Effectiveness of Community Intervention Program on Knowledge and Practice of HPV Prevention Among Married Females in Vietnam Rural Areas.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is identified as the leading cause of cervical cancer which is the second most common cancer of females in the world. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a community-based intervention on knowledge and practice of HPV prevention among married females aged 15 to 49 in rural areas, Vietnam. This study used a quasi-experimental design with serial cross-sectional surveys at one intervention commune (Chi Linh, Hai Duong) and one control commune at other province (Thanh Thuy, Phu Tho). Number of participants in these surveys were respectively 317 and 320 in Chi Linh and 334 and 335 in Thanh Thuy at pre- and postintervention period. The time of intervention was 15 months from April 2015 to June 2016. The study used behavior models to build up a logical framework for identifying related factors of knowledge and practice among females and developing intervention strategies. A difference-in-differences analysis approach was used to evaluate the effects of this intervention program. The study identified that the intervention had a significant change of knowledge of HPV prevention among married females after the intervention (odds ratio = 3.16, 95% confidence interval: 1.3-7.66) after adjusting for other confounders but no any significant change of practice of HPV prevention (eg, condom use, numbers of sexual partner, HPV vaccination, and screening test for cervical cancer). This might be caused by a short intervention program that did not lead to changes of practice but only change of knowledge.

Co-morbid anaemia and stunting among children of pre-school age in low- and middle-income countries: a syndemic.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of co-morbidity of two important global health challenges, anaemia and stunting, among children aged 6-59 months in low- and middle-income countries. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted 2005-2015. Child stunting and anaemia were defined using current WHO classifications. Sociodemographic characteristics of children with anaemia, stunting and co-morbidity of these conditions were compared with those of 'healthy' children in the sample (children who were not stunted and not anaemic) using multiple logistic models. SETTING: Low- and middle-income countries. SUBJECTS: Children aged 6-59 months. RESULTS: Data from 193 065 children from forty-three countries were included. The pooled proportion of co-morbid anaemia and stunting was 21·5 (95 % CI 21·2, 21·9) %, ranging from the lowest in Albania (2·6 %; 95 % CI 1·8, 3·7 %) to the highest in Yemen (43·3; 95 % CI 40·6, 46·1 %). Compared with the healthy group, children with co-morbidity were more likely to be living in rural areas, have mothers or main carers with lower educational levels and to live in poorer households. Inequality in children who had both anaemia and stunting was apparent in all countries. CONCLUSIONS: Co-morbid anaemia and stunting among young children is highly prevalent in low- and middle-income countries, especially among more disadvantaged children. It is suggested that they be considered under a syndemic framework, the Childhood Anaemia and Stunting (CHAS) Syndemic, which acknowledges the interacting nature of these diseases and the social and environmental factors that promote their negative interaction.

Effects of Different Sacrificial Agents and Hydrogen Production from Wastewater by Pt-Graphene/TiO2.

The Pt and graphene (GN) were used to modify TiO2 nanoparticles. GN/TiO2, Pt-TiO2, Pt-GN/TiO2 were successfully synthesized by modified Hummers' method, alcohol thermal and photodeposition method, respectively. The characterizations of the synthesized catalysts by different characterization techniques, including N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), inductively coupled plasma (ICP) technique and element analyzer (EA), respectively. In addition, different sacrificial agents (methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, i-propanol, n-butanol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol and glycerol) have been investigated. There is clearly a linear relationship between hydrogen production rate and the polarity of monohydric alcohols. According to the Langmuir-Hinshelwood results, the surface pseudo-first order rate constant k = 15.06 mmol h-1 g-1 and the adsorption coefficient k = 0.50 mol L-1 were obtained. The feasibility of hydrogen production from wastewater obtained from terephthalic acid industry was studied. After reusing the catalyst under the same experimental conditions, the hydrogen production rate has only slightly decreased for 3 more cycles, which indicated the stability of the synthesized catalysts.

Exploration of polyelectrolyte incorporated with Triton-X 114 surfactant based osmotic agent for forward osmosis desalination.

Selection of a proper osmotic agent is important to make the forward osmosis (FO) feasible. The objective of this study was to enhance FO by lowering reverse solute flux and maintaining high water flux. Poly(propylene glycol) with molecular weight of 725 Da (PPG-725) was found to possess high osmolality, making it a strong candidate for using as a draw agent. In addition, to reduce the partial leakage of draw solute, a non-ionic surfactant (Triton X-114) has been incorporated. Typically, when the hydrophobic tails of Triton X-114 interacted with the membrane surface, a layer on the surface of membrane is produced to constrict the pores and thus minimize the reverse solute flux. In this study, different concentrations of PPG-725 incorporated with different concentrations of Triton X-114 (0.2-0.8 mM) were used to evaluate their osmotic potentials as draw solute. The specific reverse solute flux (Js/Jw) of 40% PPG-725 doped with Triton X-114 was found to be 0.01 g/L, considerably much lesser than the conventional inorganic draw agents. Finally, membrane distillation operation was utilized as the recovery system in which solute rejection of 97% was achieved for 40% PPG-725/Triton X-114. Therefore, the overall performance supported PPG-725/Triton X-114 as being an efficient draw agent for forward osmosis-membrane distillation hybrid process.

Adsorption of Methyl Blue on Mesoporous Materials Using Rice Husk Ash as Silica Source.

It is recognized that recycling and reuse of waste can result in significant savings in materials and energy. In this research, the adsorption of methyl blue (MB) using waste rice husk ash (Rha) and mesoporous silica materials made from Rha (R-MCM) were analyzed. Mesoporous silica materials were synthesized using cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as a cationic surfactant and Rha as the silica source. The prepared samples were characterized by Brunnaur-Emmet-Teller (BET) adsorption isotherm analyzer and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis. The results showed the surface area of R-MCM materials was 1347 m2g-1 and the pore volume was 0.906 cm3g-1. TEM analysis showed that the mesoporous materials generally exhibited ordered hexagonal arrays of mesopores with a uniform pore size. The effects on adsorption performance under different initial dye concentrations, different pH values and different dosages of adsorbent were also studied. Both Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were applied to describe the equilibrium isotherms. The results show that the maximum removal efficiency of MB more than 99%.

Influence of micelle properties on micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration for chromium recovery.

An investigation of micelle properties on the recovery of chromium for micellar enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) process was conducted using cationic surfactant of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The relationship between degree of ionization, micellar sizes and chromium removal were determined in this study. The results showed that the complete ionization for CTA+ and Br- was observed for CTAB lower than 0.72 mM and aggregation initiated at concentration of CTAB higher than 0.72 mM to yield attraction of counterion. The micellar sizes increased with increase in concentration of CTAB (higher than 4.02 mM) to generate micron-sized micelles. The distribution of micellar sizes was used to estimate the molecular weight cutoff of membrane used in the MEUF process. As chromium was added into aqueous CTAB solution, the chromate was dominant and bound on the micellar surface instead of Br-. Moreover, the presence of micelle formed a gel-layer to slightly shrink the membrane pore, therefore, UF membrane of 30k Da molecular weight cutoff (pore size≈7.9 nm) was selected in the MEUF process to achieve the removal efficiency of Cr(VI) higher than 95%.

Application of forward osmosis (FO) under ultrasonication on sludge thickening of waste activated sludge.

Forward osmosis (FO) is an emerging process for dewatering solid-liquid stream which has the potential to be innovative and sustainable. However, the applications have still been hindered by low water flux and membrane fouling when activated sludge is used as the feed solution due to bound water from microbial cells. Hence, a novel strategy was designed to increase sludge thickening and reduce membrane fouling in the FO process under ultrasonic condition. The results from the ultrasound/FO hybrid system showed that the sludge concentration reached up to 20,400 and 28,400 mg/L from initial sludge concentrations of 3000 and 8000 mg/L with frequency of 40 kHz after 22 hours, while the system without ultrasound had to spend 26 hours to achieve the same sludge concentration. This identifies that the presence of ultrasound strongly affected sludge structure as well as sludge thickening of the FO process. Furthermore, the ultrasound/FO hybrid system could achieve NH4+-N removal efficiency of 96%, PO4(3-)-P of 98% and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of 99%. The overall performance demonstrates that the proposed ultrasound/FO system using seawater as a draw solution is promising for sludge thickening application.

Alcohol use and mental health status during the first months of COVID-19 pandemic in Australia.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to estimate the population prevalence of people with changes in their usual patterns of alcohol use during the early stages of the novel coronavirus pandemic of 2020 (COVID-19) pandemic in Australia; assess the association between mental health status and changes in alcohol use during the pandemic; and examine if the associations were modified by gender and age. METHODS: This study was an anonymously-completed online self-report survey. Changes in alcohol use were assessed using a single fixed-choice study-specific question. Mental health was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale. RESULTS: A total of 13,829 people contributed complete data and were included in the analysis. Overall, about one in five adults reported that they had been drinking more alcohol since the COVID-19 pandemic began than they used to. People were more likely to be drinking alcohol more than they used to if they had more severe symptoms of depression or anxiety. The associations between depressive and anxiety symptoms and increased alcohol use since the COVID-19 pandemic began were consistent between females and males. LIMITATIONS: Online surveys are less accessible to some groups of people. The data are self-report and not diagnostic. Cross-sectional data can identify associations, not causal relationships. The study was limited to participants from Australia. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that there is a need for public policies focused on alcohol use during the COVID-19 pandemic and the strategies should include specific consideration of the needs of people with mental health problems.

Procalcitonin Identifies Bacterial Coinfections in Vietnamese Children with Severe Respiratory Syncytial Virus Pneumonia.

This study assessed the diagnostic value of interleukin- (IL-) 6, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and procalcitonin (PCT) in differentiating severe pneumonia caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) alone and RSV with bacterial coinfections among Vietnamese children under 5 years old. A cross-sectional study on 70 children with severe RSV pneumonia was conducted. IL-6, hs-CRP, and PCT tests were performed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was employed to measure the diagnostic values of PCT, IL-6, and hs-CRP. Of 70 children, 11 children were confirmed to have bacterial coinfections. The most common bacterial coinfection was Haemophilus influenzae. This study underlined that inflammatory biomarkers such as PCT had a moderate-to-high capability of disseminating severe pneumonia children with RSV alone or RSV and bacterial coinfections. This may support clinicians in administrating appropriate antibiotics to children suffering from severe RSV pneumonia.

Screening for depressive and anxiety disorders among adolescents in Indonesia: Formal validation of the centre for epidemiologic studies depression scale - revised and the Kessler psychological distress scale.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to culturally verify and examine the empirical psychometric properties of the Indonesian versions of the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale - Revised (CESD-R), the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale - 10 items (K10) and a subset of 6 items of the K10, the K6 to detect depressive and anxiety disorders among older adolescents in Indonesia. METHODS: The empirical psychometric properties were examined formally among students aged 16-18 years attending high schools in Jakarta. The scales were validated against the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents (MINI-Kid) modules for major depressive episode, dysthymia, panic disorder, separation anxiety disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. RESULTS: In total, 196 students contributed complete data. All of the scales had Cronbach's alpha >0.8. The areas under the ROC Curve of CESD-R against MINI depressive disorders and K10/K6 against MINI depressive and anxiety disorders were at moderate to high accuracy levels (0.78 to 0.86). The optimal cut-off value of CESD-R (scores ranging: 0-60) to screen for any depressive disorder is ≥20 (sensitivity 75.0%; specificity 79.9%). The optimal cut-off value of K10 to detect any depressive/anxiety disorders is ≥18 (sensitivity 85.7%; specificity 74.7%); and K6 is ≥12 (sensitivity 81.0%; specificity 76.6%); LIMITATIONS: The school-based sample limits the generalisability of the findings to this group. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the CESD-R I is a useful tool for screening for depressive disorders and both the K10 I and K6 I are useful for screening for any depressive or anxiety disorders among Indonesian adolescents.

Casting of a superhydrophobic membrane composed of polysulfone/Cera flava for improved desalination using a membrane distillation process.

Superhydrophobic membranes are necessary for effective membrane-based seawater desalination. This paper presents the successful fabrication of a novel electrospun nanofibrous membrane composed of polysulfone and Cera flava, which represents a novel class of enhanced performance membranes consisting of a superhydrophobic nanofibrous layer and hydrophobic polypropylene (PP). Cera flava, which helps lower the surface energy, was found to be the ideal additive for increasing the hydrophobicity of the polysulfone (PSF) polymeric solution because of its components such as long-chain hydrocarbons, free acids, esters, and internal chain methylene carbons. In the fabricated membrane, consisting of 10 v/v% Cera flava, the top PSF-CF nanofibrous layer is active and the lower PP layer is supportive. The hybrid membrane possesses superhydrophobicity, with an average contact angle of approximately 162°, and showed high performance in terms of rejection and water flux. This work also examined the surface area, pore size distribution, fiber diameter, surface roughness, mechanical strength, water flux, and rejection percentage of the membrane. The salt rejection was above 99.8%, and a high permeate flux of approximately 6.4 LMH was maintained for 16 h of operation.

Exploration of an innovative draw solution for a forward osmosis-membrane distillation desalination process.

Forward osmosis (FO) has emerged as a viable technology to alleviate the global water crisis. The greatest challenge facing the application of FO technology is the lack of an ideal draw solution with high water flux and low reverse salt flux. Hence, the objective of this study was to enhance FO by lowering reverse salt flux and maintaining high water flux; the method involved adding small concentrations of Al2(SO4)3 to a MgCl2 draw solution. Results showed that 0.5 M MgCl2 mixed with 0.05 M of Al2(SO4)3 at pH 6.5 achieved a lower reverse salt flux (0.53 gMH) than that of pure MgCl2 (1.55 gMH) using an FO cellulose triacetate nonwoven (CTA-NW) membrane. This was due possibly to the flocculation of aluminum hydroxide in the mixed draw solution that constricted membrane pores, resulting in reduced salt diffusion. Moreover, average water fluxes of 4.09 and 1.74 L/m2-h (LMH) were achieved over 180 min, respectively, when brackish water (5 g/L) and sea water (35 g/L) were used as feed solutions. Furthermore, three types of membrane distillation (MD) membranes were selected for draw solution recovery; of these, a polytetrafluoroethylene membrane with a pore size of 0.45 µm proved to be the most effective in achieving a high salt rejection (99.90%) and high water flux (5.41 LMH) in a diluted draw solution.

Innovative sponge-based moving bed-osmotic membrane bioreactor hybrid system using a new class of draw solution for municipal wastewater treatment.

For the first time, an innovative concept of combining sponge-based moving bed (SMB) and an osmotic membrane bioreactor (OsMBR), known as the SMB-OsMBR hybrid system, were investigated using Triton X-114 surfactant coupled with MgCl2 salt as the draw solution. Compared to traditional activated sludge OsMBR, the SMB-OsMBR system was able to remove more nutrients due to the thick-biofilm layer on sponge carriers. Subsequently less membrane fouling was observed during the wastewater treatment process. A water flux of 11.38 L/(m(2) h) and a negligible reverse salt flux were documented when deionized water served as the feed solution and a mixture of 1.5 M MgCl2 and 1.5 mM Triton X-114 was used as the draw solution. The SMB-OsMBR hybrid system indicated that a stable water flux of 10.5 L/(m(2) h) and low salt accumulation were achieved in a 90-day operation. Moreover, the nutrient removal efficiency of the proposed system was close to 100%, confirming the effectiveness of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in the biofilm layer on sponge carriers. The overall performance of the SMB-OsMBR hybrid system using MgCl2 coupled with Triton X-114 as the draw solution demonstrates its potential application in wastewater treatment.

Exploring high charge of phosphate as new draw solute in a forward osmosis-membrane distillation hybrid system for concentrating high-nutrient sludge.

For the first time, a high charge of phosphate was used as the draw solute in a forward osmosis-membrane distillation (FO-MD) hybrid system for concentrating high-nutrient sludge. A high water flux (12.5L/m(2)h) and a low reverse salt flux (0.84g/m(2)) were simultaneously achieved at pH9 by using 0.1M Na3PO4 as the draw solute and deionized water as the feed solution in the FO process. The specific reverse salt flux of 0.1M Na3PO4 (Js/Jw=0.07g/L) was considerably less than that of 0.1M NaCl (Js/Jw=0.37g/L) because the complexion between Na(+) and HPO4(2-) at pH9 led to the reduction of free Na(+) ions, which subsequently reduced the reverse salt diffusion substantially. Moreover, for a feed solution with an initial sludge concentration of 3500mg/L, the sludge concentration could be concentrated to 19,800 and 22,000mg/L in the pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) and FO membrane orientations, respectively, after 15h of operation. Four types of MD membranes were selected for draw solution recovery; of these, a polytetrafluoroethylene membrane with a pore size of 0.45µm was the most effective in achieving a high water flux (10.28L/m(2)h) and high salt rejection (approximately 100%) in a diluted Na3PO4 draw solution.

A novel osmosis membrane bioreactor-membrane distillation hybrid system for wastewater treatment and reuse.

A novel approach was designed to simultaneously enhance nutrient removal and reduce membrane fouling for wastewater treatment using an attached growth biofilm (AGB) integrated with an osmosis membrane bioreactor (OsMBR) system for the first time. In this study, a highly charged organic compound (HEDTA(3-)) was employed as a novel draw solution in the AGB-OsMBR system to obtain a low reverse salt flux, maintain a healthy environment for the microorganisms. The AGB-OsMBR system achieved a stable water flux of 3.62L/m(2)h, high nutrient removal of 99% and less fouling during a 60-day operation. Furthermore, the high salinity of diluted draw solution could be effectively recovered by membrane distillation (MD) process with salt rejection of 99.7%. The diluted draw solution was re-concentrated to its initial status (56.1mS/cm) at recovery of 9.8% after 6h. The work demonstrated that novel multi-barrier systems could produce high quality potable water from impaired streams.

A new class of draw solutions for minimizing reverse salt flux to improve forward osmosis desalination.

The applications of forward osmosis (FO) have been hindered because of the lack of an optimal draw solution. The reverse salt flux from the draw solution not only reduces the water flux but also increases the cost of draw solute replenishment. Therefore, in this study, Tergitol NP7 and NP9 with a long straight carbon chain and low critical micelle concentration (CMC) were coupled with highly charged ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as an innovative draw solution to minimize reverse salt diffusion in FO for the first time. The results showed that the lowest reverse salt flux of 0.067 GMH was observed when 0.1M EDTA-2Na coupled with 15mM NP7 was used as a draw solution and deionized water was used as a feed solution in FO mode (active layer facing with the feed solution). This is due to the hydrophobic interaction between the tails of NP7 and the FO membrane, thus creating layers on the membrane surface and constricting the FO membrane pores. Moreover, 1M EDTA-2Na coupled with 15mM NP7 is promising as an optimal draw solution for brackish water and sea water desalination. Average water fluxes of 7.68, 6.78, and 5.95 LMH were achieved when brackish water was used as a feed solution (5, 10, and 20g/L NaCl), and an average water flux of 3.81 LMH was achieved when sea water was used as a feed solution (35g/L NaCl). The diluted draw solution was recovered using a nanofiltration (NF-TS80) membrane with a high efficiency of 95% because of the high charge and large size of the draw solution.

Applicability of a novel osmotic membrane bioreactor using a specific draw solution in wastewater treatment.

This study aims to develop a new osmotic membrane bioreactor by combining a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) with forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (FOMBR) to treat wastewater. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt coupled with polyethylene glycol tert-octylphenyl ether was used as an innovative draw solution in this membrane hybrid system (MBBR-OsMBR) for minimizing the reverse salt flux and maintaining a healthy environment for the microorganism community. The results showed that the hybrid system achieved a stable water flux of 6.94 L/m(2) h and low salt accumulation in the bioreactor for 68 days of operation. At a filling rate of 40% (by volume of the bioreactor) of the polyethylene balls used as carriers, NH4(+)-N and PO4(3-)-P were almost removed (>99%) while producing relatively low NO3(-)-N and NO2(-)-N in the effluent (e.g. <0.56 and 0.96 mg/L, respectively). Furthermore, from analysis based on scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and fluorescence emission-excitation matrix spectrophotometry, there was a thin gel-like fouling layer on the FO membrane, which composed of bacteria as well as biopolymers and protein-like substances. Nonetheless, the formation of these fouling layers of the FO membrane in MBBR-OsMBR was reversible and removed by a physical cleaning technique.