A clinical tool to risk stratify potential kidney transplant recipients and predict severe adverse events.

Preoperative risk assessment of potential kidney transplant recipients often fails to adequately balance risk related to underlying comorbidities with the beneficial impact of kidney transplantation. We sought to develop a simple scoring system based on factors known at the time of patient assessment for placement on the waitlist to predict likelihood of severe adverse events 1 year post-transplant. The tool includes four components: age, cardiopulmonary factors, functional status, and metabolic factors. Pre-transplant factors strongly associated with severe adverse events include diabetic (OR: 3.76, P<.001), coronary artery disease (OR: 3.45, P<.001), history of CABG/PCI (OR 3.1, P=.001), and peripheral vascular disease (OR 2.74, P=.008).The score was evaluated by calculation of concordance index. The C statistic of 0.74 for the risk stratification group was considered good discrimination in the validation cohort (N=127) compared to the development cohort (N=368). The pre-transplant risk group was highly predictive of severe adverse events (OR 2.36, P<.001). Patients stratified into the above average-risk group were four times more likely to experience severe adverse events compared to average-risk patients, while patients in the high-risk group were nearly 11 times more likely to experience severe adverse events. The pre-transplant risk stratification tool is a simple scoring scheme using easily obtained preoperative characteristics that can meaningfully stratify patients in terms of post-transplant risk and may ultimately guide patient selection and inform the counseling of potential kidney transplant recipients.

Management of bloodless surgery in a trauma setting. Balancing patient wishes with safety.

Many patients refuse blood or blood products because of religious beliefs or fear of complications. At Hennepin County Medical Center, a multidisciplinary team developed a Bloodless Surgery Medicine Guideline (BSMG) to help identify those who refuse blood products, guide medical decision-making, improve documentation of informed consent or refusal, and ensure continuity of care for patients. To our knowledge, this is the first documentation of a guideline for managing informed consent for or refusal of blood or blood products in trauma patients. This article discusses the development of and legal rationale for two key components of the BSMG: an informed consent/refusal algorithm and a blueprint for discussing the use of blood or blood components with patients and documenting their decisions.

Predicting trauma admissions: the effect of weather, weekday, and other variables.

One of the challenges all hospitals, especially designated trauma centers, face is how to make sure they have adequate staffing on various days of the week and at various times of the year. A number of studies have explored whether factors such as weather, temporal variation, holidays, and events that draw mass gatherings may be useful for predicting patient volume. This article looks at the effects of weather, mass gatherings, and calendar variables on daily trauma admissions at the three Level I trauma hospitals in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area. Using ARIMA statistical modeling, we found that weekends, summer, lack of rain, and snowfall were all predictive of daily trauma admissions; holidays and mass gatherings such as sporting events were not. The forecasting model was successful in reflecting the pattern of trauma admissions; however, it's usefulness was limited in that the predicted range of daily trauma admissions was much narrower than the observed number of admissions. Nonetheless, the observed pattern of increased admission in the summer months and year-round on Saturdays should be helpful in resource planning.

Laparoscopic ventral hernia repair: are there comparative advantages over traditional methods of repair?

Recent studies have noted advantages of laparoscopic over open repair of ventral hernias. Because few reports have involved comparison with traditional repair we report a comparison between laparoscopic and open approaches. We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients undergoing ventral hernia repair over a 28-month period. Patients were grouped into three categories: laparoscopic repair with mesh, open repair with mesh, and open repair without mesh. There were 295 ventral hernia repairs and there was no difference in age, gender, operative complications, or hospital stay between the groups. Mesh and defect size was greater in the laparoscopic group. The overall postoperative complication rate was greater in the open group with mesh. Yet when specific wound complications were analyzed there was no difference between the groups. Furthermore a death occurred in the laparoscopic group from an unrecognized bowel injury. The recurrence rate was greatest in the open repair without mesh group. Finally hospital cost was greatest in the laparoscopic group and third-party reimbursement was better for the open techniques. We were unable to demonstrate a significant advantage to laparoscopic ventral hernia repair. Although many patients with large fascial defects were well served with this approach it may not be a better option for these patients.

CT scan-detected pneumoperitoneum: an unreliable predictor of intra-abdominal injury in blunt trauma.

INTRODUCTION: Free intra-peritoneal air in blunt trauma is a classic sign associated with hollow viscus injury, traditionally mandating laparotomy. In blunt abdominal trauma, the CT scan has become the diagnostic modality of choice. The increased sensitivity of CT scans may lead to detection of free intra-peritoneal air that is not clinically significant. OBJECTIVE: To characterize conditions and findings that allow for the safe observation of blunt trauma patients with free air and to propose a patient management algorithm to decrease rates of non-therapeutic laparotomy. DESIGN: A retrospective review of 5877 blunt trauma patients who had an abdominal CT scan upon admission to our hospital from 2003 to 2011. A secondary CT review was performed by a single radiologist to further characterize the CT findings in the 74 patients with free air reported on initial scan. Management and hospital course were reviewed in these patients. RESULTS: Of the 74 patients with intra-abdominal free air, 36 patients with a benign clinical picture were observed and 38 patients underwent urgent exploratory laparotomy. Eleven patients received a non-therapeutic laparotomy. The majority (61%) of patients, 45 of 74, had free air and no significant injury suggesting the presence of benign free air. Patients who had intra-abdominal injury also typically had other clinical or radiologic signs of injury. Findings that were highly predictive of intra-abdominal injury in the setting of free air were free fluid (P<0.001), radiographic signs of bowel trauma (P<0.001) as well as clinical and/or radiographic seatbelt sign (P=0.004). CONCLUSIONS: CT scans may detect free air that is not always clinically significant. Free fluid, seatbelt sign or radiographic signs of bowel trauma in the presence of pneumoperitoneum is highly predictive of injury and these patients should be explored. Based on the results of our study, we created an algorithm to aid in identifying those patients with intra-abdominal free air who may be observed safely.

Evaluation of the safety of high-frequency chest wall oscillation (HFCWO) therapy in blunt thoracic trauma patients.

BACKGROUND: Airway clearance is frequently needed by patients suffering from blunt chest wall trauma. High Frequency Chest Wall Oscillation (HFCWO) has been shown to be effective in helping to clear secretions from the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, asthma, primary ciliary dyskinesia, emphysema, COPD, and many others. Chest wall trauma patients are at increased risk for development of pulmonary complications related to airway clearance. These patients frequently have chest tubes, drains, catheters, etc. which could become dislodged during HFCWO. This prospective observational study was conducted to determine if HFCWO treatment, as provided by The Vesttrade mark Airway Clearance System (Hill-Rom, Saint Paul, MN), was safe and well tolerated by these patients. METHODS: Twenty-five blunt thoracic trauma patients were entered into the study. These patients were consented. Each patient was prescribed 2, 15 minute HFCWO treatments per day using The Vest(R) Airway Clearance System (Hill-Rom, Inc., St Paul, MN). The Vest(R) system was set to a frequency of 10-12 Hz and a pressure of 2-3 (arbitrary unit). Physiological parameters were measured before, during, and after treatment. Patients were free to refuse or terminate a treatment early for any reason. RESULTS: No chest tubes, lines, drains or catheters were dislodged as a result of treatment. One patient with flail chest had a chest tube placed after one treatment due to increasing serous effusion. No treatments were missed and continued without further incident. Post treatment survey showed 76% experienced mild or no pain and more productive cough. Thirty days after discharge there were no deaths or hospital re-admissions. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that HFCWO treatment is safe for trauma patients with lung and chest wall injuries. These findings support further work to demonstrate the airway clearance benefits of HFCWO treatment.