Musculoskeletal pain during and after SARS-CoV-2 infection and healthcare utilization: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated the reorganization of health services to cater to the needs of individuals affected by the virus. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the association between musculoskeletal pain during and after SARS-CoV-2 infection and the utilization of health services among adults in southern Brazil.  METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with individuals aged 18 years and older, who were diagnosed with COVID-19 between December 2020 and March 2021. Questionnaires were electronically collected using tablets through the REDCap platform via phone calls. The health service utilization outcomes assessed included Primary Health Care, general practitioners, private emergency care, and specialized services. The exposure variable was the presence of musculoskeletal pain during and after SARS-CoV-2 infection in different regions, such as cervical, upper limbs, thoracic, lumbar, and lower limbs. Poisson regression analysis was employed to assess the relationship between health service utilization during and after SARS-CoV-2 infection and musculoskeletal pain during and after the infection with SARS-CoV-2 among adults in southern Brazil. Data were analyzed using the Stata 16.1 statistical package.  RESULTS: A total of 2,919 individuals were interviewed. Overall, individuals with musculoskeletal pain were found to utilize health services approximately 15 percentage points higher when compared to those without musculoskeletal pain. In adjusted analysis, individuals who reported musculoskeletal pain during and after SARS-CoV-2 infection were up to twice as likely to use health services. Among them, the emergency care unit was the most frequently used service, particularly in those with pain in the lower limbs (RP=2.19, 95% CI 1.66-2.87) and thoracic region (RP=2.04, 95% CI 1.47-2.84). Notably, the highest magnitudes of association were observed with emergency care units, specialist doctors, and specialized services, especially neurologists, who were two to three times more likely to be sought, followed by pulmonologists.  CONCLUSION: Health service utilization was significantly associated with musculoskeletal pain during and after SARS-CoV-2 infection. All regions, except for the cervical region, showed a correlation with the use of Primary Health Care. The thoracic region featured an association with pulmonologists and emergency room utilization. Additionally, health services like emergency care units, specialist doctors, and specialized services, including cardiologists and neurologists, were commonly utilized across all regions in southern Brazil.

Social inequalities in care for the elderly with diabetes in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the prevalence of various care services offered to the elderly with diabetes mellitus in Brazil, and to assess the social inequalities in these services. METHODS: This cross-sectional, population-based study was carried out in 2013. The care services offered were evaluated in terms of the following eight indicators: recommendations to lower carbohydrates, to measure blood glucose, and to examine the feet; requests made for blood tests, for glycated hemoglobin tests, and for glycemic curve tests; and whether service users had had their eyes or feet examined in the previous year. We used the slope index of inequality and the concentration index to assess the inequalities among wealth quintiles. RESULTS: A total of 1 685 elderly persons with diabetes were evaluated. Overall, 41.7% of them had had their eyes examined in the preceding year, 35.4% had had their feet examined in the preceding year, and 10.9% had been offered all eight of the care services. The largest absolute differences (in percentage points) between the first (poorest) and fifth (richest) wealth quintiles in terms of the care services that were offered to the users were for: a recommendation to measure blood glucose (25.8), a glycated hemoglobin test request (27.4), a glycemic curve test request (31.9), having the eyes examined in the preceding year (29.3), and having the feet examined in the preceding year (27.0). CONCLUSION: There were notable inequalities in the prevalences of the care services. In the future, measurement of blood glucose and examination of the feet should be emphasized, especially for elderly persons in a lower socioeconomic level.

Time evolution of advice on healthy habits in Brazilians with hypertension and diabetes: National Health Survey.

To evaluate time evolution of receiving advice on healthy habits among Brazilians with hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Cross-sectional study with data from the 2013 and 2019 National Health Survey. We used linear regression weighted by least squares of variance to verify time evolution of the outcome estimating the annual percentage change (APC) presented according to sex, skin color, age group, and quintiles of wealth index. The analytical sample in 2013 was 11,129 individuals with hypertension and 3,182 individuals with diabetes, and in 2019 19,107 individuals with hypertension and 6,317 individuals with diabetes. For those with hypertension, there were statistically significant reductions in receiving advice for not smoking (APC: -1.49), not drinking excessive alcoholic beverages (APC: -1.48), ingesting less salt (APC: -0.56), and for all healthy habits (APC: -1.17). For those with diabetes, statistically significant reductions were observed only for not smoking (APC: -1.13) and not drinking excessive alcoholic beverages (APC: -1.11). The results suggest a reduction in all types of advice on healthy habits evaluated for hypertension and diabetes, with greater magnitude among individuals belonging to the richest quintiles.

Inequalities in the management of back pain care in Brazil - National Health Survey, 2019.

The aim was to assess the presence of socioeconomic inequalities in the management of back pain among Brazilians. Cross-sectional study with data from the National Health Survey (2019). The management of back pain care was assessed using five outcomes: regular exercise; physiotherapy; use of medications or injections; integrative and complementary practice; regular follow-up with a health professional. The magnitude of inequalities of each outcome in relation to exposures (education and income) was estimated using two indices: slope index of inequality (SII) and concentration index (CIX). Of the 90,846 interviewees, 19,206 individuals (21.1%) reported some chronic back problem. The most prevalent outcomes were use of medications and injections (45.3%), physical exercise (26.3%) and regular follow-up with a health professional (24.7%). The existence of inequalities in the management of back pain in the Brazilian population was evident. The adjusted analysis showed that the richest and most educated performed two to three times more physical exercise, physiotherapy, integrative and complementary practices (ICPS) and regular follow-up with a health professional than the poorest and least educated. Absolute (SII) and relative (CIX) inequalities were significant for all outcomes.

[Complications due to diabetes mellitus in Brazil: 2019 nationwide study]. / Complicações por diabetes mellitus no Brasil: estudo de base nacional, 2019.

Inadequate management of diabetes mellitus (DM) can lead to complications that affect quality of life. The prevalence of DM and its complications is increasing, presenting an uneven distribution in the population. The objective was to estimate the prevalence of complications due to DM and to assess inequalities in the Brazilian population. It involved a cross-sectional study, with data from the 2019 National Health Survey (NHS). The complications evaluated were: diabetic coma, heart attack/cerebrovascular accident/stroke; kidney problem; vision problem and foot ulcer or amputation. The related factors were schooling and income. The prevalence of complications was calculated separately, combination in pairs, presence of any complications and number of complications. Inequality was estimated through adjusted analysis and the slope index (SII) and concentration index (CIX) indices. The sample consisted of 6,317 people with DM. More than a third (37.8%) reported having some complication. Vision problems (30.6%) and kidney problems (9.7%) were the most prevalent. The prevalence of having "one" and "two or more" complications were 25.4% and 12.4%, respectively. Inequalities were found with a higher prevalence of complications among the least educated and the poorest.

O manejo inadequado da diabetes mellitus (DM) pode levar a complicações que afetam a qualidade de vida. A prevalência da DM e suas complicações está aumentando, apresentando distribuição desigual na população. O objetivo foi estimar a prevalência de complicações devido à DM e avaliar as desigualdades na população brasileira. Estudo transversal, com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS), de 2019. As complicações avaliadas foram: coma diabético, infarto/Acidente Vascular Cerebral/derrame, problema nos rins, problema na visão e úlcera nos pés ou amputação. As exposições foram a escolaridade e renda. Foram calculadas as prevalências das complicações separadamente, combinação em duplas, presença de alguma complicação e número de complicações. A desigualdade foi estimada por meio de análise ajustada e dos índices: slope index (SII) e o concentration index (CIX). A amostra foi composta por 6.317 pessoas com DM. Mais de um terço (37,8%) referiu ter alguma complicação. O problema na visão (30,6%) e nos rins (9,7%) foram os mais prevalentes. As prevalências de ter "uma" e "duas ou mais" complicações foram 25,4% e 12,4%. Foram evidenciadas desigualdades com maior prevalência de complicações entre os menos escolarizados e mais pobres.

Inequalities in access to integrative and complementary health practices in Brazil: National Health Survey, 2019.

Aim: Integrative and complementary practices (PICs) can be important health care strategies, mainly because they consider the integrality of the person. The objective of this article was to verify the inequality in the access to PICs of the Brazilian population based on data from the National Health Survey (PNS). Subject and methods: This is a population-based cross-sectional study, with data from the 2019 PNS. The use of PICs in the past 12 months was investigated. Adjusted analysis was performed using Poisson regression and the Slope Index of Inequality (SII) and the Concentration Index (CIX) were used to assess absolute and relative inequality. Results: The prevalence of PIC use in Brazil was 5.4% (95%CI 5.3; 5.5). Individuals from the richest quintile, with higher education and with health insurance were more likely to use PICs in general, except for medicinal plants/herbal medicine. When observing the magnitude of inequalities, this was more positively accentuated in those with higher education and who had a private health plan. Conclusion: The results reveal social inequalities in the access to integrative practices, where the most elitist are more accessed by people with better socioeconomic conditions.

[Socioeconomic inequalities in the food consumption of the elderly Brazilian population: National Health Survey, 2019]. / Desigualdades socioeconômicas no consumo alimentar da população idosa brasileira: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2019.

Food consumption, when performed in an unhealthy manner, has consequences for the health of individuals, such as a higher incidence of excess weight and the exacerbation of pre-existing chronic diseases. The scope of this article was to assess summary inequalities in food consumption among the elderly population in Brazil. It involved a cross-sectional study, with data from the 2019 National Health Survey. The following outcomes were evaluated: consumption of beans, greens/vegetables, fruit, milk, meat, soda, candies and salt. The main exposure variable was education. An adjusted analysis was conducted and two indices were also used to measure inequality: the slope index (SII) and the concentration index (CIX). A total of 43,554 elderly people were investigated. It was identified that the more educated were 80% more likely to consume vegetables, fruit and milk, while the consumption of beans and meat was up to 50% lower among the less educated. The analyses of relative and absolute inequality reinforce the lower consumption of foods considered healthy among the less educated elderly individuals. The results reveal inequalities in food consumption among the elderly, with greater magnitude in food recognized as being healthy.

O consumo alimentar, quando realizado de forma não saudável, traz consequências para a saúde dos indivíduos, como uma maior ocorrência de excesso de peso e o agravamento de doenças crônicas prévias. O objetivo deste artigo foi avaliar as desigualdades sumárias no consumo alimentar da população idosa no Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2019. Foram avaliados os seguintes desfechos: consumo de feijão, verduras/legumes, frutas, leite, carnes, refrigerante, doces e sal. A principal variável de exposição foi escolaridade. Para mensuração da desigualdade foi realizada análise ajustada e também foram utilizados dois índices: slope index (SII) e o concentration index (CIX). Foram investigados 43.554 idosos. Identificou-se que os mais escolarizados tinham até 80,0% mais probabilidade de consumir verduras, frutas e leite, enquanto o consumo de feijão e de carnes foi até 50,0% menor nos mais escolarizados. As análises de desigualdade relativa e absoluta reforçam o menor consumo de alimentos considerados saudáveis entre os idosos menos escolarizados. Os resultados revelam iniquidades no consumo alimentar entre idosos, com maior magnitude nos alimentos reconhecidamente saudáveis.

Adequacy of care for people with arterial hypertension in Brazil: National Health Survey, 2013 and 2019. / Adequação do cuidado a pessoas com hipertensão arterial no Brasil: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2013 e 2019.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze adequacy of care received by adults and elderly people with arterial hypertension, and its association with region of the country, demographic, socioeconomic and health system characteristics in Brazil in 2013 and 2019. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study using National Health Survey data. People aged ≥18 years with diagnosis of hypertension and medical consultation for this reason in the last three years were included. Adequacy of care was analyzed based on 11 indicators and using Poisson regression. RESULTS: Adequate care was provided to 11,129 people with hypertension (25.3%; 95%CI 24.5;26.1) in 2013 and to 19,107 (18.8%; 95%CI 18.2;19.3) in 2019. Adequate care prevalence was 2.54 (95%CI 2.03;3.17) times higher in 2013, and 3.53 (95%CI 2.94;4.23) times higher in 2019 among individuals belonging to the highest socioeconomic quintile compared to those belonging to the poorest. CONCLUSION: We identified that care decreased, and economic inequalities intensified in the period 2013-2019.

Inequalities in care for the people with diabetes in Brazil: A nationwide study, 2019.

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate inequalities in care for people with diabetes in Brazil. This cross-sectional population-based study was carried out in 2019 and evaluated care provided by receiving advice, requesting laboratory tests, and performing examinations. We used the slope index of inequality and concentration index to assess inequalities according to educational level and Poisson regression to estimate prevalence ratios for each outcome in the education category. We assessed a total of 6317 people with diabetes, 41.8% had their eyes checked, and 36.1% had their feet examined in the previous year. Prevalence for both examinations was 2.45 times higher in those from the highest level of education compared to those from the lowest level. The largest absolute differences (in percentage points) between the lowest and highest education levels in care indicators were the following: request for glycated hemoglobin test (39.0), glucose curve test (31.4), and eyes checked in the previous year (29.7). There were notable inequalities in the prevalence ratios of care provided to people with diabetes in Brazil. Requests for glycated hemoglobin tests, glucose curve tests, eye and feet examinations should be emphasized, especially for people from lower educational levels.

[Trend in the availability of vaccines in Brazil: PMAQ-AB, 2012, 2014, and 2018]. / Tendência da disponibilidade de vacinas no Brasil: PMAQ-AB 2012, 2014 e 2018.

The objective was to analyze the trend in the availability of vaccines in Brazil and its various regions and states from 2012 to 2018. This cross-sectional study used data from basic units assessed in cycles I (2012), II (2014), and III (2018) of the Brazilian National Program for Improvement of Access and Quality of Basic Care (PMAQ-AB). We assessed the availability of the dT, hepatitis B, meningococcal C, polio, pneumococcal 10-valent, MMR, DPT, tetravalent/pentavalent, and human rotavirus vaccines. Identification of trend was performed with weighted least squares regression to estimate annual percent changes. We also verified the relative and absolute differences in prevalence of vaccines. The sample consisted of 13,842 basic health units in Cycle I, 19,752 in Cycle II, and 25,152 in Cycle III. An upward trend was seen in the prevalence of availability of all vaccines investigated during the period, with an increase of 16 percentage points from 2012 to 2018, reaching nearly 70% in 2018. The regions with the largest upward trend were the North (2.9p.p.), Central-West (2.1p.p.), and Northeast (2.0p.p.). There was a visible downward trend in both the availability (-3.3p.p.) and absolute and relative difference (-20p.p.; 0.68) in Rio de Janeiro State. The prevalence of availability of vaccines was low in Brazil, with disparities between regions that become even more pronounced when assessing specific states.

O objetivo foi analisar a tendência da disponibilidade de vacinas no Brasil, em suas regiões e Unidades da Federação (UFs), de 2012 a 2018. Estudo transversal realizado com dados das unidades básicas avaliadas nos ciclos I (2012), II (2014) e III (2018) do Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica (PMAQ-AB). Foi avaliada a disponibilidade das vacinas dupla dT, hepatite B, meningocócica C, poliomielite, pneumocócica 10, tríplice viral, tríplice bacteriana, tetravalente/pentavalente e rotavírus humano. Para identificação da tendência, foi realizada regressão de mínimos quadrados ponderada por variância para estimar mudanças anuais, em pontos percentuais. Também foi verificada a diferença relativa e absoluta da prevalência de vacinas. A amostra foi composta por 13.842 unidades básicas de saúde (UBS) no Ciclo I, 19.752 no Ciclo II e 25.152 no Ciclo III. Verificou-se tendência crescente da prevalência de disponibilidade de todas as vacinas investigadas no período avaliado, com aumento de 16p.p. entre 2012 e 2018, alcançando cerca de 70% em 2018. As regiões com maior tendência de aumento foram o Norte (2,9p.p.), Centro-oeste (2,1p.p.) e Nordeste (2,0p.p.). Destaque-se a tendência decrescente na disponibilidade (-3,3p.p.) e, também, nas diferenças absoluta e relativa negativas (-20p.p.; 0,68) verificadas no Rio de Janeiro. Identificou-se prevalência de disponibilidade de vacina baixa no Brasil, com disparidades entre as regiões, que ficam mais marcantes na avaliação das UFs.

El objetivo fue analizar la tendencia de la disponibilidad de vacunas en Brasil, en sus regiones y Unidades de la Federación (UFs), de 2012 a 2018. Estudio transversal realizado con datos de las unidades básicas, evaluadas en los ciclos I (2012), II (2014) y III (2018) del Programa Nacional de Mejoría de Acceso y Calidad de la Atención Básica (PMAQ-AB). Se evaluó la disponibilidad de las vacunas doble dT, hepatitis B, meningocócica C, poliomielitis, neumocócica 10, triple viral, triple bacteriana, tetravalente/pentavalente y rotavirus humano. Para la identificación de la tendencia se realizó una regresión de mínimos cuadrados ponderada por variancia para estimar cambios anuales, en puntos porcentuales. También se verificó la diferencia relativa y absoluta de la prevalencia de vacunas. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 13.842 unidades basicas de salud en el Ciclo I, 19.752 en el Ciclo II y 25.152 en el Ciclo III. Se verificó la tendencia creciente de la prevalencia de disponibilidad de todas las vacunas investigadas en el período evaluado, con un aumento de 16p.p entre 2012 y 2018, alcanzando cerca de un 70% en 2018. Las regiones con mayor tendencia de aumento fueron el Norte (2,9p.p.), Centro-oeste (2,1p.p.) y Nordeste (2,0p.p.). Se destaca la tendencia decreciente en la disponibilidad (-3,3p.p.) y también en la diferencia absoluta y relativa negativas (-20p.p.; 0,68), verificadas en Río de Janeiro. Se identificó la prevalencia de una disponibilidad baja de vacunación en Brasil, con disparidades entre las regiones, que son más visibles en la evaluación de las UFs.

Evolution of the quality of prenatal care in the primary network of Brazil from 2012 to 2018: What can (and should) improve?

The article describes the temporal evolution of prenatal quality indicators in the primary health care network in Brazil and investigates regional differences. This study used data from the external evaluation of Brazil's National Program for Improving Primary Care Access and Quality (PMAQ) with health teams participating in Cycles I, II and III of the Program, carried out respectively in 2012, 2013/14 and 2017/18. The number of visits, physical examination procedures, guidelines and request for laboratory tests were investigated. There was a positive evolution for tests-HIV, syphilis, blood glucose and ultrasound, and for all tests, guidance on feeding and weight gain of the baby and examination of the oral cavity. The indicators that performed the worst were: performance of tetanus vaccine, six or more visits, receiving guidance on exclusive breastfeeding and care for the newborn, and the procedures-all, measurement of uterine height, gynecological exam and cervix cancer prevention. These changes had a varied behavior between the regions of the country.

[Trends and inequalities in self-reported cervical cancer screening in Brazilian capitals from 2011 to 2020]. / Tendência e desigualdades no rastreamento autorrelatado do câncer de colo de útero nas capitais brasileiras entre 2011 e 2020.

This study aimed to verify the temporal trend and inequalities in self-reported cervical cancer screening in Brazilian capitals from 2011 to 2020. This is a trend study with Risk and Protective Factors Surveillance System for Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases Through Telephone Interview (Vigitel) data from 2011 to 2020. The outcome was the prevalence of cytopathological examination in the last three years. Slope index of inequality (SII) and concentration index (CIX) were used to estimate inequalities. An increasing trend in the outcome was observed in Brazil in the period surveyed, as well as a decrease in most regions, capitals, and in all groups according to education. There was a decrease in coverage in most regions of Brazil. We highlight that SII presented its worst results in 2011 and 2012, reaching 15.8p.p. (95%CI: 14.1; 17.6) and 15.0p.p. (95%CI: 13.1; 16.9), respectively, among women with 12 years or more of education. There was a decrease in coverage of cervical cancer screening in most Brazilian regions and capitals from 2011 to 2020. In the period before and during the pandemic, a reduction in the outcome was observed in the South and Southeast regions, suggesting that the COVID-19 pandemic caused geographical inequalities in the coverage for this exam in Brazil.

Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a tendência temporal e desigualdades no rastreamento autorrelatado do câncer de colo de útero nas capitais brasileiras entre os anos de 2011 e 2020. Estudo de tendência com dados da Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (Vigitel) de 2011 a 2020. O desfecho foi a prevalência de realização de exame citopatológico nos últimos três anos. Para estimar as desigualdades, foram utilizados os índices de desigualdade de inclinação (slope index of inequality - SII) e de concentração (concentration index - CIX). Observou-se tendência crescente do desfecho no país no período pesquisado e queda na maioria das regiões, capitais e em todos os grupos de acordo com escolaridade. Houve uma queda da cobertura na maioria das regiões do Brasil. Destaca-se que o SII apresentou seus piores resultados em 2011 e 2012, alcançando 15,8p.p. (IC95%: 14,1; 17,6) e 15,0p.p. (IC95%: 13,1; 16,9), respectivamente, entre as mulheres com 12 anos ou mais de estudo. Houve queda na cobertura da realização do exame preventivo de câncer de colo de útero na maioria das regiões e capitais brasileiras entre os anos de 2011 e 2020. No período antes e durante a pandemia, houve redução do desfecho no país, nas regiões Sul e Sudeste, sugerindo que a pandemia de COVID-19 acarretou desigualdades geográficas na cobertura desse exame no país.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar la tendencia temporal y las desigualdades en el seguimiento autoinformado de cáncer de cuello uterino en las capitales brasileñas entre 2011 y 2020. Estudio de tendencias con datos de Vigilancia de Factores de Riesgo y Protección de Enfermedades Crónicas por Encuesta Telefónica (Vigitel) en el período de 2011 a 2020. El desenlace fue la prevalencia del examen citopatológico en los últimos tres años. Para estimar las desigualdades se utilizaron los índices de inequidad absoluto (slope index of inequality - SII) y de concentración (concentration index - CIX). Hubo tendencia a un aumento del desenlace en el período en estudio y un descenso en la mayoría de las regiones, capitales y en todos los grupos según el nivel educativo. Se observó un descenso en la cobertura en la mayoría de las regiones de Brasil. Se destaca que el SII presentó un peor resultado en 2011 y 2012, alcanzando 15,8p.p. (IC95%: 14,1; 17,6) y 15,0p.p. (IC95%: 13,1; 16,9), respectivamente, entre mujeres con 12 años o más de escolaridad. Hubo un descenso en la cobertura de la detección de cáncer de cuello uterino en la mayoría de las regiones y capitales brasileñas entre 2011 y 2020. En el período anterior y durante la pandemia, hubo una reducción en el desenlace para el país, en las regiones Sur y Sudeste, lo que apunta que la pandemia del COVID-19 provocó desigualdades geográficas en la cobertura de este examen a nivel nacional.

Health care for people with diabetes and hypertension in Brazil: cross-sectional study of Program for Improving Access and Quality of Primary Care, 2014. / Atenção à saúde de pessoas com diabetes e hipertensão no Brasil: estudo transversal do Programa de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica, 2014.

OBJECTIVE: To assess health care for people with diabetes and hypertension, comparing the teams according to their participation in both cycles I and II of the Program for Improving Primary Health Care Access and Quality (PMAQ), and to verify its association with the characteristics of service users and municipalities. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study using PMAQ data from 2014. The following variables were used: team organization, request for tests and health care reported by service users. RESULTS: Thirty-five percent of the teams presented adequate organization and 88% requested all tests. Among the users, 31% had their feet examined and 18% received adequate health care. Municipalities in the Southeast region, with more than 300,000 inhabitants and the highest human development index, presented the best indicators. The teams that took part in both cycles I and II showed greater prevalence of organization and request for tests. CONCLUSION: Health care for people with diabetes and hypertension in primary health care in Brazil needs improvement.

[Inequalities on coverage of prenatal assistance in Brazil: a nationwide study]. / Desigualdades na cobertura da assistência pré-natal no Brasil: um estudo de abrangência nacional.

This article aims to evaluate the coverage and inequalities in prenatal assistance. Data from the Brazilian National Health Survey cross-sectional study in 2013. Prenatal assistance assessed through indicators: counseling, guidance received, procedures, and exams performed during the pregnancy. An asset index constructed, the Slope Index of Inequality (SII) and Concentration Index (CIX) were used to measure. About 90% received counseling on healthy eating, not smoking and drinking, 80% not to use dye/hair straightening, and all the advice. Approximately 70% received guidance on delivery and signs of risk and 83.4% for breastfeeding and 60% all the guidelines. About 80% had the measure of pressure and weight checked, the measure of the abdomen and the auscultation of the heart of the baby, only 36.7% had their breasts examined e 33.4% all procedures performed. More than 90% held for HIV and urine and 77.9% for syphilis, 81.4% of women have carried out all the exams and 21.7% all the indicators. No significant absolute differences (SII) found. CIX evidenced in counseling for healthy eating and guidance for breastfeeding. There were no marked inequalities in prenatal assistance.

O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a cobertura e as desigualdades na assistência pré-natal. Dados do estudo transversal da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Brasil em 2013. Assistência pré-natal foi avaliada por meio de indicadores: aconselhamento, orientações recebidas, procedimentos e exames realizados durante a gravidez. Para mensuração foram utilizados dois índices: Slope Index (SII) e o Concentration Index (CIX). Cerca de 90% receberam aconselhamento sobre alimentação saudável, não fumar e beber, 80% para não usar alisamento de tintura/cabelo e todos os aconselhamentos. Aproximadamente 70% receberam orientações sobre parto e sinais de risco e 83,4% para amamentação e 60% todas as orientações. Cerca de 80% tiveram a medida de pressão e peso verificada, a medida da barriga (fundo do útero) e a ausculta do coração do bebê, apenas 36,7% tiveram os seios examinados e 33,4% todos os procedimentos realizados. Mais de 90% fizeram exame para HIV e urina e 77,9% para sífilis, 81,4% das mulheres realizaram todos os exames e 21,7% todos os indicadores. Não foram encontradas diferenças absolutas significativas (SII). Com o CIX observou-se diferença para aconselhamento para alimentação saudável e orientações para amamentação. Não houve desigualdades acentuadas na assistência pré-natal.

[Food consumption patterns in children under two years of age in Brazil: National Health Survey, 2013]. / Padrões de consumo alimentar em crianças menores de dois anos no Brasil: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2013.

The scope of this paper was to identify patterns of food consumption and associated factors among children under two years of age in Brazil. It involved a cross-sectional, population-based study using data from the National Health Survey conducted in 2013. Food consumption was measured by dichotomous questions, listing the food ingested solely on the day prior to the interview. The patterns were identified through principal component analysis. Poisson regression was used to obtain a crude and adjusted prevalence ratio. The sample design effect was considered in the analyses that were stratified according to age. Among the 5,052 children, three patterns were identified, being defined as: a "healthy food consumption pattern," a "milk consumption pattern" and an "unhealthy food consumption pattern." There was an association between the patterns in each age group, mainly related to skin color, gender, schooling of the head of the family, area of residence and region. A quarter of the children from 12 to 23 months consumed soft drinks, more than a third drank artificial juices and almost half ate candies the day before the interview. Three dietary patterns were identified, besides observing early food ingestion among children under six months of age.

Objetivou-se identificar os padrões de consumo alimentar e os fatores associados em crianças menores de dois anos no Brasil. Estudo transversal, de base populacional, utilizando dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde realizada em 2013. O consumo alimentar foi mensurado por questões dicotômicas, listando os alimentos, considerando apenas o dia anterior à entrevista. Os padrões foram identificados por meio de análise de componentes principais. Utilizou-se regressão de Poisson para obtenção de razão de prevalência bruta e ajustada. Considerou-se o efeito de delineamento amostral nas análises que foram estratificadas de acordo com a idade. Dentre as 5.052 crianças, foram identificados três padrões, sendo denominados como: "padrão de consumo de alimentos saudáveis", "padrão de consumo de leites" e "padrão de consumo de alimentos não saudáveis". Observou-se associação entre os padrões em cada faixa etária, principalmente com cor da pele, sexo, escolaridade do chefe da família, zona de residência e região. Um quarto das crianças de 12 a 23 meses ingeriu refrigerantes, mais de um terço sucos artificiais e quase metade doces no dia anterior à entrevista. Foram identificados três padrões alimentares, além de observar introdução alimentar precoce em crianças menores de seis meses de idade.

Motivation for participation in sports among Brazilian adults: National Household Sample Survey - 2015.

This article aims to describe the reasons for sport participation in the Brazilian adult population according to gender, age and schooling level. This is a cross-sectional study with data from a National Household Sample Survey - 2015. The reasons to practice or not practice sports in the previous year were obtained by questionnaire with predetermined answer options. All analyses were performed in Stata 12.1 and stratified by gender. The prevalence of sports participation for men and women were 31.7% and 16.9%, respectively. The most frequent reasons for sports participation among men were: having fun, quality of life and performance. Among women, the most frequent reasons were: quality of life, performance and medical recommendation. Regarding reasons for not practicing sports, the most reported ones were: lack of time (38.8% for men and 37.8% for women), not enjoying (34.8% for men and 35.3% for women) and health problem (20.3% for men and 17.9% for women). The study findings showed the most frequent reasons for sport participation in Brazil. Understanding these reasons and how they affect different age ranges and educational levels may contribute to improve strategic planning to promote sports in middle-income countries.

The Risk of Multimorbidity Associated with Overweight and Obesity: Data from the Brazilian National Health Survey 2013.

BACKGROUND: An increase in body mass index (BMI) is strongly associated with the occurrence of multimorbidity, and overweight and obesity are contributing factors for the increase in morbidities. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of multimorbidity and associated factors in Brazilian adults with and without overweight or obesity. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional population-based study with data from the National Health Survey (2013) including individuals aged 18 years or older. Multimorbidity was defined as having ≥2 diseases from the list of 15 morbidities on the self-reported questionnaire (self-reported medical diagnosis in life). BMI was categorized as: ≤24.9 kg/m2 (low weight and eutrophy), 25.0-29.9 kg/m2 (overweight), and ≥30.0 kg/m2 (obesity). Sex, age, and schooling were the covariates. Poisson regression was used for crude and adjusted analyses for the variables representing access to health services estimating the prevalence ratio (PR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: The total sample consisted of 59,402 individuals. The prevalence of multimorbidity was 25% overall and was higher among overweight (25.8%) and obese (32.5%) individuals. Obese women 60 years or older had a higher occurrence of multimorbidity (80%). In the adjusted analysis, a lower prevalence of multimorbidity was observed among those with higher educational levels in all BMI classifications: low weight/eutrophy, PR=0.66 (95% CI, 0.58-0.75); overweight, PR=0.62 (95% CI, 0.56-0.70); and obesity, PR=0.75 (95% CI, 0.67-0.85). CONCLUSION: A higher prevalence of multimorbidity was found among obese women who were 60 years of age or older. Schooling was an associated factor regardless of BMI.

Prenatal care in Brazil: a cross-sectional study of the Program for Improving Primary Care Access and Quality, 2014. / Pré-natal no Brasil: estudo transversal do Programa de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica, 2014.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the adequacy of primary health care center structure, requests for tests and prenatal care reported by female health service users within the scope of the Program for Improving Primary Care Access and Quality (PMAQ) in Brazil. METHODS: this was a cross-sectional study using PMAQ Cycle II (2014) data. RESULTS: data from 9,909 health centers, 9,905 teams, and 9,945 female health service users were included; 70.1% (95%CI 69.2;71.0) of health centers had adequate structure; 88.0% (95%CI 87.4;88.7) of the teams requested all tests; 59.8% (95%CI 58.8;60.8) of female health service users reported receiving total guidance, and 23.4% of them (95%CI 22.5;24.2) underwent all physical examination procedures; teams that participated in both Cycle I and Cycle II presented better results. CONCLUSION: in spite of shortcomings in Primary Care structure and work process in Brazil, PMAQ appears to positively affect prenatal care.

Sleep disturbances and daytime fatigue: data from the Brazilian National Health Survey, 2013.

This study aims to describe the prevalence of sleep disturbances and daytime fatigue and their association with socio-demographic and behavioral factors. Data from the Brazilian National Health Survey conducted in 2013 with 60,202 adults (≥ 18 years old) were used. The outcomes evaluated were self-reported sleep disturbances and daytime fatigue in the last two weeks. Sleep disturbance was defined as the presence of difficulty to fall asleep, frequently waking up during the night or sleeping more than usual; daytime fatigue was defined as the presence of not feeling rested and motivated during the day, feeling tired and lacking energy. Sociodemographic, lifestyle and chronic health aspects were explored as exposures for both outcomes. Prevalence of sleep disturbances and daytime fatigue were 14.9% (14.4-15.4) and 11.9% (11.4-12.3), respectively. Both outcomes were more common in women, older people, people with no formal education, smokers and among physically inactive individuals. The association with education was inverse (the highest the level of education the lower the prevalence ratio - PR - of sleep disturbances and daytime fatigue; adjusted p-value for trend < 0.001). Prevalence of sleep disturbances combined with daytime fatigue was 6.7% (6.4-7.1) and was about 6 times higher among those with three or more chronic health disturbances (PR = 6.2; 95%CI: 5.3-7.2). Strategies to decrease the prevalence of sleep disturbances and daytime fatigue should be encouraged and focused on chronically ill individuals that share other modifiable risk factors.

Time evolution of advice on healthy habits in Brazilians with hypertension and diabetes: National Health Survey / Evolução temporal de orientações sobre hábitos saudáveis em brasileiros com hipertensão e diabetes: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde

Abstract To evaluate time evolution of receiving advice on healthy habits among Brazilians with hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Cross-sectional study with data from the 2013 and 2019 National Health Survey. We used linear regression weighted by least squares of variance to verify time evolution of the outcome estimating the annual percentage change (APC) presented according to sex, skin color, age group, and quintiles of wealth index. The analytical sample in 2013 was 11,129 individuals with hypertension and 3,182 individuals with diabetes, and in 2019 19,107 individuals with hypertension and 6,317 individuals with diabetes. For those with hypertension, there were statistically significant reductions in receiving advice for not smoking (APC: -1.49), not drinking excessive alcoholic beverages (APC: -1.48), ingesting less salt (APC: -0.56), and for all healthy habits (APC: -1.17). For those with diabetes, statistically significant reductions were observed only for not smoking (APC: -1.13) and not drinking excessive alcoholic beverages (APC: -1.11). The results suggest a reduction in all types of advice on healthy habits evaluated for hypertension and diabetes, with greater magnitude among individuals belonging to the richest quintiles.

Resumo O objetivo foi avaliar a evolução temporal do recebimento de orientações sobre hábitos saudáveis entre brasileiros com hipertensão arterial e diabetes mellitus. Estudo transversal com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2013 e 2019. Para verificar a evolução temporal das prevalências de orientações sobre hábitos saudáveis, realizadas por profissionais de saúde nos atendimentos para as morbidades, utilizou-se regressão linear ponderada pelos quadrados mínimos da variância, estimando a variação percentual anual (VPA) apresentada de acordo com sexo, cor da pele, faixa etária e quintis do índice de bens. A amostra analítica, em 2013, foi de 11.129 indivíduos com hipertensão e 3.182 com diabetes, e em 2019, de 19.107 indivíduos com hipertensão e 6.317 com diabetes. Para hipertensão, observou-se reduções nas orientações para não fumar (VPA: -1.49), não ingerir bebidas alcoólicas em excesso (VPA: -1.48), ingerir menos sal (VPA: -0.56) e, ainda, para todas as orientações (VPA: -1.17). Para diabetes, foram observadas reduções estatisticamente significativas apenas para não fumantes (APC: -1.13) e para os que não consomem bebidas alcoólicas em excesso (APC: -1.11). Os resultados sugerem redução de todas as orientações avaliadas para hipertensão e diabetes, com maior magnitude entre os indivíduos pertencentes aos quintis mais ricos.