[Mast cells and antitumor resistance]. / Tuchnye kletki i protivoopukholevaia rezistentnost'.

Data on the possible participation of mast cells in the immunological surveillance are presented. Results of the investigations are adduced testifying to participation of mast cells as regulatory ones in the rejection of tumours by means of the development of the delayed hypersensitivity and as effector killer cells with cytolytic activity.

[Induction of substances with thymosin-like activity and the potentiation of interferonogenesis in the mechanism of prodigiozan inhibition of 3-methylcholanthrene-induced blastomogenesis]. / Induktsiia veshchestv s timozinopodobnoi altivnost'iu i potentsirovanie interferonogeneza v mekhanizme tormozheniia prodigiozanom blastomogeneza, indutsirovannogo 3-metilkholantrenom.

It is shown that prodigiosan is an inductor of synthesis of the substances with the thymosin-like activity. The suggestion about inhibition of 3-methylcholanthrene-induced blastomogenesis by prodigiosan which is mediated by the substances with the thymosin-like activity and interferon is discussed. We present the hypothetical diagram of the development of the above mentioned mechanism. The significance of the obtained findings for elaboration of the immunotherapy is discussed.

[Characteristics of the inhibition of thymus endocrine function and synthesis of substances with thymosin-like activity caused by thymostimulin and splenin during DMBA-induced mammary gland carcinogenesis in rats]. / Osobennosti ugneteniia éndokrinnoi funktsii timusa i sinteza veshchestv s timozinpodobnoi aktivnost'iu, vyzyvaemoi timostimulinom i spleninom, pri DMBA-indutsirovannom kantserogeneze molochnykh zhelez u krys.

The contents of thymic hormones and endogenous substances with thymosin-like activity (TLA) was studied under conditions of administering thymostimulin and splenin during DMBA-induced carcinogenesis in rat mammary glands. It has been established that during latent carcinogenesis there is an inhibition of thymic endocrine function which persists in tumour-bearing animals. Injections of thymostimulin and splenin induce synthesis of substances with TLA, accompanied by an inhibition of blastoma development.

[Mast cell-affinity lymphocytes as indicator cells of the forms of hemoblastoses]. / Mastotsitaffinnye limfotsity kak indikatornye kletki nekotorykh form gemoblastozov.

The formation of mastolymphocyte rosettes was used to determine that in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and bovine leukemia, unlike healthy people and animals as well as patients with solid tumours of different localization and Hodgkin's disease, a large amount of cells appear among peripheral blood lymphocytes having membrane affinity for mast cells. This may be used as an additional criterion in laboratory diagnosis of these diseases.

[Blood thymus hormone content in different types of neoplastic process and its changes as a result of chemotherapy and surgical removal of tumors]. / Soderzhanie gormonov timusa v krovi pri razlichnykh tipakh opukholevogo protsessa i ego izmenenie v rezul'tate khimioterapii i khirurgicheskogo udaleniia opukholi.

Levels of thymic hormones in blood serum were found to decrease during the development of Guerin's carcinoma, methylcholanthrene- and DMBA-induced carcinogenesis, soft tissue sarcomas, mammary cancer, in children with tumors of the urinary-genital tract, that evidences for the suppression of the thymic endocrine function in neoplastic processes. A decrease in the level of substances, active in the test under study is not revealed in patients with different forms of leukemias. The tumour elimination normalizes the thymic endocrine function, while multiagent chemotherapy increases the insufficiency. The data obtained suggest the immunotherapy for malignant neoplasms with thymic hormones.

[Cytochemical characteristics of cells forming mast cell-lymphocyte rosettes]. / Tsitokhimicheskie osobennosti kletok, obrazuiushchikh mastolimfotsitarnye rozetki.

Cytochemical studies were performed to reveal activities of phosphatase, chloracetate esterase, neutral alpha-naphtyl acetate esterase and non-specific esterase, and their results enabled us to ascertain the nature of cells forming mastolymphocyte rosettes. Rosette-forming cells were shown to be mast cells to which non-mature cells of T-lymphocyte origin are joined.

[Cell surface in the contact interaction of normal masto- and lymphocytes and those subjected to freezing]. / Issledovanie poverkhnosti kletok pri kontaktnom vzaimodeistvii normal'nykh i podvergshikhsia zamorazhivaniiu masto- i limfotsitov.

On studying the surface of intact and cryogenic masto- and lymphocytes by the scanning electron microscopy the formation of close membrane contacts was detected between thymocytes and mast cells looking in vitro as mastolymphocyte rosettes (ML-rosettes). During ML-rosette formation changes in cell surface organization were observed. Availability of viable thymocytes is necessary for ML-rosette formation. The surface topography of cells constituting the ML-rosettes is seen changing during rosette formation. It is proposed that the mastocyte may function as an acceptor acquiring immunological specificity through the contact with lymphocytes whose membrane responds actively towards the antigen by changing its surface. Reorganization of the lymphocyte plasma membrane may be perceived by mastocytes as a signal of granule secretion.

[Refractoriness of mouse spleen rosette-forming cells to thymus hormones during the period of early postnatal ontogeny]. / Refrakternost' rozetkoobrazuiushchikh kletok selszenki myshei k gormonam timusa v period rannego postnatal'nogo ontogeneza.

The content of thymic serum factor in mice during the early postnatal ontogenesis is at the level characteristic of immunologically mature animals. Their spleen rosette-forming cells are, however, much less sensitive to antilymphocytic serum than those of adult animals. The sensitivity to the latter did not increase after incubation of splenocytes with thymosin or upon its multiple introduction to the neonatal mice. The results obtained suggest the refractoriness of the spleen rosette-forming cells to the thymic hormones during early postnatal ontogenesis.

[Restoration and acceleration of the development of the capacity for antibody synthesis by the humoral factor of the thymus]. / Vosstanovlenie i uskorenie razvitiia sposobnosti k sintezu antitel gumoral'nym faktorom timusa

A fraction stimulating the antibody synthesis to sheep erythrocytes in administration during the neonatal period to mice and partially restoring the antibodygenesis in neonatally thymectomized rats was isolated from a calf thymus extract. Morpho-histochemical studies demonstrated a marked plasmocytic reaction in the spleen of neonatally thymectomized rats under the effect of the thymus extract fraction in response to immunization with sheep erythrocytes; however, there occurred no normalization of morphotopographic peculiarities of the splenic tissue, including the thymus-dependent regions. Administration of the extract was also not accompanied by any weight gain of the lymphoid organs, or increase in lymphocyte count in the peripheral blood and the count of splenic cells transforming into blasts under the effect of phytohemagglutinin.

[Role of immune cytolysis and its thymosin stimulation in experimental influenza]. / Rol' immunnogo tsitoliza i ego stimuliatsii timozinom v techenii éksperimental'noi infektsii.

In experiments on C57BL and CC57W mice the acute or chronic course of experimental influenza infection has been shown to correlate with the activity of immune cytolysis. At a low level of the cytolytic activity of T-lymphocytes the prolonged persistence of influenza virus develops. The stimulation of cell-mediated immunity with thymosin prevents the development of chronic influenza infection.

[Prevention of the formation of the infectious process with biologically active thymic factors in the Salmonella typhimurium challenge of mice coincident with macrophage activation]. / Predotvrashchenie formirovaniia infektsionnogo protsessa biologicheski aktivnymi faktorami timusa pri zarazhenii myshei Salmonella typhimurium, sovpadaiushchee s aktivatsiei makrofagov.

A single injection of thymostimulin into mice in a dose of 45 micrograms/kg b.w. enhances the functional activity of macrophages, reaching it maximum on day 10, which prevents the formation of an infectious process in mice challenged with S. typhimurium (LD50). The irradiation of the animals in a sublethal dose leads to the complete abolition of the stimulating effect of thymostimulin on macrophages. The presence of an inducer mechanism of the activation of macrophages by thymostimulin, realized in the production of lymphokines, is suggested.

[Prevention of the chronic persistence of typhoid microbes in rabbits with thymostimulin]. / Preduprezhdenie khronicheskoi persistentsii briushnotifoznykh mikrobov u krolikov timostimulinom.

Typhoid infection was reproduced by introducing the infective agent into the bone marrow of noninbred rabbits. After the injection of thymostimulin on the first day of infection the release of typhoid bacilli continued for 1-3 weeks; when thymostimulin was injected on day 20, the release of typhoid bacilli stopped in two weeks. In the control group the release of typhoid bacilli continued during the whole term of observation. The injection of thymostimulin at an early period after infection was thus found to prevent the development of chronic typhoid infection with the elimination of the infective agent from the body of rabbits.

[Influence of thymostimulin on the activity of certain enzymes of adenosine and AMP metabolism in lymphocytes of rats with mammary cancer]. / Vliianie timostimulina na aktivnost' nekotorykh fermentov obmena adenozina i AMP v limfotsitakh krys pri kantserogeneze molochnykh zhelez.

The adenosine deaminase, 5'-nucleotidase, AMP-aminohydrolase and adenylate kinase activities and thymostimulin influence on these indices in vivo were studied in rat thymus and spleen lymphocytes in the latent period of DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis. The adenosine deaminase activity was established to increase while 5'-nucleotidase and AMF-aminohydrolase activity to decrease in the thymocytes of intact animals treated with thymostimulin; the adenylae kinase activity of spleen lymphocytes decreased as compared with that in the rats not treated with the preparation. The dynamics of changes in the investigated enzymes in activities in lymphocytes was of wave-like pattern in the latent period. The treatment of animals with thymostimulin in this period normalized adenosine deaminase activity and decreased the activity of the other enzymes in these cells.

[Suppression of thymus endocrine function and changes in the plasma membrane properties of the lymphocytes in the chemotherapy of systemic oncological diseases in children]. / Ugnetenie éndokrinnoi funktsii timusa i izmenenie svoistv plazmaticheskoi membrany limfotsitov pri khimioterapii sistemnykh onkologicheskikh zabolevanii u detei.

An examination of 16 children suffering from malignancies established marked chemotherapy--induced suppression of endocrine function of the thymus. These findings were in correlation with variations in peripheral blood lymphocytes level in spontaneous rosette-formation test with ovine red blood cells and autoerythrocytes. The levels of E- and A-rosette-forming cells returned to normal following in vitro incubation of peripheral blood lymphocytes with thymostimuline. It is suggested that immunocorrection by means of thymal hormones should be carried out in the course of chemotherapy.

[Activity of non-specific T-suppressors regulating the proliferation of B- and T-lymphocytes in patients with fibroadenomatosis, breast cancer and stomach cancer]. / Aktivnost' nespetsificheskikh T-supressorov, kontroliruiushchikh proliferatsiiu B- i T-limfotsitov, u bol'nykh fibroadenomatozom, rakom molochnoi zhelezy i zheludka.

A decrease in proliferative rate of blood-circulating lymphocytes in response to LPS and PHA was registered in patients with fibroadenomatosis and cancer of the breast and stomach cancer. The said cells preincubated with Concanavalin A showed a weak inhibitory action on B-cells. The inhibition of T-cell proliferation by lymphocytes either remained unchanged or became less apparent in stage II breast cancer and slightly increased in stage III gastric cancer. Since no correlation was established between proliferative levels of T- and B-lymphocytes, two separate subpopulations of non-specific lymphocytes (T-T and T-B) were suggested.

[Cell membrane structures participating in mast cell-lymphocyte interactions]. / Struktury kletochnoi membrany, uchastvuiushchie v mastolimfo- tsitarnom vzaimodeistvii.

Membrane structures of the mast cells are mainly of protein nature, since trypsin treatment causes almost complete loss of mast cell ability to form rosettes. Trypsin-sensitive proteins have no critical role in the formation of membrane thymocytes structures, which cause their affinity to the mast cells. Sialic acids play a role in organization of the membrane thymocyte structures.

[Dissociation of the mast cell-lymphocyte rosettes]. / Dissotsiatsiia mastolimfotsitarnykh rozetok.

It is established that incubation of the mast cells and lymphocytes in vitro in the medium 199 at 4 degrees C promotes spontaneous formationof mast cell-lymphocyte rosettes. While incubating in medium 199 at 37 degrees C a considerable part of mast cell-lymphocyte rosettes irreversibly dissociate in contrast to E-rosettes. Loss of ability to the formation of rosettes is due to the loss of the corresponding complementary structures mainly by the mast cells. The data are obtained which allow supposing participation in the process of dissociation of the shedding and capping phenomena induced by contact interaction of ++mast cells and lymphocytes.

[Approaches to pathogenetic immunotherapy of HIV-infections]. / Podkhody k patogeneticheskoi immunoterapii VICh-infektsii.

Substantiated in the paper is urgency of development of pathogenetically adequate immunotherapeutic approaches to the treatment of HIV-infection, that is supposed to have good prospects. Consideration is given to experimental and clinical-and-immunological findings concerning effects of different immunomoderivative drug preparations and of their synthetic analogues on the trigger mechanisms, with sequelae of their development in the cytokin-chemokin system outlined. A possibility is shown based on principle of our using with an immunotherapeutic purpose some cytokins, soluble receptors, antibodies to cytokins and receptors, those antibodies and ligands combined with toxins, chemical compounds affecting the synthesis of cytokin and other biologically active substances as well. Unspecific active immunotherapy is regarded as a good supplement to antiretroviral therapy preventing development of resistance to drugs.

[Clinico-immunological studies on the therapeutic efficacy of Immunal in acute bronchitis in children frequently and persistently ill]. / Kliniko-immunologicheskie issledovaniia lechebnoi éffektivnosti "Immunala" pri ostrom bronkhite u chasto i dlitel'no boleiushchikh detei.

Efficacy was studied of the use of the drug preparation "Immunal" (LEK, Slovenia [correction of Slovakia]) in a combined treatment of acute bronchitis in children in poor health. The main group of 39 children received conventional treatment supplemented with a course of the drug "Immunal", 10 drops on a three-times daily schedule over 30 days. The use of "Immunal" in a complex therapy of acute bronchitis in children made for a sooner disappearance of clinical manifestations of the illness, decline in ESR, rise in IgG. The immunological properties of "Immunal" are manifested mainly by normalization of the functional state of the phagocytosing cells.