Anion Storing Boron Nitride Hybrid Nanosheets for High-Performance Dual Ion and Zinc Alkaline Full Cells.

Hexagonal boron nitride (BN), a well-known member of 2D materials, has a structure similar to graphene and is often referred to as white graphene. Despite its unique physical and chemical properties for energy storage applications, there have been very few studies on how BN stores anion carriers. Herein, the hybrid architecture and anion storage mechanism of BN nanosheets for high-performance hybrid energy storage full cells based on dual-ion and Zinc (Zn) alkaline systems is demonstrated. The chemical bonding between BN and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is attributed to the formation of the heterointerface, which facilitates the charge transfer kinetics during an OH storing process. Based on the reversible surface redox reaction of BN and rGO hybrid (BN@rGO) confirmed by computational and spectroscopic analyses, the BN@rGO electrode is applied to both Na and OH dual-ion and Zn alkaline full cells. In the dual-ion system, Ti3C2‖BN@rGO full cells extended the operating voltage range up to 1.7 V, delivering a cell capacity of 49.4 mAh g-1 at 1000 mA g-1 and retaining 80% of its initial capacity after 40 000 cycles. In the Zn alkaline system, Zn‖BN@rGO full cells achieved a cell capacity of 58.1 mAh g-1 at 1000 mA g-1 and retained 80% capacity over 90 000 cycles.

Can the -CF3 Group Act as a Tight, Well-Defined Hydrogen Bond Acceptor? A Clear Crystallographic CF2-F···H-N+ Interaction Says Yes.

The CF3 group is well noted for being noninteractive with other functional groups. In this Note, we present a highly rigid model system containing a significant hydrogen bonding interaction between a charged N-H donor and a CF3 acceptor that challenges this accepted wisdom. Spectroscopic and single crystal X-ray crystallography data characterize this interaction, consistent with a weak to moderate hydrogen bond that would be difficult to observe in an intermolecular system.

Poor personal protective equipment practices were associated with heat-related symptoms among Asian healthcare workers: a large-scale multi-national questionnaire survey.

BACKGROUND: It is pertinent to understand the perceptions of healthcare workers (HCWs) with their associated personal protective equipment (PPE) usage and heat strain symptoms experienced to effectively combat the negative effects of heat stress during treatment and care activities. METHODS: We evaluated the associated heat stress perceived by HCWs across Asia and validated a questionnaire on perceptions of heat stress, associated PPE usage, and heat strain symptoms experienced. The questionnaire was administered to 3,082 HCWs in six Asian regions. Factor analyses, including Cronbach's alpha, assessed the questionnaire's validity and reliability. Structural equation modelling analysed the effects of knowledge, attitudes and practices, and heat strain symptoms. RESULTS: The questionnaire was found to be reliable in assessing HCWs' knowledge, and attitudes and practices towards heat stress and PPE usage (both Cronbach's alpha = 0.9), but not heat strain symptoms (Cronbach's alpha = 0.6). Despite knowledge of heat stress, HCWs had negative attitudes and practices regarding PPE usage (ß1 = 0.6, p < 0.001). Knowledge (path coefficient = 0.2, p < 0.001), and negative attitudes and practices (path coefficient = 0.2, p < 0.001) of HCWs towards heat stress and PPE usage adversely affected symptoms experienced. CONCLUSIONS: The questionnaire was not reliable in assessing symptoms. HCWs should, nevertheless, still self-assess their symptoms for early detection of heat strain. To effectively attenuate heat strain, understanding HCWs' attitudes and practices towards PPE usage should guide policymakers in implementing targeted heat management strategies.

Evaluating Lactate and D-Dimer as Mortality Predictors of Paediatric Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome: A Prospective Study in a Low-Middle Income Country.

Background: Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS) is a complex medical condition characterised by dysfunction across multiple organs. With limited information available on mortality prediction in the paediatric population, particularly in low-middle income countries, this study evaluates the mortality predicting capabilities of lactate, D-dimer, and their combination. Methods: This prospective study involved paediatric patients admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of the largest central children's hospital in the Mekong Delta region, Vietnam, from 2019 to 2021. The discriminative ability and calibration of both individual and combined tests were assessed using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test. Results: Among the patients studied, 63.1% did not survive. Lactate and D-dimer concentrations were significantly higher in the non-survivor group (P < 0.001). The area under the curve (AUC) values for lactate, D-dimer and the combined lactate-D-dimer test were 0.742, 0.775 and 0.804, respectively, with the combination showing the highest AUC value, though without statistical significance. Specific thresholds for lactate, D-dimer and the combination yielded sensitivities of 75.5%, 71.7%, and 66.0%, respectively. All three tests showed no statistically significant differences between observed and predicted mortality in the Hosmer-Lemeshow test (all P-values > 0.05). Conclusion: Lactate and D-dimer levels showed a significant association with mortality, along with good discrimination and calibration abilities. These results highlight the utility of lactate and D-dimer as effective predictors in paediatric MODS, particularly in resource-limited settings, and their role in improving patient outcomes.

Competition between C-C and C-H Bond Fluorination: A Continuum of Electron Transfer and Hydrogen Atom Transfer Mechanisms.

In 2015, we reported a photochemical method for directed C-C bond cleavage/radical fluorination of relatively unstrained cyclic acetals using Selectfluor and catalytic 9-fluorenone. Herein, we provide a detailed mechanistic study of this reaction, during which it was discovered that the key electron transfer step proceeds through substrate oxidation from a Selectfluor-derived N-centered radical intermediate (rather than through initially suspected photoinduced electron transfer). This finding led to proof of concept for two new methodologies, demonstrating that unstrained C-C bond fluorination can also be achieved under chemical and electrochemical conditions. Moreover, as C-C and C-H bond fluorination reactions are both theoretically possible on 2-aryl-cycloalkanone acetals and would involve the same reactive intermediate, we studied the competition between single-electron transfer (SET) and apparent hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT) pathways in acetal fluorination reactions using density functional theory. Finally, these analyses were applied more broadly to other classes of C-H and C-C bond fluorination reactions developed over the past decade, addressing the feasibility of SET processes masquerading as HAT in C-H fluorination literature.

Establishment of an in-house real-time RT-PCR assay for the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 using the first World Health Organization international standard in a resource-limited country.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 remains public health burdens and many unresolved issues worldwide. Molecular assays based on real-time RT-PCR are critical for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical specimens from patients suspected of COVID-19. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to establish and validate an in-house real-time RT-PCR for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. METHODOLOGY: Primers and probes sets in our in-house real-time RT-PCR assay were designed in conserved regions of the N and E target genes. Optimized multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay was validated using the first WHO International Standard (NIBSC code: 20/146) and evaluated clinical performance. RESULTS: The limit of detection validated using the first WHO International Standard was 159 IU/ml for both E and N target genes. The evaluation of clinical performance on 170 clinical samples showed a positive percent agreement of 100% and the negative percent agreement of 99.08% for both target genes. The Kappa value of 0.99 was an excellent agreement, the strong correlation of Ct values observed between two tests with r2  = 0.84 for the E gene and 0.87 for the N gene. Notably, we assessed on 60 paired saliva and nasopharyngeal samples. The overall agreement was 91.66%, and Kappa value of 0.74 showed a high agreement between two types of samples. When using nasopharyngeal swabs as the reference standard, positive percent agreement, and negative percent agreement were 91.83% and 90.90%, respectively. CONCLUSION: In the present study, we established and validated an in-house real-time RT-PCR for molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 in a resource-limited country.

Developing a new approach for design support of subsurface constructed wetland using machine learning algorithms.

Knowing the effluent quality of treatment systems in advance to enable the design of treatment systems that comply with environmental standards is a realistic strategy. This study aims to develop machine learning - based predictive models for designing the subsurface constructed wetlands (SCW). Data from the SCW literature during the period of 2009-2020 included 618 sets and 10 features. Five algorithms namely, Random forest, Classification and Regression trees, Support vector machines, K-nearest neighbors, and Cubist were compared to determine an optimal algorithm. All nine input features including the influent concentrations, C:N ratio, hydraulic loading rate, height, aeration, flow type, feeding, and filter type were confirmed as relevant features for the predictive algorithms. The comparative result revealed that Cubist is the best algorithm with the lowest RMSE (7.77 and 21.77 mg.L-1 for NH4-N and COD, respectively) corresponding to 84% of the variance in the effluents explained. The coefficient of determination of the Cubist algorithm obtained for NH4-N and COD prediction from the test data were 0.92 and 0.93, respectively. Five case studies of the application of SCW design were also exercised and verified by the prediction model. Finally, a fully developed Cubist algorithm-based design tool for SCW was proposed.

The Close Interaction of a C-F Bond with an Amide Carbonyl: Crystallographic and Spectroscopic Characterization.

The putative interaction of a C-F bond with an amide carbonyl has been an intriguing topic of interest in this century for reasons spanning basic physical organic chemistry to biochemistry. However, to date, there exist no examples of a close, well-defined interaction in which its unique aspects can be identified and exploited. Herein, we finally present an engineered system possessing an exceptionally tight C-F-amide interaction, allowing us to obtain spectroscopic, crystallographic, and kinetic details of a distinctive, biochemically relevant chemical system for the first time. In turn, we also explore Lewis acid coordination, C-F bond promotion of amide isomerization, enantiomerization, and ion protonation processes.

Zinc Deficiency and the Severity of Pneumonia in Vietnamese Children: A Hospital-Based Study.

Background Pneumonia is a critical global health concern that often results in severe complications and fatalities, especially among young children. Zinc plays a crucial role in immune function and maintaining respiratory epithelial integrity. Despite its importance, data on the prevalence of zinc deficiency and its impact on pneumonia severity in Vietnamese children are limited. Objectives This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of zinc deficiency and its association with pneumonia severity in Vietnamese children under five years old. The findings could significantly contribute to our understanding of the role of zinc in pneumonia severity, guiding future public health interventions, nutritional policies, and clinical practices to prevent zinc deficiency and reduce pneumonia morbidity and mortality in children. Methods An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted at a major pediatric center in Southwestern Vietnam from December 2022 to February 2024, involving 222 children aged 2 to 59 months diagnosed with pneumonia. Clinical assessments and laboratory measurements, including serum zinc levels, were performed. Statistical analyses were conducted to compare clinical characteristics and outcomes between zinc-deficient and non-deficient groups. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association between zinc deficiency and pneumonia severity, with statistical significance set at p<0.05. Results The prevalence of zinc deficiency among children with pneumonia was 74.3%. Zinc-deficient children showed a significantly higher proportion of severe pneumonia (57.6% vs. 8.8%, p<0.001), as well as a higher proportion of high fever, poor feeding, vomiting, and respiratory distress compared to non-deficient children (p<0.001). Multivariable logistic regression identified zinc deficiency as an independent predictor of severe pneumonia (aOR=13.1, 95% CI: 4.7-36.8, p<0.001). Conclusion Zinc deficiency was prevalent among Vietnamese children with pneumonia and was associated with an increased risk of severe pneumonia.

Prognostic Value of the Lactate/Albumin Ratio for 28-Day Mortality in Pediatric Septic Shock: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Background Septic shock remains a leading cause of mortality in children. The lactate/albumin ratio (LAR) has emerged as a potential prognostic marker for mortality in septic shock, yet most existing research focuses on adults, with limited data available for pediatric populations, particularly in Vietnam. Objectives This study aims to evaluate the prognostic utility of the LAR in predicting 28-day mortality among children aged two months to 15 years with septic shock in Vietnam. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study involving children diagnosed with septic shock at the largest pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, from July 2022 to June 2024. Clinical and laboratory parameters, including lactate and albumin levels, were measured at the time of septic shock diagnosis. Patients were followed for 28 days, with outcomes categorized as either survival or mortality. The prognostic performance of LAR was assessed through its discrimination and calibration capabilities. Results The 28-day mortality rate was 63.4%. LAR was significantly higher in non-survivors compared to survivors (p < 0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) for LAR was 0.91, indicating superior discriminatory power compared to lactate alone and comparable to albumin. Using a Youden index-derived cut-off of 1.84, LAR demonstrated a sensitivity of 84.6% and a specificity of 80%. Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank testing revealed significantly lower survival probabilities in children with LAR ≥1.84 (p < 0.05). The Hosmer-Lemeshow test confirmed good calibration of LAR in mortality prediction (p > 0.05). Conclusion The lactate/albumin ratio exhibits excellent discriminatory and calibration properties, making it a valuable tool for predicting 28-day mortality in pediatric septic shock. This ratio should be considered for routine use in clinical practice to improve prognostic assessments in this vulnerable population.

Job Satisfaction within the Grassroots Healthcare System in Vietnam's Key Industrial Region-Binh Duong Province: Validating the Vietnamese Version of the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire Scale.

Background: The grassroots healthcare system is the closest and most community-oriented force, working as an extended arm of the primary healthcare network to implement healthcare programs at the household level. Its comprehensive development is a crucial task set by the Vietnamese government. Job satisfaction significantly influences the performance of healthcare staff within this system. Objective: to assess job satisfaction among healthcare staff using the short-form of the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire while also evaluating the Vietnamese translation of this scale. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study with analysis based on the responses of 587 healthcare staff using the Vietnamese-translated version of the MSQ short-form scale. The response data from the participants were subjected to CFA, and if the proposed CFA model did not fit the data, EFA was conducted. Results: The results indicate that the new model, which evaluates job-related factors in three distinct groups, is more suitable than the original model. The 14 questions of the MSQ scale were analyzed and categorized into Autonomy, Obligation, and Specificity based on the participants' responses. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) conducted on the new model demonstrated favorable fit indices: CFI = 0.934, TLI = 0.917, GFI = 0.919, and RMSEA = 0.093 (90% CI: 0.085-0.102). Conclusions: The Vietnamese version of the MSQ short form demonstrates reliability and validity. It also provides additional data on the effectiveness of the MSQ short form in measuring job satisfaction.

Therapists' perspective on acceptance of robot-assisted physical rehabilitation in a middle-income country: a study from Vietnam.

Robot-assisted physical rehabilitation offers promising benefits for patients, yet its adoption among therapists remains a complex challenge. This study investigates the acceptance of robot-assisted physical rehabilitation technology among therapists in Vietnam, a middle-income country with a growing demand for rehabilitation services. Drawing on the Technology Acceptance Model 2 (TAM2) and the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), an online survey and semi-structured interviews were conducted to explore therapists' attitudes and intentions towards using this technology. The results show that Vietnamese therapists recognised its potential benefits and expressed a willingness to use it. Although having similar acceptance patterns compared to developed regions, they demonstrated significantly higher levels of agreement across acceptance constructs. This may be attributed to factors such as the novelty effect, cultural perceptions of robots, and the high workload of therapists in Vietnam. Gender and location were found to influence two acceptance constructs-subjective norms and image, respectively-highlighting the need for tailored strategies in technology implementation. The study underscores the importance of considering socio-cultural factors in the adoption of technology and provides insights for enhancing the acceptance and effectiveness of robot-assisted physical rehabilitation in Vietnam. This contributes to the global understanding of therapist acceptance of technology in this field.

While robot-assisted physical rehabilitation offers promising benefits, there is limited understanding of therapist acceptance on a global scale, highlighting the need for more research in this area.This study in a middle-income country, Vietnam, reveals a generally positive view among therapists, but specific issues such as the novelty effect, cultural perceptions of robots, and high therapist workload impact acceptance levels, indicating the need for tailored strategies.Strategies for implementing robot-assisted physical rehabilitation should include addressing training needs, providing technological support, and considering sociocultural factors to enhance acceptance and effectiveness.

A bibliometric analysis of research on tourism content marketing: Background knowledge and thematic evolution.

Content marketing is becoming an important trend in the tourism industry and is attracting the attention of many stakeholders. Previous studies have sporadically highlighted only some content marketing aspects, but none comprehensively described the topic. To fill this gap, this study adopts a comprehensive approach by combining two bibliometric co-citation and co-keyword analysis methods of 659 articles on content marketing in travel sectors. The co-citation results indicate that tourism content marketing research has been concentrated on the themes of (1) the impact of electronic word of mouth (eWOM) and word of mouth (WOM) on business performance; (2) the role of social media, user-generated content (UGC) and destination image formulation; (3) the impact of eWOM and UGC on the decision-making process; as well as (4) opportunities and challenges. Additionally, based on the co-keyword analysis, hot research topics are explored, including online review implementation; UGC implementation; communication and information search; customer behavior prediction model; the decision-making process; and issues related to user experience, quality, and management. Among these, UGC implementation is the most likely trend that researchers can develop in the future. In addition, the influence of other types of UGC (e.g., user-generated travel videos) is a promising avenue for future research. This study will help researchers understand the role and influence of tourism content marketing. Furthermore, tourism marketers can use content marketing to restore destination image and address last-minute booking issues after the COVID-19 pandemic.

How Do Face-to-Face Stacked Aromatic Rings Activate Each Other to Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution?

We have found that face-to-face π-stacked aromatic rings show the propensity to activate one another toward electrophilic aromatic substitution through direct influence of the probe aromatic ring by the adjacent stacked ring, rather than through the formation of relay or "sandwich complexes." This activation remains in force even when one of the rings is deactivated through nitration. The resulting dinitrated products are shown to crystallize in an extended parallel offset stacked form, in stark contrast to the substrate.

Pharmacist-Led Interventions to Reduce Drug-Related Problems in Prescribing for Pediatric Outpatients in a Developing Country: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a pharmacist-led intervention's effectiveness in reducing drug-related problems (DRPs ( related to prescriptions for pediatric outpatients. METHODS: We conducted a randomized controlled trial. We recruited and randomly assigned 31 physicians to control or intervention groups. We collected 775 prescriptions (375 from the control group and 400 from the intervention group) at the start. For 3 weeks, intervention physicians received additional information and meetings with pharmacists in addition to the usual practices of the hospital. We then collected prescriptions at the end of the study. We classified DRPs, based on reliable references (Supplemental Table S1) at baseline and endpoint (a week after the intervention). The primary outcome was the proportion of prescriptions with DRPs, and secondary outcomes were the proportions of prescriptions with specific DRP types. RESULTS: The influence of the intervention on general DRPs and specific DRPs was the study's main finding. The pharmacist-led intervention helped reduce the prescriptions with DRPs proportion in the intervention group to 41.0%, compared with 49.3% in the control group (p < 0.05). The DRPs proportion related to the timing of administration relative to meals, unlike the other DRP types, increased in the control group (from 31.7% to 34.9%) and decreased in the intervention group (from 31.3% to 25.3%), with a significant difference between the 2 groups at endpoint (p < 0.01). Patients aged >2 to ≤6 years (OR, 1.871; 95% CI, 1.340-2.613) and receiving ≥5 drugs (OR, 5.037; 95% CI, 2.472-10.261) were at greater risk of experiencing DRPs related to prescribing. CONCLUSIONS: A pharmacist-led intervention improved DRP occurrence related to physicians' prescribing. Pharmacists could be involved in in-depth research with physicians in the prescribing process to provide tailored interventions.

De novo variants of dominant monogenic disorders in Vietnam detected by a noninvasive prenatal test: a case series.

Background: Noninvasive prenatal tests for monogenic diseases (NIPT-SGG) have recently been reported as helpful in early-stage antenatal screening. Our study describes the clinical and genetic features of cases identified by NIPT-SGG. Materials & methods: In a cohort pregnancy with abnormal sonograms, affected cases were confirmed by invasive diagnostic tests concurrently, with NIPT-SGG targeting 25 common dominant single-gene diseases. Results: A total of 13 single-gene fetuses were confirmed, including Noonan and Costello syndromes, thanatophoric dysplasia, achondroplasia, osteogenesis imperfecta and Apert syndrome. Two novel variants seen were tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC2 c.4154G>A) and Alagille syndrome (JAG1 c.3452del). Conclusion: NIPT-SGG and standard tests agree on the results for 13 fetuses with monogenic disorders. This panel method of screening can benefit high-risk Vietnamese pregnancies, but further research is encouraged to expand on the causative gene panel.

Stiff Person Syndrome: A Case Report with Sudden Onset and Coexistence of Sero-Positive Antibodies to Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase and Anti-SOX1 Antibodies.

Stiff Person Syndrome (SPS) is an extremely rare neurological condition characterized by muscle stiffness and painful muscle spasms. The symptoms often progress slowly and can cause disability. Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (anti-GAD) have been reported in up to 80% of the classic type of SPS. Paraneoplastic syndrome comprises 5% of SPS cases. These patients present with different malignancies including lung, thymus, breast, colon, and lymph nodes. In this paper, we report a case of a 25-year-old Vietnamese female patient with SPS presenting with unusual clinical manifestations of sudden onset, rapidly progressive spinal, abdominal, and lower limb rigidity accompanied by painful spasms, autonomic disorders, and severe, multiple bone fractures. Serologic tests detected high-titer anti-GAD, combined with anti-SOX1 antibodies, suggesting paraneoplastic SPS. Intravenous immunoglobulin has been employed as the main treatment therapy, and the patient has had a complete remission.

Spatial characterization of microbial sulfur cycling in horizontal-flow constructed wetland models.

Constructed wetlands (CWs) are a cost-effective technology for wastewater treatment in which plant-microorganism relationships play a key role in transforming pollutants. However, there is little knowledge about the spatial organization of microbial metabolic processes in CWs. Here we show the structuring of microbial transformation of inorganic sulfur compounds (ISCs) in two horizontal subsurface-flow CW models fed with sulfate-rich artificial wastewater. One model was fully planted with Juncus effusus, while the other was planted only in the middle to investigate further the influence of the plant on ISC transformations. Chemical analyses revealed that sulfate reduction and re-oxidation of sulfide/sulfur occurred simultaneously along the flow paths, with net reduction at the beginning of the CWs, where organic carbon from the influent was still present, and predominant re-oxidation in the downstream sections. Porewater ISC concentrations hardly differed between the two CWs. However, analysis of the bacterial communities showed that sulfur cycling in the fully planted CW was much higher. Total bacterial abundances were about 50 times and 3-4 orders of magnitude higher in the rhizoplane than in porewater and on gravel, respectively, as quantified by qPCR determination of the 16S rRNA gene. Sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons revealed that bacterial communities on the roots and in the porewater differed substantially, apparently a consequence of the fluxes of oxygen and exudates from the roots. Furthermore, we observed partitioning of ISC transforming bacteria into different niches of the CWs. The results of the chemical and microbial analyses collectively support that extensive sulfur cycling occurred in the rhizospheres of the CW models. The study is relevant to the treatment of sulfur-containing wastewater and the elucidation of microbial communities involved in biogeochemical activities to improve water quality.

Effect of Pharmacist-Led Interventions on Physicians' Prescribing for Pediatric Outpatients.

Background: Children are at high risk of drug-related problems, increased risk of treatment failures, and high treatment costs. We aimed to evaluate the effect of pharmacist-led interventions on physicians' prescribing for pediatric outpatients. Methods: A prospective study with pre- and post-intervention measurement assessment was conducted to collect pediatric outpatients' prescriptions during the pre-intervention period (January 2020) and post-intervention (August 2020) at a children's hospital in Vietnam. Drug-related problems were identified and categorized according to Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe (PCNE), version 9.1. The intervention program was developed based on the results of pre-intervention observations. After the intervention, prescriptions were evaluated. Statistical tests were used to compare the proportions of drug-related problems before and after the intervention and to identify factors related to drug-related problems. Results: There were 2788 out of 4218 (66.1%) prescriptions with at least one drug-related problem before the intervention. Of these drug-related problems, the most common was inappropriate timing of administration and incorrect dosage (36.1% and 35.6%, respectively). After the intervention, the percentage of prescriptions with at least one drug-related problem was 45.5% (p < 0.001). Most of the drug-related problem types decreased significantly (p < 0.05). The binary logistic regression analysis results showed that in addition to pharmacists' intervention, patients' gender, primary disease, comorbidity status, and the total number of drugs prescribed were also factors related to drug-related problems. Conclusions: Drug-related problems in pediatric outpatients were quite common. Pharmacists' intervention helped to improve the prevalence and types of drug-related problems.