Symptoms of depression and anxiety in Chinese adolescents: heterogeneity and associations with executive function.

BACKGROUND: Depression and anxiety are common symptoms associated with significant morbidity in adolescents. Few studies have explored the relationship between latent profiles of adolescent depression-anxiety symptoms and executive function (EF), which is also a major pediatric public health concern. METHODS: The sample included 1,306 participants who were recruited from two schools in Ningxia. The Depression Self-Rating Scale for Children (DSRSC) and the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) were used to assess the level of depression-anxiety symptoms in adolescents, and their executive function state was assessed using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Self-Report version (BRIEF-SR). Latent profile analysis (LPA) was carried out using Mplus 7.0 to explore the most likely number of profiles based on the subscales of DSRSC and SCARED. The relationship between adolescents' executive function and depression-anxiety symptoms were analyzed by multivariable logistic regression, and the odds ratio were used to test the impact of this relationship. RESULTS: The LPA results show that the three-profile model was the best-fitting model for adolescent depression and anxiety symptoms. The proportions of Profile-1 ("Healthy Group"), Profile-2 ("Anxiety Disorder Group"), and Profile-3 ("Depression-Anxiety Disorder Group") were 61.4%, 23.9%, and 14.7%, respectively. Additional analyses using multivariable logistic regression suggested that poor shifting capacity and emotional control were significantly more likely to be classified into the depression and/or anxiety groups, and worse working memory, task completion, and better inhibition were significantly more likely to be classified into the anxiety group. CONCLUSIONS: The findings contribute to our understanding of the heterogeneity of adolescents' depression-anxiety symptoms and highlight the important role of executive function in influencing mental health outcomes. These findings will guide the improvement and delivery of interventions for the treatment of anxiety and depression in adolescents, mitigating functional impairments in patients and reducing disease risk.

Breakthrough Pain: A Qualitative Study of Patients with Advanced Cancer in Northwest China.

BACKGROUND: Breakthrough pain is an extremely painful symptom that impairs quality of life in cancer patients. It negatively impacts their emotional wellbeing, physical function, and mental health. The aim of this study is to use a qualitative methodology to examine the perception of cancer patients with breakthrough pain in the Northwest of China. METHODS: A semi-structured, face-to-face interview was conducted with nine cancer patients who experienced breakthrough pain; and a qualitative content analysis was performed. RESULTS: Five themes were generated: (1) sufferings from breakthrough cancer pain, (2) hopelessness and helplessness, (3) perception of breakthrough cancer pain and analgesia, (4) strong as a Chinese, and (5) support needed from health care system. CONCLUSION: Although certain traditional cultural worldviews increase patients' acceptance of pain, healthcare providers need proper treatment guidelines to improve the quality of cancer patient care in Northwest China. We recommend that healthcare workers and hospital managers place cancer pain management in higher priority. Relevant pain management education programs should be provided to both healthcare providers and patients to improve their knowledge in these area. Healthcare professionals need to establish a mutual communication channel between patients and healthcare workers to meet patients' needs during breakthrough pain episodes in order to improve pain management. Nevertheless, the government and the healthcare system need to recognize the importance and urgency of palliative care services.

Suicidality among young adults: Unique and cumulative roles of 14 different adverse childhood experiences.

BACKGROUND: College students with suicidal ideation (SI) are at high risk of suicide. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are important risk factors for suicidal behavior. Most research in this area has been restricted to 10 conventional ACEs and suggests negative long-term developmental effects from other common childhood adversities such as peer victimization, peer isolation/rejection, exposure to community violence, and low socioeconomic status. OBJECTIVE: To test the unique and cumulative associations of 14 different ACEs with SI among young adults. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Participants were 989 college students from two universities in China's provincial-leveled Hui Autonomous Region. METHODS: Associations between ACEs and SI were analyzed by logistic regression. A Chi-square trend test was used to examine the association between cumulative ACEs and SI. RESULTS: The rates of suicidal ideation, plans, and attempts among the cohort were 11.9%, 3.7%, and 1.6%, respectively; 43.9% had experienced at least one ACE. The strongest predictor of SI in adulthood was peer isolation/rejection, followed by emotional neglect, then low socioeconomic status. There was a cumulative effect of ACEs and SI, whereby the greater the number of ACEs, the greater the likelihood of SI. CONCLUSION: Peer isolation/rejection, emotional neglect, and low socioeconomic status were associated with increased risk of SI in adulthood. Two (peer isolation/rejection and low socioeconomic status) of the three factors that emerged from the analysis are not typically included in ACEs research. There was a cumulative effect of 14 kinds of ACEs on SI among young adults. Early recognition of risk factors is therefore important.

A fixed inhaled nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture as an analgesic for adult cancer patients with breakthrough pain: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The management of breakthrough pain in cancer patients is always a challenge for medical professions. Occurring in 80% of cancer patients with advanced disease, breakthrough pain significantly decreases both patient's and caregiver's quality of life. The aim of this study is to assess the analgesic efficacy of a fixed inhaled nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture for adult cancer patients with breakthrough pain. METHODS/DESIGN: This is a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study; it will be conducted in the General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University. The target study subjects are at least 18 years old, and are hospitalized cancer patients who are receiving routine opioids to control cancer-related pain but still experience breakthrough pain. A total of 240 patients will be recruited and randomly allocated between three treatment groups (A, B, C) and a control group (group D) in a ratio of 3:1. All treatment groups (A, B, C) will receive standard pain treatment (oral immediate-release morphine) plus a pre-prepared nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture, and the control group (D) will receive the standard pain treatment plus oxygen. Patients, doctors, nurses, and data collectors are all blind to the experiment. Assessments will be taken before treatment (T0), at 5 min (T1) and 15 min (T2) during treatment, and at 5 min after treatment (T3). The primary endpoint measures will be the percentage of patients whose pain is relieved at T1, T2, and T3. Secondary outcome measures will include the safety of treatment, adverse events, and satisfaction from both health professionals and patients. DISCUSSION: This study aims to provide an effective and practical intervention for a fast breakthrough pain relief and to improve cancer patients' quality of life significantly. The Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group claim that a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled experimental intervention is the most appropriate design to demonstrate its efficacy, so this study could give a new approach to controlling breakthrough pain episodes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ChiCTR-INC-16008075 . Registered on 8 March 2016.

Perceptions of parents and paediatricians on pain induced by bone marrow aspiration and lumbar puncture among children with acute leukaemia: a qualitative study in China.

OBJECTIVE: To obtain in-depth insight into the perceptions of parents and paediatricians in China regarding current procedural pain management on bone marrow aspirations and lumbar punctures in paediatric haemato-oncology department. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: This qualitative study was conducted in a 4500-bed university hospital in northwest China. To collect data, in-depth semistructured interviews were conducted with parents of children with acute leukaemia (n=12) and haemato-oncology paediatricians (n=11) using purposive sampling. Interviews were audiotaped and transcribed and subjected to thematic analysis. RESULTS: The suffering of procedural pain among paediatric patients was not adequately recognised and properly treated at the paediatric haemato-oncology department. The current paediatric procedural pain management is inadequate for paediatric patients. Crucial factors were identified including lack of awareness about the damage of uncontrolled pain in children, parents' low supportive ability, the limited capacity to provide general analgesia by anaesthetists, inadequate knowledge in the usage of analgesia and sedation and lack of efficient analgesic for children's procedural pain. The participants strongly expected optimal interventions to improve paediatric procedural pain management. CONCLUSIONS: The result suggested a perceived and actual poor management of paediatric procedural pain in haemato-oncology department in northwest China. A relevant pain management education programme for paediatricians and parents as well as an effective pain medication are urgently needed in northwest China. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry. Identifier: ChiCTR-INR-16007989.