Behavioral Effects and Retention of Protein Immunomarkers on Plum Curculio Conotrachelus nenuphar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).

Protein immunomarking can be used to track the dispersal of insects in the field or identify plant-insect interactions. By marking insects with known proteins and recapturing them, their movement or host use can be quantified with Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Before using this technique, retention and behavioral effects of these markers should be evaluated to ensure that the insect's natural behaviors are conserved. Here, we tested the effects of protein markers on the plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) using two different application methods. This weevil is native to North American and a pest of tree fruit and blueberry in the United States and causes damage resulting in near complete crop loss if left untreated. We tested the effects of marking adult C. nenuphar with two inexpensive food-based immunoprotein markers, bovine casein (cow's milk) and chicken albumin (egg whites) on climbing distance (total cm), lateral movement (total cm), and lateral movement speed (cm/s), as well as retention time of protein immunomarkers. Neither protein immunomarker affected C. nenuphar movement or climbing, although females climbed significantly greater distances than males. ELISA assays detected 37.5-56.2% of milk protein and 56.2-59.3% of egg on the insect 7 d after application depending on application method. Our findings indicate that food-based protein immunomarkers can be used in future studies to test C. nenuphar movement within host plants without impacting behavior. The use of protein immunomarking will allow studies that will lead to behaviorally based management tactics.

Comparison of 18F-sodium fluoride uptake in the whole bone, pelvis, and femoral neck of multiple myeloma patients before and after high-dose therapy and conventional-dose chemotherapy.

AIM: To compare the effects of high-dose therapy (HDT consisting of high-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation) and conventional-dose chemotherapy (non-HDT) on the uptake of 18F-sodium fluoride (NaF) in the whole bone, pelvis, and femoral neck of multiple myeloma (MM) patients. METHOD: The data of 19 MM patients who received HDT (61.5 (SD 5.6) years) and 11 MM patients who received conventional-dose chemotherapy (70.9 (SD 7.2) years) were collected in a prospective study. NaF PET/CT imaging was performed at baseline, and 8 weeks and 2 weeks after treatment for the HDT group and the non-HDT group, respectively. A CT-based algorithm was applied to segment the bones, and the global mean SUV (GSUVmean) of the whole bone and pelvis was calculated (OsiriX MD v.9.0, Pixmeo SARL; Bernex, Switzerland). In addition, regions of interest for the whole, medial, and lateral femoral neck were delineated bilaterally. Whole bone and pelvis measurements were replicated by two observers. RESULTS: The average GSUVmean in the whole bone and pelvis of the patients who underwent HDT significantly decreased from before to after treatment (- 16.27%, p = 0.02 and - 16.54%, p = 0.01, respectively). A significant decrease in the whole and lateral femoral neck was also observed bilaterally in the HDT group. No significant decrease in average GSUVmean was observed in the non-HDT group. A high level of inter-observer reliability was found in intra-class correlation (ICC for pre-treatment whole bone 0.983, post-treatment whole bone 0.989, pre-treatment whole pelvis 0.998, post-treatment whole pelvis 0.996). CONCLUSION: NaF uptake significantly decreased after treatment in patients who received high-dose therapy. A high level of agreement was observed between two operators for whole bone and pelvis measurements.

Impact of the Invasive Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in North America and Europe: History, Biology, Ecology, and Management.

The brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys (Stål), is an invasive pentatomid introduced from Asia into the United States, Canada, multiple European countries, and Chile. In 2010, BMSB populations in the mid-Atlantic United States reached outbreak levels and subsequent feeding severely damaged tree fruit as well as other crops. Significant nuisance issues from adults overwintering inside homes were common. BMSB is a highly polyphagous species with a strong dispersal capacity and high reproductive output, potentially enabling its spread and success in invaded regions. A greater understanding of BMSB biology and ecology and its natural enemies, the identification of the male-produced aggregation pheromone, and the recognition that BMSB disperses into crops from adjacent wooded habitats have led to the development of behavior-based integrated pest management (IPM) tactics. Much is still unknown about BMSB, and continued long-term collaborative studies are necessary to refine crop-specific IPM programs and enhance biological control across invaded landscapes.

Up-front PET/CT changes treatment intent in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

PURPOSE: In patients with newly diagnosed head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), we wanted to examine the differences in overall treatment decisions, i.e. curative versus palliative treatment intent, reached by a multidisciplinary team conference (MDTC) based on 18F-fluoro-deoxy-glucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) or chest X-ray + MRI of the head and neck (CXR/MRI). PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a prospective blinded cohort study based on paired data. Consecutive patients with histologically verified primary HNSCC were invited to participate. All included patients underwent CXR/MRI and PET/CT before diagnostic biopsy. An ordinary MDTC using all available imaging was conducted as per standard practice. After at least 3 months (to eliminate recall bias in the team), the first project MDTC was conducted, based on either CXR/MRI or PET/CT, and the tumor board drew conclusions regarding treatment. After an additional 3 months, a second project MDTC was conducted using the complementary imaging modality. RESULTS: A total of 307 patients were included. Based on CXR/MRI, 303 patients (99%) were recommended for curative treatment and only four patients (1%) for palliative treatment. Based on PET/CT, the MDTC concluded that 278 (91%) patients were suitable for curative treatment and 29 (9%) patients for palliative treatment. The absolute difference of 8% was statistically significant (95% CI: 4.8%-11.5%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A PET/CT-based imaging strategy significantly changed the decisions regarding treatment intent made by a MDTC for patients diagnosed with HNSCC, when compared with the standard imaging strategy of CXR/MRI.

Biological control effects of non-reproductive host mortality caused by insect parasitoids.

As the rate of spread of invasive species increases, consumer-resource communities are often populated by a combination of exotic and native species at all trophic levels. In parasitoid-host communities, these novel associations may lead to disconnects between parasitoid preference and performance, and parasitoid oviposition may result in death of the parasitoid offspring, death of the host, or death of both. Despite their relevance for biological control risk and efficacy assessments, the direct and indirect population-level consequences of parasitoids attacking and killing their hosts without successfully reproducing (non-reproductive mortality) are poorly understood. Non-reproductive mortality induced by egg parasitoids (parasitoid-induced host egg abortion) may be particularly important for understanding the population dynamics of the invasive agricultural pest Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and endemic stink bugs in North America, which are attacked by a suite of both native and introduced egg parasitoids. It is unclear, however, how various factors controlling parasitoid foraging and developmental success manifest at the population level. We constructed two related versions of a two-host-one-parasitoid model to evaluate the population-level consequences of non-reproductive host mortality. Egg abortion can result in strong negative or positive enemy-mediated indirect effects, taking the form of apparent competition, apparent parasitism, apparent amensalism, or apparent commensalism. For parasitoids limited in their reproductive output by the number of eggs they can produce, higher non-reproductive host mortality can reduce the strength of the positive indirect effect in cases of apparent parasitism, and it can reduce the negative indirect effect on the more suitable host in cases of apparent competition. For time-limited parasitoids, unsuitable hosts with high levels of non-reproductive parasitoid-induced mortality can be strongly suppressed in the presence of a suitable host, while the suitable host is only negligibly impacted (i.e., apparent amensalism). We evaluate these model-derived hypotheses within the context of H. halys and its native and nonnative parasitoids in North America, and discuss their application to risk assessment in biological control programs.

PET/CT and prediction of thyroid cancer in patients with follicular neoplasm or atypia.

PURPOSE: To examine whether addition of 18F-fluoro-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) to fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) would improve prediction of thyroid cancer in patients with FNAB-derived follicular neoplasm or atypia, classified according to focal, multifocal, diffuse, or no FDG uptake. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Consecutive patients with FNAB-derived follicular neoplasm or atypia planned for surgery from September 2013 to March 2016 were prospectively included and considered for analysis. All patients underwent preoperative PET/CT and a clinical head and neck examination, including ultrasound of the neck and the thyroid gland. Patients with obvious signs of thyroid malignancy were excluded from the study. Histology of the surgical specimen was used as reference standard for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Of the 108 patients included (85 women, median age 53.4 years), 31 (29%) had a thyroid nodule that was histologically verified as malignant. Sensitivity and specificity for PET/CT in detection of thyroid cancer was 79 and 32%, respectively, including a derived positive predictive value (PPV) of 31%, and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 79%. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed no significant increase in the risk of thyroid cancer among patients with focal or multifocal FDG uptake compared to patients with no FDG uptake. CONCLUSION: Addition of PET/CT to FNAB did not improve prediction of thyroid cancer in patients with FNAB-derived follicular neoplasm or atypia.

Delayed sodium 18F-fluoride PET/CT imaging does not improve quantification of vascular calcification metabolism: results from the CAMONA study.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to determine if delayed sodium (18)F-fluoride (Na(18)F) PET/CT imaging improves quantification of vascular calcification metabolism. Blood-pool activity can disturb the arterial Na(18)F signal. With time, blood-pool activity declines. Therefore, delayed imaging can potentially improve quantification of vascular calcification metabolism. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty healthy volunteers and 18 patients with chest pain were prospectively assessed by triple time-point PET/CT imaging at approximately 45, 90, and 180 minutes after Na(18)F administration. For each time point, global uptake of Na(18)F was determined in the coronary arteries and thoracic aorta by calculating the blood-pool-corrected maximum standardized uptake value (cSUV(MAX)). A target-to-background ratio (TBR) was calculated to determine the contrast resolution at 45, 90, and 180 minutes. Furthermore, we assessed whether the acquisition time-point affected the relation between cSUV(MAX) and the estimated 10-year risk for fatal cardiovascular disease (SCORE %). Coronary cSUV(MAX) (P = .533) and aortic cSUV(MAX) (P = .654) remained similar with time, whereas the coronary TBR (P < .0001) and aortic TBR (P < .0001) significantly increased with time. Even though the contrast resolution improved with time, positive correlations between SCORE % and coronary cSUV(MAX) (P < .020) and aortic cSUV(MAX) (P < .005) were observed at all investigated time points. CONCLUSIONS: Delayed Na(18)F PET/CT imaging does not improve quantification of vascular calcification metabolism. Although contrast resolution improves with time, arterial Na(18)F avidity is invariant to the time between Na(18)F administration and PET/CT acquisition. Therefore, the optimal PET/CT acquisition time-point to quantify vascular calcification metabolism is achieved as early as 45 minutes after Na(18)F administration.

Effects of host plants on spotted lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) nymphal survival and development.

Spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White), is an invasive planthopper from China, which was first detected in Berks County, PA, in 2014 and has since spread to adjacent states including New Jersey in 2018. Lycorma delicatula is a polyphagous species that gregariously feeds on over 172 known hosts. We investigated development on key host plants Ailanthus altissima (Miller) (Sapindales: Simaroubaceae), Juglans nigra (L.) (Fagales: Juglandaceae), Acer rubrum (L.) (Sapindales: Sapindaceae), and Vitis vinifera (L.) (Vitales: Vitaceae) for each instar to elucidate potential host use throughout the season and target monitoring efforts. Our study indicated significant differences in survivorship and time spent in each nymphal life stage between host plants. We applied a host suitability index as a function of survivorship and development for each host plant and instar, which indicated A. altissima and J. nigra as suitable hosts for all 4 nymphal instars. Vitis vinifera was highly suitable for first and second instars but had low indices for the third and fourth instars, although suitability of V. vinifera may have varied based on variety and age of the vine. Lycorma delicatula nymphs had the lowest survivorship and longest development time on A. rubrum across all 4 life stages, despite this being a preferred oviposition host. Host had a significant effect on the morphometrics we measured within the first and second instars.

Metabolic tumour volume in Hodgkin lymphoma-A comparison between manual and AI-based analysis.

AIM: To compare total metabolic tumour volume (tMTV), calculated using two artificial intelligence (AI)-based tools, with manual segmentation by specialists as the reference. METHODS: Forty-eight consecutive Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) patients staged with [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography were included. The median age was 35 years (range: 7-75), 46% female. The tMTV was automatically measured using the AI-based tools positron emission tomography assisted reporting system (PARS) (from Siemens) and RECOMIA (recomia.org) without any manual adjustments. A group of eight nuclear medicine specialists manually segmented lesions for tMTV calculations; each patient was independently segmented by two specialists. RESULTS: The median of the manual tMTV was 146 cm3 (interquartile range [IQR]: 79-568 cm3) and the median difference between two tMTV values segmented by different specialists for the same patient was 26 cm3 (IQR: 10-86 cm3). In 22 of the 48 patients, the manual tMTV value was closer to the RECOMIA tMTV value than to the manual tMTV value segmented by the second specialist. In 11 of the remaining 26 patients, the difference between the RECOMIA tMTV and the manual tMTV was small (<26 cm3, which was the median difference between two manual tMTV values from the same patient). The corresponding numbers for PARS were 18 and 10 patients, respectively. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that RECOMIA and Siemens PARS AI tools could be used without any major manual adjustments in 69% (33/48) and 58% (28/48) of HL patients, respectively. This demonstrates the feasibility of using AI tools to support physicians measuring tMTV for assessment of prognosis in clinical practice.

Landscape-scale spatiotemporal dynamics of Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) populations: implications for spatially-based pest management.

BACKGROUND: Brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys (Stål), is an invasive and severe pest of specialty and row crops. A 2-year field study conducted in four Mid-Atlantic states in the USA characterized the spatial and temporal dynamics of BMSB populations and its association with landscape elements in commercial agriculture settings. In each state, two 1 km2 sites included typical landscape elements (i.e., tree fruit orchards, annual field and vegetable crops, woodlands, and human-made structures). Twenty-seven georeferenced pheromone traps were deployed per site and the number of BMSB adults and nymphs captured was counted throughout the growing season. RESULTS: Findings from spatial analysis by distance indices, along with time-series maps of BMSB distribution, showed that BMSB exhibited significant spatial aggregation, and that its distribution was spatially consistent between years. Analyses with geographic information systems (GIS) revealed that BMSB 'hot spots' occurred in different landscape elements throughout each season. Most patches (i.e., clusters of significantly higher trap captures) were found near woodlands early in the season, near tree fruit orchards in summer, and on the border of annual field crops in autumn. Buffer analysis with GIS indicated that more BMSB adults were captured closer to woodlands compared with other landscape elements. CONCLUSION: Understanding the spatial and temporal movement and distribution of BMSB is critical to predicting their potential impact and ultimately devising strategies to mitigate this risk to vulnerable crops. The results of this study can be used to design streamlined, spatially-based areawide management of BMSB in heterogeneous and complex agricultural landscapes. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.

Use of black light traps to monitor the abundance, spread, and flight behavior of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae).

Monitoring the distribution and abundance of an invasive species is challenging, especially during the initial years of spread when population densities are low and basic biology and monitoring methods are being investigated. Brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys (Stål)) is an invasive agricultural and urban pest that was first detected in the United States in the late 1990s. At the time of its detection, no method was available to effectively track H. halys populations, which are highly mobile and polyphagous. One possible solution was the utilization of black light traps, which are nonspecific traps attractive to night flying insects. To determine if black light traps are a reliable monitoring tool for H. halys, a state-wide network of 40-75 traps located on New Jersey farms were monitored from 2004 to 2011 for H. halys. This proved to be a highly effective method of monitoring H. halys populations and their spread at the landscape level. The total number of brown marmorated stink bug caught in New Jersey increased exponentially during this period at a rate of 75% per year. Logistic regression estimates that 2.84 new farms are invaded each year by H. halys. The results indicate that black light traps are attractive to early season populations as well as at low population densities. Weekly trap catch data are being used to generate state-wide population distribution maps made available to farmers in weekly newsletters and online. While no economic threshold currently exists for brown marmorated stink bug, the maps provide farmers with a tool to forecast pest pressure and plan management.

Temperature-Dependent Life Table Parameters of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in the United States.

Brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is a generalist pest that causes serious injury to a variety of crops around the world. After the first detection in the USA, H. halys became a serious threat to growers resulting in significant crop damage. Understanding the effect of temperature on H. halys development will help to achieve successful control by predicting the phenological timing of the pest. Here, life table parameters (survival, development, reproduction, and daily mortality) of H. halys were evaluated for New Jersey and Oregon populations in the US. Parameters were determined from field-collected and laboratory-reared individuals. The results indicated that New Jersey populations had higher levels of egg-laying than Oregon populations and exhibited higher and earlier fecundity peaks. Survival levels were similar between populations. Linear and nonlinear fit were used to estimate the minimum (14.3 °C), optimal (27.8 °C), and maximum (35.9 °C) temperatures where development of H. halys can take place. An age-specific fecundity peak (Mx = 36.63) was recorded at 936 degree days for New Jersey populations, while maximum fecundity (Mx = 11.85) occurred at 1145 degree days in Oregon. No oviposition was recorded at the lowest (15 °C) or highest (35 °C) trialed temperatures. Developmental periods increased at temperatures above 30 °C, indicating that such higher temperatures are suboptimal for H. halys development. Altogether the most optimal temperatures for population increase (rm) ranged from 25 to 30 °C. Survival rates of H. halys at suboptimal low temperatures of 8 °C (i.e., 61%) is comparable to previous reports. The present paper provides additional data and context from a range of experimental conditions and populations. Such temperature-related H. halys life table parameters can be used to provide determine the risk to susceptible crops.

Novel hosts can incur fitness costs to a frugivorous insect pest.

In phytophagous insects, adult attraction and oviposition preference for a host plant are often positively correlated with their immature fitness; however, little is known how this preference-performance relationship changes within insect populations utilizing different host plants. Here, we investigated differences in the preference and performance of two populations of a native North American frugivorous insect pest, the plum curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar)-one that utilizes peaches and another that utilizes blueberries as hosts-in the Mid-Atlantic United States. We collected C. nenuphar adult populations from peach and blueberry farms and found that they exhibited a clear preference for the odors of, as well as an ovipositional preference for, the hosts they were collected from, laying 67%-83% of their eggs in their respective collected hosts. To measure C. nenuphar larval performance, a fitness index was calculated using data on larval weights, development, and survival rate from egg to 4th instars when reared on the parent's collected and novel hosts. Larvae of C. nenuphar adults collected from peach had high fitness on peach but low fitness when reared on blueberry. In contrast, larvae from C. nenuphar adults collected in blueberry had high fitness regardless of the host on which they were reared. In this study, we show that utilizing a novel host such as blueberry incurs a fitness cost for C. nenuphar from peaches, but this cost was not observed for C. nenuphar from blueberries, indicating that the preference-performance relationship is present in the case of insects reared on peach, but insects reared on blueberry were more flexible and able to utilize either host, despite preferring blueberry.

Characterizing location of spotted lanternfly egg masses in wooded habitat during early invasion stages.

The spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), is an invasive planthopper from Asia that is estimated to have spread 17 km/yr since it's initial detection in Pennsylvania in 2014. Lycorma delicatula is a pest to the agricultural and forestry industries in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, in part due to its highly polyphagous nature. Current detection relies on visual observations, unbaited traps, or eDNA surveillance in its primary hosts, including grape and hardwoods. These approaches narrow the surveillance area by concentrating on known host plants but could be further refined to narrow the search parameters from the 100+ known host plants. Because L. delicatula appears to have a strong population buildup in wooded areas, we evaluated the relationship between egg mass presence and habitat characteristics in wooded habitats adjacent to vineyards in New Jersey at six farms within the first two years of L. delicatula detection. Habitat characteristics included distance from wood edge, and presence of a critical host plant Ailanthus altissima, and presence of Vitis spp. within 4.5 m. We identified a significant relationship between egg mass presence and Vitis spp. with an 88% probability of finding an egg mass close to a wild grapevine, dropping to 9% where grapes were absent. During the early invasion stages when this research was conducted, a two-year delay from initial detection in wooded habitats to nymphal presence in the vineyard was observed.

First Evidence of CpGV Resistance of Codling Moth in the USA.

Codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) is a very important pest in apple, pear, and walnut orchards worldwide, including the USA. Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) is used to control codling moth in organic and conventional production. Due to increasing codling moth infestations from organic apple orchards in Washington State, USA, five codling moth colonies (WA1-WA5) were screened for their susceptibility relative to the isolate GV-0001, the main active ingredient of Cyd-X®, using a discriminating concentration of 6 × 104 OB/mL. Compared to a susceptible laboratory colony, the observed results indicated that GV-0001 lacked efficacy against codling moth colony WA3. It was confirmed that WA3 was the first case of codling moth resistance to CpGV in the USA. Further testing of WA3 was performed on a range of CpGV isolates and a lack of efficacy was observed against additional isolates. However, three newly developed CpGV preparations can efficiently infect larvae from the resistant colony WA3. Our results suggest that there is an urgent need to monitor the situation in the USA, aiming to prevent the emergence or spread of additional codling moth populations with CpGV resistance. Strategies to sustain the efficacy of codling moth control using novel CpGV formulations need to be developed.

Correction: Fan et al. First Evidence of CpGV Resistance of Codling Moth in the USA. Insects 2022, 13, 533.

In the original publication [...].

The impact of host plant species on instar duration and body weight of nymphal Lycorma delicatula.

The spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White) (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), is an invasive species of planthopper that was introduced to North America and is a threat to multiple industries. Nymphs and egg masses were collected to assess each instar's rate of development at a constant temperature of 25°C on the following hosts: Ailanthus altissima (Miller) (Sapindales: Simaroubaceae), Vitis labrusca (L.) (Vitales: Vitaceae), Salix babylonica (L.) (Malpighiales: Salicaceae), Acer rubrum (L.) (Sapindales: Sapindaceae), Celastrus orbiculata (Thunberg) (Celastrales: Celastraceae), Ocimum basilicum (L.) (Lamiales: Lamiaceae), and Rosa multiflora (Thunberg) (Rosales: Rosaceae). Host plant species was found to have a significant effect on developmental time for nymphs in the first through third instars, as well as on nymphal survival. Nymphs failed to develop through the second instar on O. basilicum and the third and fourth instars on A. rubrum. Host plant species also had a significant effect on the mean weight of nymphs in the first, second, and fourth instars (but not in the third instar), and on the hind tibia length and forewing width of adult nymphs. This variability in L. delicatula developmental time by host plant species can potentially impact phenology models, which should be updated to reflect these new insights. Rearing practices should also be refined to account for host plant influences on the physiology of L. delicatula.

Evaluating invasion risk and population dynamics of the brown marmorated stink bug across the contiguous United States.

BACKGROUND: Invasive species threaten the productivity and stability of natural and managed ecosystems. Predicting the spread of invaders, which can aid in early mitigation efforts, is a major challenge, especially in the face of climate change. While ecological niche models are effective tools to assess habitat suitability for invaders, such models have rarely been created for invasive pest species with rapidly expanding ranges. Here, we leveraged a national monitoring effort from 543 sites over 3 years to assess factors mediating the occurrence and abundance of brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB, Halyomorpha halys), an invasive insect pest that has readily established throughout much of the United States. RESULTS: We used maximum entropy models to estimate the suitable habitat of BMSB under several climate scenarios, and generalized boosted models to assess environmental factors that regulated BMSB abundance. Our models captured BMSB distribution and abundance with high accuracy, and predicted a 70% increase in suitable habitat under future climate scenarios. However, environmental factors that mediated the geographical distribution of BMSB were different from those driving abundance. While BMSB occurrence was most affected by winter precipitation and proximity to populated areas, BMSB abundance was influenced most strongly by evapotranspiration and solar photoperiod. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that linking models of establishment (occurrence) and population dynamics (abundance) offers a more effective way to forecast the spread and impact of BMSB and other invasive species than simply occurrence-based models, allowing for targeted mitigation efforts. Implications of distribution shifts under climate change are discussed. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Comparison of the Hatch of Newly Laid Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) Eggs From the United States After Exposure to Different Temperatures and Durations of Low Temperature.

Comparisons were made of the effects of temperature and duration of low temperature on hatch of newly laid egg masses of the invasive spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White). Egg masses were collected in mid-October 2019 and estimated to be less than 14 d old. There was a significant positive nonlinear relationship between temperature and developmental rate (1/d) for eggs held at constant temperatures. The lower threshold for egg development was estimated as 7.39°C. Eggs held at constant 10, 15, and 20°C were estimated to require 635, 715, and 849 DD7.39, respectively, to develop. Egg hatch was variable, egg hatch rates were highest (58.4%) when held at a constant 15°C, though high rates (52.7%) were also obtained when eggs were held for 84 d at 10°C, then moved to 25°C. Almost all eggs enter diapause since very few eggs were able hatch when moved to 25°C after 7 d of chill at either 5 or 10°C. Chilling at 5 or 10°C increased percentage egg hatch as the duration in chill increased up to ~100 d and eggs held at 10°C were able to complete some or all the post-diapause development before being moved to 25°C. All egg masses were held at constant 16:8 (L:D) photoperiod and 65%RH. Our data suggest that temperature is the driving factor for diapause termination in spotted lanternfly, but other abiotic factors should be investigated. These identified developmental temperature threshold and degree day requirements for egg hatch will improve predictive distribution and phenological models.