Effects on strength, power, and flexibility in adolescents of nonperiodized vs. daily nonlinear periodized weight training.

The aim of this study was to compare 2 models of resistance training (RT) programs, nonperiodized (NP) training and daily nonlinear periodized (DNLP) training, on strength, power, and flexibility in untrained adolescents. Thirty-eight untrained male adolescents were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: a control group, NP RT program, and DNLP program. The subjects were tested pretraining and after 4, 8, and 12 weeks for 1 repetition maximum (1RM) resistances in the bench press and 45° leg press, sit and reach test, countermovement vertical jump (CMVJ), and standing long jump (SLJ). Both training groups performed the same sequence of exercises 3 times a week for a total of 36 sessions. The NP RT consisted of 3 sets of 10-12RM throughout the training period. The DNLP training consisted of 3 sets using different training intensities for each of the 3 training sessions per week. The total volume of the training programs was not significantly different. Both the NP and DNLP groups exhibited a significant increase in the 1RM for the bench press and 45° leg press posttraining compared with that pretraining, but there were no significant differences between groups (p ≤ 0.05). The DNLP group's 1RM changes showed greater percentage improvements and effect sizes. Training intensity for the bench press and 45° leg press did not significantly change during the training. In the CMVJ and SLJ tests, NP and DNLP training showed no significant change. The DNLP group showed a significant increase in the sit and reach test after 8 and 12 weeks of training compared with pretraining; this did not occur with NP training. In summary, in untrained adolescents during a 12-week training period, a DNLP program can be used to elicit similar and possible superior maximal strength and flexibility gains compared with an NP multiset training model.

Influência do ciclo menstrual na força muscular e percepção subjetiva do esforço em atletas de natação que utilizam contraceptivos / Influence of menstrual cycle on muscle strength and rating of perceived exertion in swimmers athletes taking contraceptives

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a influência do ciclo menstrual (CM) na força muscular e percepção subjetiva do esforço (PSE) em atletas de natação usuárias de contraceptivos orais. Dez atletas das categorias Sênior e Júnior (18,7 ± 1,6 anos, 64,4 ± 5,4 kg, 165,0 ± 0,0 cm) realizaram, de forma aleatória, três sessões experimentais, sendo uma em cada fase do CM: folicular (1º ao 4º dia do CM), ovulatória (12º ao 15º dia) e lútea (21º ao 27º dia). A força muscular foi avaliada pelo teste de dez repetições máximas (10RM) nos exercícios leg-press 45º, puxada pela frente, agachamento livre e supino reto. A PSE foi verificada através da escala OMINI-RES (0 a 10). Os resultados demonstraram que a carga para 10RM na puxada pela frente foi maior na fase ovulatória (33,0 ± 2,6 kg) em comparação a fase folicular (30,5 ± 1,6 kg) (p < 0,05). No agachamento houve difenrença entre as fases folicular (70,0 ± 20,7 kg) e lútea (78,3 ± 20,5 kg) (p < 0,05). Para a PSE, houve diferença apenas no supino reto entre as fases folicular e lútea (7,8 ± 1,3 vs. 9,0 ± 1,3, respectivamente, p < 0,05). Com isso, podemos concluir que as diferentes fases do CM podem modificar a força muscular e a PSE em atletas de natação que utilizam contraceptivos orais.(AU)

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of the menstrual cycle (MC) on muscle strength and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) in swimmers athletes taking oral contraceptives. Ten swimmers of Senior and Junior categories (18.7 ± 1.6 years; 64.4 ± 5.4 kg; 165.0 ± 0.0 cm) made randomly three experimental visits, one in each phase of the MC: follicular (days 1 to 4 of the MC), ovulatory (days 12 to 15) and luteal (days 21 to 27). The muscle strength was determined through the ten rpetitions maximum test (10RM) in 45º leg press, lat pull down, free squat and bench press exercises. RPE was measured through OMINI-RES scale (0-10). The results show that the 10RM load in lat pull down was greater during the ovulatory phase (33.0 ± 2.6 kg) than follicular phase (30.5 ± 1.6 kg) (p < 0.05). For the free squat, significant difference was obtained between follicular (70.0 ± 20.7 kg) and luteal phses (78.3 ± 20.5 kg) p < 0.05). Significant difference was obtained for RPE only in bench press exercise between follicular and luteal phases of the MC (7.8 ± 1.2 vs. 9.0 1.3, respectively, p < 0.05). We conclude that the different phases of the MC may changes the muscle strength and RPE in swimmers athletes taking oral contraceptives.(AU)