed in prostate cancer (PC) and is associated with progression of the disease. We investigated the effects of CAV1-T29107A and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) G894T polymorphisms on the serum levels of testosterone, NO and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in patients with PC. We genotyped cav-1 and eNOS genes in 112 PC patients and 150 healthy controls by PCR-RFLP. Serum levels of NO2- and NO3- were measured using spectrophotometry, and serum levels of testosterone and PSA were measured by ELISA. The frequencies of CAV1 genotypes A/T vs. A/A according to the dominant model AT + TT vs. AA genotype and T allele were significantly higher in PC patients in comparison with the control group and considerably increased the risk of disease by 2.19-, 1.44- and 1.6-fold, respectively. AT + TT genotypes were associated significantly with the increased risk of PC in those with smoking or diabetes by 3.08-fold (P = .004). Individuals carrying concurrently the T allele of CAV1 A29107T and the T allele of eNOS G894T genes had a significantly increased risk of PC by 2.52-fold (P = .009). We did not find any significant relationship between eNOS G894T genotypes and alleles with susceptibility to PC. Our results highlighted the significance of CAV1-T29107A SNP but not (eNOS) G894T in the susceptibility to PC in our the population that we have studied.

Activities and polymorphisms of MMP-2 and MMP-9, smoking, diabetes and risk of prostate cancer.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of zinc dependent enzymes that are involved in tumor cell invasion and metastasis. The role of MMP-2 and -9 genetic polymorphism in different malignancies has been the subject of numerous studies. The present research has attempted to discover any positive correlation between MMP-2 and MMP-9 SNPs and prostate cancer (PCa) in patients with a history of either diabetes or smoking habits. 112 PCa-patients and 150 unrelated healthy-controls that matched for age and sex were selected for present case-control study. MMP-2 -1575G/A and MMP-9 -1562 C/T polymorphisms detected by PCR-RFLP, serum tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2), testosterone, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), free-prostate-specific-antigen (fPSA), and fPSA/PSA levels were detected by ELISA and enzyme assay, respectively. MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities were measured by gelatin-zymography. Covariates were considered as age, status of cigarette smoking, and a possible history of diabetes mellitus (DM). The frequency of -1575 MMP-2 A/A + A/G and -1562 MMP-9 C/T + T/T genotypes were higher in PCa-patients with DM (74.3%,p = 0.003) and with smoking habits (72.5%,p = 0.005). These genotypes were associated with the increased risk of prostate cancer in smokers (3.52-folds) and in individuals with history of DM (4.34-folds). A significant positive association was found between level of TIMPs (TIMP -1 and TIMP-2) and BMI in PCa-patients and also between testosterone levels and MMP-9 activity in healthy control subjects. For the first time, this study demonstrated that activities of MMP-2 -1575G/A and MMP-9 -1562C/T variants in association with smoking and diabetes are considered significant risk factors for PCa.

A systematic review of the role of renin angiotensin aldosterone system genes in diabetes mellitus, diabetic retinopathy and diabetic neuropathy.

BACKGROUND: The renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a vital role in regulating glucose metabolism and blood pressure, electrolyte and fluid homeostasis. The aim of this systematic review is to assess the association of the RAAS genes with diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications of retinopathy, neuropathy and cardiovascular disease (CVD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The relevant English-language studies were identified using the key words of DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), T2DM, renin angiotensin aldosterone polymorphisms or genotypes and RAAS from the search engines of MEDLINE/PubMed, and Scopus from January 1, 1995 to July 30, 2014. Inclusion criteria for selecting relevant studies were reporting the role of RAAS gene variants in the pathogenesis of T1DM or T2DM, diabetic retinopathy (DR), diabetic neuropathy and cardiovascular complication of DM. RESULTS: The reviewers identified 204 studies of which 73 were eligible for inclusion in the present systematic review. The review indicates the angiotensinogen (AGT) M235T polymorphism might not affect the risk of DM. The role of angiotensin converting enzyme insertion/deletion (ACE I/D) and angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene (AT1R) A1166C polymorphisms in the pathogenesis of DM could not be established. Studies indicate the absence of an association between three polymorphisms of AGT M235T, ACE I/D and AT1R A1166C and DR in DM patients. A protective role for ACE II genotype against diabetic peripheral neuropathy has been suggested. Also, the ACE I/D polymorphism might be associated with the risk of CVD in DM patients. CONCLUSION: More studies with adequate sample size that investigate the influence of all RAAS gene variants together on the risk of DM and its complications are necessary to provide a more clear picture of the RAAS genes polymorphisms involvement in the pathogenesis of DM and its complications.

Engineered Tissues: A Bright Perspective in Urethral Obstruction Regeneration.

The urethra reconstruction using tissue engineering is a promising approach in clinical and preclinical studies in recent years. Generally, regenerative medicine comprises cells, bioactive agents, and biomaterial scaffolds to reconstruct tissue. For the restoration of extended urethral injury are incorporated autologous grafts or flaps from the skin of the genital area and buccal mucosa are utilized. However, biomaterial grafts with cells or growth factors are investigated to enhance these grafts natural and synthetic biomaterials were investigated for pre-clinical studies in the form of decellularization tissues, nanofiber/ microfiber, film, and foam grafts that determined safety and efficiency. In this regard, skin grafts, bladder epithelium, buccal mucosa, small intestinal submucosa, tissue-engineered buccal mucosa, and polymeric nanofibers in clinical trials were examined, and promising and diverse outcomes were acquired. Even though, one of the challenges of the reconstruction of the urethra is resistance to urine pressure and its ability to be sutured, which could be solved by the proper adjustment of the physicochemical characteristics of the graft. Urethra engineering faces challenges due to necrosis caused by a lack of angiogenesis and fibrosis, which require further investigation in future studies.

MiR-1290: a potential therapeutic target for regenerative medicine or diagnosis and treatment of non-malignant diseases.

MicroRNAs are a set of small non-coding RNAs that could change gene expression with post-transcriptional regulation. MiRNAs have a significant role in regulating molecular signaling pathways and innate and adaptive immune system activity. Moreover, miRNAs can be utilized as a powerful instrument for tissue engineers and regenerative medicine by altering the expression of genes and growth factors. MiR-1290, which was first discovered in human embryonic stem cells, is one of those miRNAs that play an essential role in developing the fetal nervous system. This review aims to discuss current findings on miR-1290 in different human pathologies and determine whether manipulation of miR-1290 could be considered a possible therapeutic strategy to treat different non-malignant diseases. The results of these studies suggest that the regulation of miR-1290 may be helpful in the treatment of some bacterial (leprosy) and viral infections (HIV, influenza A, and Borna disease virus). Also, adjusting the expression of miR-1290 in non-infectious diseases such as celiac disease, necrotizing enterocolitis, polycystic ovary syndrome, pulmonary fibrosis, ankylosing spondylitis, muscle atrophy, sarcopenia, and ischemic heart disease can help to treat these diseases better. In addition to acting as a biomarker for the diagnosis of non-malignant diseases (such as NAFLD, fetal growth, preeclampsia, down syndrome, chronic rhinosinusitis, and oral lichen planus), the miR-1290 can also be used as a valuable instrument in tissue engineering and reconstructive medicine. Consequently, it is suggested that the regulation of miR-1290 could be considered a possible therapeutic target in the treatment of non-malignant diseases in the future.

Association Between Vitamin D Binding Protein Gene Polymorphism (rs7041), Vitamin D Receptor, and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Serum Levels With Prostate Cancer in Kurdish Population in West of Iran.

Prostate cancer (PCa) pathology has been linked to vitamin D, vitamin D receptors (VDRs), and vitamin D binding proteins (VDBPs). We sought to investigate the association between VDR rs2228570 and rs1544410 as well as VDBP rs7041 polymorphisms and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)-vitamin D) levels in PCa patients. Blood samples were collected from 111 PCa patients and 150 age-matched healthy volunteers. The VDR rs2228570 T/C, rs1544410 G/A, and VDBP rs7041 T/G genotypes were determined using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). 25(OH)-vitamin D and PSA (Total and Free) serum levels were measured. The frequencies of VDBP genotypes T/G vs. T/T (56.5% vs. 44.5%, p = 0.01) according to the dominant model T/G + G/G vs. T/T (84.3% vs. 71.5%, p = 0.01) were significantly higher in PCa patients when compared to control group and considerably increased the risk of disease by 2.29, 1.44, and 2.13 folds respectively. Interestingly, the results demonstrated that PCa patients with the dominant model (T/G + G/G vs. T/T) of VDBP had significantly lower serum levels of vitamin D and higher serum levels of total and free PSA in comparison to the controls. Furthermore, when compared to controls, PCa patients with the dominant model T allele (T/G + G/G vs. TT) of VDBP had significantly higher vitamin D, total PSA, and free PSA concentrations. Serum levels of 25(OH)-vitamin D and rs7041 T/G polymorphism of the VDBP gene could be potential risk factors for PCa.

Intraprostatic injection of exosomes isolated from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of chronic non-bacterial prostatitis.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) own the capacity to secrete trophic factors as exosomes which play significant roles in regulating the functions of other cells and preventing inflammation. Due to the inflammatory process in chronic non-bacterial prostatitis (CNP) and the ambiguity in the treatment of this disease, the present study was aimed to investigate the therapeutic use of adipose-derived MSC exosomes in an animal model of CNP. MSCs were first isolated from rat subcutaneous adipose tissue, and exosomes were extracted from them. Specific features of exosomes were characterized by a scanning electron microscope, western blot technique, and Dynamic Light Scattering methods. To establish CNP in rats, intraprostatic injection of Freund's complete adjuvant was done. After confirmation of prostatitis, intraprostatic injections of exosomes were performed for treatment. Histological evaluation revealed that treatment with exosomes resulted in a relative improvement of lesions caused by CNP. The expression of p-NF-κB and p-IκBα proteins along with inflammatory markers was significantly increased in the CNP group, which treatment with exosomes significantly reduced their expression as well as IL-1ß and TNF-α proteins. The antioxidant effects of exosomes were also determined by significantly regulating glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity and malondialdehyde levels in these animals. Our results cautiously suggest the therapeutic effects of MSC-derived exosomes against CNP-induced prostatitis through their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, which should be further considered in the future.

The Modified Gil-Vernet Antireflux Surgery: A Successful Technique for High-Grade Vesicoureteral Reflux Correction in Children-Long-Term Follow-Up.

INTRODUCTION: Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a common urologic anomaly in children. Many techniques have been offered to manage this condition, in which one of them is modified Gil-Vernet antireflux surgery. The study fullfiled to evaluate the efficacy and safety of modified Gil-Vernet antireflux surgery in correction of high-grade VUR. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study in which we evaluated efficacy, safety, and complications of modified Gil-Vernet antireflux surgery as a choice procedure for high-grade reflux in all patients who underwent it since 2000 to 2016 at 2 hospitals of Kermanshah University of medical sciences that all of them were done by one surgeon. RESULTS: 183 patients with 290 high-grade refluxing units (grade IV or V) were reviewed. 182 refluxing units were grade IV, and 108 units were grade V. There were 76 (41.54%) patients with unilateral and 107 (58.46%) patients with bilateral VUR. Reflux in high-grade group corrected completely in 278 (95.86%) refluxing units and 175 patients (95.62%). CONCLUSIONS: Our results are remarkable and compatible with other techniques' results. This simple and safe technique can correct bilateral VURs simultaneously; thus, it is rational to be considered for high-grade VUR correction. According to our results, we suggest the modified Gil-Vernet antireflux procedure for high-grade VUR correction as a simple, safe, and successful technique. This trial is registered with 67145/86/1233.

Dietary patterns and risk of prostate cancer: a factor analysis study in a sample of Iranian men.

Background: Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer with a high mortality rate. The current study was conducted to investigate the relationship between dietary patterns and prostate cancer risk among Iranian men. Methods: This case-control study was conducted in Kermanshah province in western Iran in November 2016. Fifty patients with prostate cancer were selected as cases and 150 healthy men matched for age and body mass index (BMI) were selected as controls. Dietary intake data were collected by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Food items were grouped according to the similarity of nutrient profiles. The main dietary patterns were identified by factor analysis. Results: After adjustment for potential confounders, a healthy dietary pattern was associated with decreased risk of prostate cancer (highest versus lowest tertile OR:0.24; 95% CI: 0.07-0.81;trend p: 0.025). An unhealthy dietary pattern was related to increased risk of prostate cancer(highest versus lowest tertile OR:3.4; 95% CI: 1.09-10.32; trend p: 0.037). Conclusion: This study shows that an unhealthy dietary pattern was associated with increased risk of prostate cancer. However, a healthy dietary pattern was associated with decreased risk of prostate cancer.

Giant urethrocutaneous fistula following ritual circumcision in an infant with congenital anterior urethral diverticula.

Circumcision is the most common operation with multiple complications. One of these complications is surgical such as urethrocutaneous fistula due to traumatic and ischemic injury during the operation. A 9-month infant with a history of swelling on the ventral aspect of the penile urethra during micturition was circumcised ritually in 3 months of birth and 6 months later was referred to Imam Reza Hospital with giant ventral fistula in the distal of the penis.

Effects of Tamsulosin and Tolterodine on double J stent-related symptoms: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Ureteral double J stent are routinely applied for urologic patients although stent-related symptoms are common. Several attempts have been reported to minimize these symptoms. OBJECTIVE: To compare Tolterodine, Tamsulosin, and placebo effects on double J stent-related symptoms. MATERIAL AND METHOD: In all, 125 patients (82 males and 43 females) with double J stent were randomly divided into three groups (group 1, n: 42, group2, n: 40 and group 3, n: 43). Each patient randomly received one pack of drug in different colors by a nurse unaware of the content to take Tamsulosin 0.4 mg before sleep (MODALUSINE), Tolterodine 2 mg twice a day or placebo once daily (capsules filled with starch): group 1 received placebo, group 2 Tamsulosin and group 3 Tolterodine for 1 month in a double-blind manner. Ureteral stent-related morbidity indices which analyzed include urinary symptom, pain, general health, quality of work and sex scores. All of indices measured by Ureteral Symptom Score Questionnaire for first and fourth weeks after drug consumption and the first week after double J stent removal (labeled as w1, w4, and w5, respectively). RESULT: The mean age was 44.8 years (range: 15-83 years). There was no statistically significant difference in background characteristics between groups (p value > 0.05). The most important and statistically significant results were Tolterodine-reduced urinary symptom score (p value = 0.001) and improved general health score (p value = 0.007) of the fourth week. The pain score in groups of Tamsulosin and Tolterodine significantly reduced between weeks 4 and 1 and 5 and 1 (both with the p value < 0.05), but in other indices, there was no significant difference between them. CONCLUSION: According to our results, we suggest Tolterodine to minimize stent-related urinary symptom and improve general health in patients with double J stent.

Safety and efficacy of Intraurethral Mitomycin C Hydrogel for prevention of post-traumatic anterior urethral stricture recurrence after internal urethrotomy.

BACKGROUND: Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of intraurethral Mitomycin C (MMC) hydrogel for prevention of post-traumatic anterior urethral stricture recurrence after internal urethrotomy. METHODS: A thermoresponsive hydrogel base consisting of 0.8 mg MMC with 1cc water and propylene glycol to PF-127 poloxamer was used in theater. 40 male patients with short, non-obliterated, urethral stricture were randomized into 2 groups: control and MMC. After internal urethrotomy, the MMC group patients received the MMC-Hydrogel while the others were just catheterized. Both groups had their catheters for at least 1 week. After surgery, they were followed up by means of medical history and physical examination, monitoring voiding patterns and retrograde urethrogram at 1 month, 6 months and 1 year after surgery. RESULTS: 40 male patients between 14 to 89 years old (Mean = 54.15) underwent internal urethrotomy. The average age for the control and MMC group was 54.55±21.25 and 53.75±24.75 respectively. In a comparison of age between the two groups, they were matched (P=0.574). Stricture length was 10.7±5.9 and 9.55±4.15 mm for the control and MMC group respectively. There were no statistically meaningful differences between the two groups (P=0.485). Fifteen patients had a history of one previous internal urethrotomy which in a comparison between the two groups meant there was no meaningful difference (P=0.327). During postoperative follow up, total urethral stricture recurrence happened in 12 patients: 10 patients (50%) in control group and 2 patients (10%) in MMC group. The difference was statistically significant (P=0.001). There were no significant complications associated with the MMC injection in our patients. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our results, MMC Hydrogel may have an anti-fibrotic action preventing post-traumatic anterior urethral stricture recurrence with no side effects on pre-urethral tissue. Due to our study limitations, our follow up time and the small number of patients, our results were not conclusive and further studies will be needed with a longer follow up time.

Vesicostomy as a Treatment Option for Epidermolisis Bullosa Case With Urethral and Meatal Involvement.

Epidermolisis Bullosa (EB) is a rare hereditary disorder that its junctional type is very rare one that involves epithelium, however, genitourinary epithelium involvement occurs so rarely. The present case is 5-year old boy; a known case of junctional EB whom had recurrent urinary retention due to meatal and urethral stenosis that was deteriorated by therapeutically interventions.

Meatal Mobilization and Glanuloplasty: A Viable Option for Coronal and Glanular Hypospadias Repair.

OBJECTIVE: To present the meatal mobilization with glanuloplasty inclusive (MMGPI) modification of meatal advancement and glanuloplasty inclusive. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 120 patients with anterior hypospadias underwent MMGPI between September 2008 and October 2014 at Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. Satisfactory outcomes were defined as continuous straight urinary flow and catheterization of new meatus without difficulty. Cosmetic outcomes were considered acceptable if patients maintained a slit-like meatus at the glanular tip. Patients were examined at 1 week, 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. RESULTS: The 120 patients with anterior hypospadias underwent MMGPI. There were no hematoma, meatal necrosis, or other early complications. In patients with glanular hypospadias, there were no meatal regressions or stenosis, all voiding patterns were normal, and all patients maintained a slit-like meatus at the glanular tip. Two patients with coronal hypospadias had meatal stenosis and 2 patients had meatal regression. Five patients with sub-coronal hypospadias had 2-mm meatal regression with downward sloping urinary stream, and 2 patients had meatal stenosis. In all, meatus remained distal to the preoperative meatus with no necrosis. Small sample size was the major limitation of this study. CONCLUSION: MMGPI represents a viable option for glanular and coronal hypospadias repair.

The potential role of regenerative medicine in the man-agement of traumatic patients.

Traumatic injury represents the most common cause of death in ages 1 to 44 years and asignificant proportion of patients treated in hospital emergency wards each year. Unfortunately, for patients who survive their injuries, survival is not equal to complete recovery. Many traumatic injuries are difficult to treat with conventional therapy and result in permanent disability. In such situations, regenerative medicine has the potential to play an important role in recovery of function. Regenerative medicine is a field that seeks to maintain or restore function with the development of biological substitutes for diseased or damaged tissues. Several regenerative approaches are currently under investigation, with a few achieving clinical application. For example, engineered skin has gained FDA approval, and more than 20 tissue engineered skin substitutes are now commercially available. Other organ systems with promising animal models and small human series include the central and peripheral nervous systems, the musculoskeletal system, the respiratory and genitourinary tracts, and others. This paper will be a clinically oriented review of the regenerative approaches currently under investigation of special interest to those caring for traumatic patients.

AT1R A1166C variants in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy.

BACKGROUND: There are inconsistent reports related to the role of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) on the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its renal complications. OBJECTIVES: To identify the association between AT1R A1166C variants with the risk of T2DM and also with diabetic nephropathy (DN). PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a case-control study, the AT1R A1166C polymorphism was detected in 135 T2DM patients with and without DN and in 98 healthy subjects from Western Iran. The genotypes of AT1R A1166C polymorphism were detected using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. RESULTS: The frequencies of AT1R A1166C genotypes and alleles were not significantly difference between patients with and without DN and controls. The frequencies of rare allele of 1166 C were 10%, 16.5%, 15.9% and 15.3% in micro-, macro- and normo-albuminuric patients and in healthy individuals, respectively ( P > 0.05). The systolic blood pressure and serum creatinine level in DN patients were significantly higher in carriers of AT1R CC compared to carriers of AT1R AA genotype. In the presence of uncontrolled hyperglycemia (HbA1c > 7.5%), there was a trend toward increased risk of macro-albuminuria in carriers of AC+CC genotype (OR=3.66, [95% CI: 0.81-16.58], P = 0.092). CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicated the absence of an association between AT1R A1166C polymorphism with the risk of T2DM and DN. It seems in carriers of AT1R C allele systolic blood pressure and serum creatinine level to be higher compared to the A allele carriers.

The dose-effect safety profile of skeletal muscle precursor cell therapy in a dog model of intrinsic urinary sphincter deficiency.

Locally injected skeletal muscle precursor cells (skMPCs) integrate into and restore the muscle layers, innervation, vasculature, and function of the sphincter complex in animal models of intrinsic urinary sphincter deficiency (ISD). The goal of the present study was to test the dose-effect safety profile of skMPC therapy in a dog model of ISD. Sphincter deficiency was created in 20 adult female dogs by surgically removing the skeletal muscle layer of the urinary sphincter complex. skMPCs isolated from the hind leg were expanded in culture and injected 4 weeks later into the sphincter complex at a dose of 25 million cells (n = 5), 50 million cells (n = 5), or 100 million cells (n = 5) per milliliter in a 2-ml volume. Five dogs received no sphincter injection. The measures of maximal sphincter pressure, complete blood count, and blood chemistry were performed monthly until their sacrifice at 9 months. At that point, full necropsy was performed to assess the safety of the skMPC injections. Injection of different doses of cells had no effects on the body weight, blood cell count, or kidney or liver function test results (p > .05 among the skMPC doses). Some incidental pathologic features were found in the lower urinary tract in all groups and were most likely associated with repeat catheterization. The maximal urinary sphincter pressure was higher in the 50 million cells per milliliter treatment group than in the other experimental groups (p < .05). The findings of the present study have confirmed that urinary sphincter injection of skMPCs results in no significant local or systemic pathologic features within the dose range that improves sphincter pressures.

Cancer notification at a referral hospital of Kermanshah, Western Iran (2006-2009).

BACKGROUND: Cancer is a major public health problem and the leading cause of mortality in both males and females in developed and developing countries. The incidence of cancer is gender dependent. Among Iranians, it is the third cause of death. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The information recorded in the files of all patients (7,695 individuals) pathologically diagnosed with cancer in Imam Reza referral hospital of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences during the four year period of 2006-2009 were reviewed and analyzed using SPSS statistical software package version 16.0. RESULTS: Around 61.6% of reported cancer cases were males and 38.4% were females. The most prevalent reported malignant tumors occurred at the age group of 70-79 years in males and in females these tumors were presented in the ages of 60-69 years. The most prevalent cancers among studied patients were gastrointestinal (GI) cancers with a frequency of 22.9% [gastric 10.7%, colorectal 6.9%, and esophageal 6%]. The second, third and forth prevalent cancers were blood at 16.4%, lung 13.5% and bladder 12.8%, respectively. In males the cancers of GI (25.6%) were the most prevalent followed in order of frequency by bladder (18%), blood (17.6%), lung (17.4%) and prostate (6.8%) . In females the most frequent recorded cancer was breast (24.1%) followed in order of frequency by GI (20.5%), blood (14.4%), lung (7.3%), uterus (6.2%) and ovary (5.1%) . Breast cancer was the most prevalent cancer (27%) in the age group of 40-49 years. CONCLUSIONS: The present study provides frequency data for various types of cancers in both males and females from a referral hospital of Kermanshah that are comparable with some reports from other areas of the country.