Enteric Permeability, Systemic Inflammation, and Post-Discharge Growth Among a Cohort of Hospitalized Children in Kenya and Pakistan.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether gut permeability is associated with post-discharge growth and systemic inflammation among hospitalized children in low- and middle-income countries. METHODS: Children aged 2-23 months being discharged from Civil Hospital Karachi (Pakistan) and Migori County Referral Hospital (Kenya) underwent lactulose-rhamnose ratio (LRR) permeability testing and were compared to age-matched children from their home communities. Linear mixed effect models estimated the associations between LRR among discharged children with change in length-for-age (LAZ) and weight-for-age z score (WAZ) at 45, 90, and 180 days after discharge. Linear regression tested if relationships between LRR, systemic inflammation [C-reative protein (CRP), Cluster of Differentiation 14 (CD14), Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNFα), Interleukin-6 (IL-6)], and enterocyte damage [Intestinal Fatty-Acid Binding protein (I-FABP)] differed between the hospitalized and community groups. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-seven hospitalized and 84 community participants were included. The hospitalized group had higher log-LRR [0.43, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.15-0.71, P = 0.003] than the community children. Adjustment for weight-for-length z score at discharge attenuated this association (0.31, 95% CI: 0.00-0.62, P = 0.049). LRR was not associated with changes in WAZ or LAZ in the post-discharge period. Associations between LRR and CRP (interaction P = 0.036), TNFα ( P = 0.017), CD14 ( P = 0.078), and IL-6 ( P = 0.243) differed between community and hospitalized groups. LRR was associated with TNFα ( P = 0.004) and approached significance with CD14 ( P = 0.078) and IL-6 ( P = 0.062) in community children, but there was no evidence of these associations among hospitalized children. CONCLUSIONS: Although increased enteric permeability is more prevalent among children being discharged from hospital compared to children in the community, it does not appear to be an important determinant of systemic inflammation or post-discharge growth among hospitalized children.

On-farm performance and farmers' participatory assessment of new stress-tolerant maize hybrids in Eastern Africa.

The development and deployment of high-yielding stress tolerant maize hybrids are important components of the efforts to increase maize productivity in eastern Africa. This study was conducted to: i) evaluate selected, stress-tolerant maize hybrids under farmers' conditions; ii) identify farmers' selection criteria in selecting maize hybrids; and iii) have farmers evaluate the new varieties according to those criteria. Two sets of trials, one with 12 early-to-intermediate maturing and the other with 13 intermediate-to-late maturing hybrids, improved for tolerance to multiple stresses common in farmers' fields in eastern Africa (drought, northern corn leaf blight, gray leaf spot, common rust, maize streak virus), were evaluated on-farm under smallholder farmers' conditions in a total of 42 and 40 environments (site-year-management combinations), respectively, across Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and Rwanda in 2016 and 2017. Farmer-participatory variety evaluation was conducted at 27 sites in Kenya and Rwanda, with a total of 2025 participating farmers. Differential performance of the hybrids was observed under low-yielding (<3 t ha-1) and high-yielding (>3 t ha-1) environments. The new stress-tolerant maize hybrids had a much better grain-yield performance than the best commercial checks under smallholder farmer growing environments but had a comparable grain-yield performance under optimal conditions. These hybrids also showed better grain-yield stability across the testing environments, providing an evidence for the success of the maize-breeding approach. In addition, the new stress- tolerant varieties outperformed the internal genetic checks, indicating genetic gain under farmers' conditions. Farmers gave high importance to grain yield in both farmer-stated preferences (through scores) and farmer-revealed preferences of criteria (revealed by regressing the overall scores on the scores for the individual criteria). The top-yielding hybrids in both maturity groups also received the farmers' highest overall scores. Farmers ranked yield, early maturity, cob size and number of cobs as the most important traits for variety preference. The criteria for the different hybrids did not differ between men and women farmers. Farmers gave priority to many different traits in addition to grain yield, but this may not be applicable across all maize-growing regions. Farmer-stated importance of the different criteria, however, were quite different from farmer- revealed importance. Further, there were significant differences between men and women in the revealed-importance of the criteria. We conclude that incorporating farmers' selection criteria in the stage-gate advancement process of new hybrids by the breeders is useful under the changing maize-growing environments in sub-Saharan Africa, and recommended to increase the turnover of new maize hybrids.

Plasma proteomic signatures of enteric permeability among hospitalized and community children in Kenya and Pakistan.

We aimed to establish if enteric permeability was associated with similar biological processes in children recovering from hospitalization and relatively healthy children in the community. Extreme gradient boosted models predicting the lactulose-rhamnose ratio (LRR), a biomarker of enteric permeability, using 7,500 plasma proteins and 34 fecal biomarkers of enteric infection among 89 hospitalized and 60 community children aged 2-23 months were built. The R2 values were calculated in test sets. The models performed better among community children (R2: 0.27 [min-max: 0.19, 0.53]) than hospitalized children (R2: 0.07 [min-max: 0.03, 0.11]). In the community, LRR was associated with biomarkers of humoral antimicrobial and cellular lipopolysaccharide responses and inversely associated with anti-inflammatory and innate immunological responses. Among hospitalized children, the selected biomarkers had few shared functions. This suggests enteric permeability among community children was associated with a host response to pathogens, but this association was not observed among hospitalized children.

Leaf development in Lolium temulentum L.: characterization of a slow-to-green mutant.

A nuclear-gene mutation of the C3 grass Lolium temulentum L., which arose following cell suspension culture and plant regeneration, is manifested as delayed and incomplete greening, which occurs from the leaf tip downwards. Many plastids in the mutant exhibit abnormal morphology when examined by transmission electron microscopy; the plastid outer envelope lacks integrity and thylakoids, while still stacked, are spread over a wide area surrounded by diffuse stromal contents. These aberrant plastids can coexist with apparently normal chloroplasts in the same cell of mutant plants. Levels of chlorophyll a and b, and carotenoids, are all lower in the mutants than in normal Lolium temulentum. Leaf length, absolute growth rate, and number of cells per unit length at the leaf base, are greatly reduced (20-30% the normal values) in slow-to-green plants, but relative growth rate, duration of leaf growth, length of cell division zone and proportion of cells dividing are little affected. This novel mutant is a potentially valuable resource for studying interrelationships between photosynthetic function and leaf extension growth in grasses.