Interleukin-17A increases neurite outgrowth from adult postganglionic sympathetic neurons.

Inflammation can profoundly alter the structure and function of the nervous system. Interleukin (IL)-17 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases associated with nervous system plasticity. However, the effects of IL-17 on the nervous system remain unexplored. Cell and explant culture techniques, immunohistochemistry, electrophysiology, and Ca2+ imaging were used to examine the impact of IL-17 on adult mouse sympathetic neurons. Receptors for IL-17 were present on postganglionic neurons from superior mesenteric ganglia (SMG). Supernatant from activated splenic T lymphocytes, which was abundant in IL-17, dramatically enhanced axonal length of SMG neurons. Importantly, IL-17-neutralizing antiserum abrogated the neurotrophic effect of splenocyte supernatant, and incubation of SMG neurons in IL-17 (1 ng/ml) significantly potentiated neurite outgrowth. The neurotrophic effect of IL-17 was accompanied by inhibition of voltage-dependent Ca2+ influx and was recapitulated by incubation of neurons in a blocker of N-type Ca2+ channels (ω-conotoxin GVIA; 30 nM). IL-17-induced neurite outgrowth in vitro appeared to be independent of glia, as treatment with a glial toxin (AraC; 5 µM) did not affect the outgrowth response to IL-17. Moreover, application of the cytokine to distal axons devoid of glial processes enhanced neurite extension. An inhibitor of the NF-κB pathway (SC-514; 20 µM) blocked the effects of IL-17. These data represent the first evidence that IL-17 can act on sympathetic somata and distal neurites to enhance neurite outgrowth, and identify a novel potential role for IL-17 in the neuroanatomical plasticity that accompanies inflammation.

A multi-vertebrae CT to US registration of the lumbar spine in clinical data.

PURPOSE: Spinal needle injections are widely applied to alleviate back pain and for anesthesia. Current treatment is performed either blindly with palpation or using fluoroscopy or computed tomography (CT). Both fluoroscopy and CT guidance expose patients to ionizing radiation. Ultrasound (US) guidance for spinal needle procedures is becoming more prevalent as an alternative. It is challenging to use US as the sole imaging modality for intraoperative guidance of spine needle injections due to the acoustic shadows created by the bony structures of the vertebra that limit visibility of the target areas for injection. We propose registration of CT and the US images to augment anatomical visualization for the clinician during spinal interventions guided by US. METHODS: The proposed method involves automatic global and multi-vertebrae registration to find the closest alignment between CT and US data. This is performed by maximizing the similarity between the two modalities using voxel intensity information as well as features extracted from the input volumes. In our method, the lumbar spine is first globally aligned between the CT and US data using intensity-based registration followed by point-based registration. To account for possible curvature change of the spine between the CT and US volumes, a multi-vertebrae registration step is also performed. Springs are used to constrain the movement of the individually transformed vertebrae to ensure the optimal alignment is a pose of the lumbar spine that is physically possible. RESULTS: Evaluation of the algorithm is performed on 10 clinical patient datasets. The registration approach was able to align CT and US datasets from initial misalignments of up to 25 mm, with a mean TRE of 1.37 mm. These results suggest that the proposed approach has the potential to offer a sufficiently accurate registration between clinical CT and US data.

Spinal needle navigation by tracked ultrasound snapshots.

PURPOSE: Ultrasound (US) guidance in facet joint injections has been reported previously as an alternative to imaging modalities with ionizing radiation. However, this technique has not been adopted in the clinical routine, due to difficulties in the visualization of the target joint in US and simultaneous manipulation of the needle. METHODS: We propose a technique to increase targeting accuracy and efficiency in facet joint injections. This is achieved by electromagnetically tracking the positions of the US transducer and the needle, and recording tracked US snapshots (TUSS). The needle is navigated using the acquired US snapshots. RESULTS: In cadaveric lamb model, the success rate of facet joint injections by five orthopedic surgery residents significantly increased from 44.4% with freehand US guidance to 93.3% with TUSS guidance. Needle insertion time significantly decreased from 47.9 ± 34.2 s to 36.1 ± 28.7 s (mean ± SD). In a synthetic human spine model, a success rate of 96.7% was achieved with TUSS. The targeting accuracy of the presented system in a gel phantom was 1.03 ± 0.48 mm (mean ± SD). CONCLUSION: Needle guidance with TUSS improves the success rate and time efficiency in spinal facet joint injections. This technique readily translates also to other spinal needle placement applications.