Nanoscale Characterization of Graphene Oxide-Based Epoxy Nanocomposite Using Inverted Scanning Microwave Microscopy.

Scanning microwave microscopy (SMM) is a novel metrological tool that advances the quantitative, nanometric, high-frequency, electrical characterization of a broad range of materials of technological importance. In this work, we report an inverted near-field scanning microwave microscopy (iSMM) investigation of a graphene oxide-based epoxy nanocomposite material at a nanoscopic level. The high-resolution spatial mapping of local conductance provides a quantitative analysis of the sample's electrical properties. In particular, the electrical conductivity in the order of ∼10-1 S/m as well as the mapping of the dielectric constant with a value of ∼4.7 ± 0.2 are reported and validated by the full-wave electromagnetic modeling of the tip-sample interaction.

Heterodyne phase shifting method in scanning probe microscopy.

The present paper describes a novel implementation of the continuous phase shifting method (PSM), named heterodyne holography, in a scanning probe microscope configuration, able to retrieve the complex scattered field in on-axis configuration. This can be achieved by acquiring a continuous sequence of holograms at different wavelengths in just a single scan through the combination of scanning interference microscopy and a low-coherent signal acquired in the frequency domain. This method exploits the main advantages of the phase shifting technique and avoids some limits relative to off-axis holography in providing quantitative phase imaging.

Infrared imaging in liquid through an extrinsic optical microcavity.

The mutual interference of light scattered inside an extrinsic Fabry-Perot microcavity, fed by a low-coherence light, is exploited to achieve infrared imaging in a liquid environment. The transverse field distribution inside a cavity is shaped by the effect of scattered interfering waves in a lens-free system. Reflectivity and contrast phase maps are extracted through the analysis of the cavity response in the time domain. This approach allows to conjugate noninvasivity, subdiffraction imaging, possible quantitative evaluation of dielectric constants and infrared spectroscopy, making it suitable for biological applications.

Analytical expressions for spreading resistance in lossy media and their application to the calibration of scanning microwave microscopy.

This paper presents the analytical derivation of spreading resistance expressions for diverse geometries of a conducting probe submerged in a lossy medium. Resulting equations can be used to calibrate scanning impedance/scanning microwave microscopes operating in liquid. The expressions are systematically validated through numerical and experimental methods for the calibration of an inverted Scanning Microwave Microscope (iSMM) when operating in a lossy saline medium, such as Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), a widely used medium for supporting the growth of biological cells. The calibration process within DMEM plays an important role in the quantitative local evaluation of electromagnetic properties of biological samples under physiological conditions. Additionally, measurements are performed in distilled water for comparative analysis.

Measuring zinc in biological nanovesicles by multiple analytical approaches.

Exosomes are nanovesicles known to mediate intercellular communication. Although it is established that zinc ions can act as intracellular signaling factors, the measurement of zinc in circulating nanovesicles has not yet been attempted. Providing evidence of the existence of this zinc fraction and methods for its measurement might be important to advance our knowledge of zinc status and its relevance in diseases. Exosomes from 0.5 ml of either fresh or frozen human plasma were isolated by differential centrifugation. A morphological and dimensional evaluation at the nanoscale level was performed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Energy Dispersive X-Ray Microanalysis (EDX) revealed the elemental composition of exosomes and their respective total Zinc content on a quantitative basis. The zinc mole fraction (in at%) was correlated to the phosphorous mole fraction, which is indicative for exosomal membrane material. Both fresh (Zn/P 0.09 ±â€¯0.01) and frozen exosomes (Zn/P 0.08 ±â€¯0.02) had a significant zinc content, which increased up to 1.09 ±â€¯0.12 for frozen exosomes when treated with increasing amounts of zinc (100-500 µM; each p < 0.05). Interestingly, after zinc addition, the Calcium mole fractions decreased accordingly suggesting a possible exchange by zinc. In order to estimate the intra-exosomal labile zinc content, an Imaging Flow Cytometry approach was developed by using the specific membrane permeable zinc-probe Fluozin-3AM. A labile zinc content of 0.59 ±â€¯0.27 nM was calculated but it is likely that the measurement may be affected by purification and isolation conditions. This study suggests that circulating nano-vesicular-zinc can represent a newly discovered zinc fraction in the blood plasma whose functional and biological properties will have to be further investigated in future studies.

Avaliação da energia incorporada e da emissão de CO2 em recipientes para refrigerantes: PET versus vidro / Evaluation of energy and CO 2 emissions in soft drink containers: PET versus Glass

RESUMO Este artigo busca avaliar e comparar qual material (PET ou vidro) proporciona um ciclo de vida mais sustentável para os recipientes utilizados no envase de refrigerantes. Foram comparados quatro recipientes de vidro - três retornáveis e um descartável - com cinco recipientes em polietileno tereftalato (PET) - três descartáveis produzidos com material virgem, um descartável produzido com 20% de material reciclado e um retornável (RefPET). Utilizou-se como ferramenta o programa CES-Selector/EcoAudit, o qual considera cinco etapas principais do ciclo de vida do produto - material (obtenção de matéria-prima), produção, transporte, uso e descarte. Os indicadores resultantes foram a energia incorporada e a quantidade de CO2 emitida. Os resultados, para cada 1.000 L de refrigerante envasado, comprovam que a reutilização do recipiente é a escolha ambientalmente mais correta e mostram que, nas garrafas de PET, quanto maior a capacidade do recipiente, menor a quantidade de material de PET utilizado, menor a energia incorporada e menor a emissão de CO2. Por outro lado, para as garrafas de vidro, o resultado é oposto, ou seja, quanto maior a capacidade do recipiente, maior a quantidade de material utilizado, maior a energia incorporada e maior será a quantidade de CO2 emitida. Considerando a energia incorporada e o CO2 gerado, o resultado final mostra que, para envasar pequenos volumes (vidro de 290 mL e PET de 250 mL), os recipientes de vidro apresentam resultados melhores, enquanto, para envasar volumes maiores (acima de 600 mL), os recipientes de PET são os mais indicados.

ABSTRACT The present paper aims to assess and compare which material (PET or glass) provides a more sustainable life cycle for soft drink containers. Four glass containers, three returnable ones and one disposable were compared to five PET containers (polyethylene terephthalate), three disposable ones made from virgin material, one disposable made from 20% of recycled material and one returnable (RefPet). The CES-Selector/EcoAudit program, which considers five main stages of the product life cycle - material (obtaining raw material), production, transportation, use and disposal - , was used. The resulting indicators were the energy and the amount of CO2 emission. The results, for every 1,000 liters of soft drink bottled, prove that the reuse of containers is the most environmentally correct choice and show that in PET bottles the larger the container capacity the smaller the amount of PET material used, lower the energy and the lower the CO2 emission. On the other hand, for glass bottles, the result is opposite, that is, the larger the container capacity, the greater the amount of material used, the greater the embodied energy and the greater the CO2 emission. Considering the incorporated energy and the CO2 generated, the final result shows that glass containers present better results when filling small-volume packages (290 ml glass and 250 ml PET), while PET containers are the most suitable ones for larger volumes (above 600 ml).

Fast ultrahigh-density writing of low-conductivity patterns on semiconducting polymers.

The exceptional interest in improving the limitations of data storage, molecular electronics and optoelectronics has promoted the development of an ever increasing number of techniques used to pattern polymers at micro and nanoscale. Most of them rely on atomic force microscopy to thermally or electrostatically induce mass transport, thereby creating topographic features. Here we show that the mechanical interaction between the tip of the atomic force microscope and the surface of π-conjugated polymeric films produces a local increase of molecular disorder, inducing a localized lowering of the semiconductor conductivity, not associated to detectable modifications in the surface topography. This phenomenon allows for the swift production of low-conductivity patterns on the film surface at a speed exceeding 20 µm s⁻¹; paths have a resolution in the order of the tip size (20 nm) and are detected by a conducting-atomic force microscopy tip in the conductivity maps.

Disentangling time in a near-field approach to scanning probe microscopy.

Microwave microscopy has recently attracted intensive effort, owing to its capability to provide quantitative information about the local composition and the electromagnetic response of a sample. Nonetheless, the interpretation of microwave images remains a challenge as the electromagnetic waves interact with the sample and the surrounding in a multitude of ways following different paths: microwave images are a convolution of all contributions. In this work we show that examining the time evolution of the electromagnetic waves allows us to disentangle each contribution, providing images with striking quality and unexplored scenarios for near-field microscopy.