RESUMO
Mutation of highly conserved residues in transcription factors may affect protein-protein or protein-DNA interactions, leading to gene network dysregulation and human disease. Human mutations in GATA4, a cardiogenic transcription factor, cause cardiac septal defects and cardiomyopathy. Here, iPS-derived cardiomyocytes from subjects with a heterozygous GATA4-G296S missense mutation showed impaired contractility, calcium handling, and metabolic activity. In human cardiomyocytes, GATA4 broadly co-occupied cardiac enhancers with TBX5, another transcription factor that causes septal defects when mutated. The GATA4-G296S mutation disrupted TBX5 recruitment, particularly to cardiac super-enhancers, concomitant with dysregulation of genes related to the phenotypic abnormalities, including cardiac septation. Conversely, the GATA4-G296S mutation led to failure of GATA4 and TBX5-mediated repression at non-cardiac genes and enhanced open chromatin states at endothelial/endocardial promoters. These results reveal how disease-causing missense mutations can disrupt transcriptional cooperativity, leading to aberrant chromatin states and cellular dysfunction, including those related to morphogenetic defects.
Assuntos
Fator de Transcrição GATA4/genética , Cardiopatias Congênitas/genética , Cardiopatias Congênitas/patologia , Cromatina , Elementos Facilitadores Genéticos , Feminino , Coração/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Humanos , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas , Masculino , Mutação de Sentido Incorreto , Miócitos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Miócitos Cardíacos/patologia , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Proteínas com Domínio T/genéticaRESUMO
Physical interactions between distal regulatory elements have a key role in regulating gene expression, but the extent to which these interactions vary between cell types and contribute to cell-type-specific gene expression remains unclear. Here, to address these questions as part of phase III of the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE), we mapped cohesin-mediated chromatin loops, using chromatin interaction analysis by paired-end tag sequencing (ChIA-PET), and analysed gene expression in 24 diverse human cell types, including core ENCODE cell lines. Twenty-eight per cent of all chromatin loops vary across cell types; these variations modestly correlate with changes in gene expression and are effective at grouping cell types according to their tissue of origin. The connectivity of genes corresponds to different functional classes, with housekeeping genes having few contacts, and dosage-sensitive genes being more connected to enhancer elements. This atlas of chromatin loops complements the diverse maps of regulatory architecture that comprise the ENCODE Encyclopedia, and will help to support emerging analyses of genome structure and function.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Cromatina/química , Cromatina/genética , Proteínas Cromossômicas não Histona/metabolismo , Genoma Humano/genética , Anotação de Sequência Molecular , Processamento Alternativo/genética , Diferenciação Celular/genética , Linhagem Celular , Células/metabolismo , Cromatina/metabolismo , Sequenciamento de Cromatina por Imunoprecipitação , Elementos Facilitadores Genéticos/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Conformação Molecular , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas/genética , CoesinasRESUMO
Progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia (PPD) is a skeletal dysplasia characterized by predominant involvement of articular cartilage with progressive joint stiffness. Here we report genetic characterization of a consanguineous family segregating an uncharacterized from of skeletal dysplasia. Whole-exome sequencing of four affected siblings and their parents identified a loss-of-function homozygous mutation in the WISP3 gene, leading to diagnosis of PPD in the affected individuals. The identified variant (Chr6: 112382301; WISP3:c.156C>A p.Cys52*) is rare and predicted to cause premature termination of the WISP3 protein.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Sinalização Intercelular CCN/genética , Estudos de Associação Genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Artropatias/genética , Mutação/genética , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Linhagem , Fenótipo , Sequenciamento do ExomaRESUMO
The widely accepted model of G1 cell cycle progression proposes that cyclin D:Cdk4/6 inactivates the Rb tumor suppressor during early G1 phase by progressive multi-phosphorylation, termed hypo-phosphorylation, to release E2F transcription factors. However, this model remains unproven biochemically and the biologically active form(s) of Rb remains unknown. In this study, we find that Rb is exclusively mono-phosphorylated in early G1 phase by cyclin D:Cdk4/6. Mono-phosphorylated Rb is composed of 14 independent isoforms that are all targeted by the E1a oncoprotein, but show preferential E2F binding patterns. At the late G1 Restriction Point, cyclin E:Cdk2 inactivates Rb by quantum hyper-phosphorylation. Cells undergoing a DNA damage response activate cyclin D:Cdk4/6 to generate mono-phosphorylated Rb that regulates global transcription, whereas cells undergoing differentiation utilize un-phosphorylated Rb. These observations fundamentally change our understanding of G1 cell cycle progression and show that mono-phosphorylated Rb, generated by cyclin D:Cdk4/6, is the only Rb isoform in early G1 phase.