Racial/ethnic differences in 21-gene recurrence score and survival among patients with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Despite numerous studies on racial/ethnic disparities among patients with breast cancer, there is a paucity of literature evaluating racial/ethnic differences in 21-gene recurrence score (RS) and survival differences stratified by RS risk categories. We thus performed an observational cohort study to examine racial/ethnic disparities in the context of RS. METHODS: The National Cancer Database (NCDB) was queried for female patients diagnosed between 2006 and 2018 with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive, pT1-3N0-1aM0 breast cancer who received surgery followed by adjuvant endocrine therapy and had RS data available. Logistic multivariable analysis (MVA) was built to evaluate variables associated with RS ≥ 26. Cox MVA was used to evaluate OS. Subgroup analyses were performed to compare the magnitude of racial/ethnic differences stratified by RS. P values less than 0.017 were considered statistically significant based on Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: A total of 140,133 women were included for analysis. Of these, 115,651 (82.5%), 8,213 (5.9%), 10,814 (7.7%), and 5,455 (3.9%) were NHW, Hispanic, Black, and API women, respectively. Median (IQR) follow up was 66.2 months (48.0-89.8). Logistic MVA showed that, compared with NHW women, Black women were associated with higher RS (≥ 26 vs < 26: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12-1.26, p < 0.001), while HW (aOR 0.93, 95% CI 0.86-1.00, p = 0.04) and API women (aOR 1.03, 95% CI 0.95-1.13, p = 0.45) were not. Cox MVA showed that, compared with NHW women, Black women had worse OS (adjusted hazards ratio [aHR] 1.10, 95% CI 1.02-1.19, p = 0.012), while HW (aHR 0.85, 95% CI 0.77-0.94, p = 0.001) and API (aHR 0.66, 95% CI 0.56-0.77, p < 0.001) women had better OS. In subgroup analysis, similar findings were noted among those with RS < 26, while only API women were associated with improved OS among others with RS ≥ 26. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the largest study using nationwide oncology database to suggest that Black women were associated with higher RS, while HW and API women were not. It also suggested that Black women were associated with worse OS among those with RS < 26, while API women were associated with improved OS regardless of RS when compared to NHW women.

Palliative care utilization and racial and ethnic disparities among women with de novo metastatic breast cancer in the United States.

PURPOSE: The potential disparities in palliative care delivery for underrepresented minorities with breast cancer are not well known. We sought to determine whether race and ethnicity impact the receipt of palliative care for patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the National Cancer Database for female patients diagnosed with stage IV breast cancer between 2010 and 2017 who received palliative care following diagnosis of MBC to assess the proportion of patients who received palliative care, including non-curative-intent local-regional or systemic therapy. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify variables associated with receiving palliative care. RESULTS: 60,685 patients were diagnosed with de novo MBC. Of these, only 21.4% (n = 12,963) received a palliative care service. Overall, there was a positive trend in palliative care receipt from 18.2% in 2010 to 23.0% in 2017 (P < 0.001), which persisted when stratified by race and ethnicity. Relative to non-Hispanic White women, Asian/Pacific Islander women (aOR 0.80, 95% CI 0.71-0.90, P < 0.001), Hispanic women (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.69, 95% CI 0.63-0.76, P < 0.001), and non-Hispanic Black women (aOR 0.94, 95% CI 0.88-0.99, P = 0.03) were less likely to receive palliative care. CONCLUSIONS: Fewer than 25% of women with MBC received palliative care between 2010 and 2017. While palliative care has significantly increased for all racial/ethnic groups, Hispanic White, Black, and Asian/Pacific Islander women with MBC still receive significantly less palliative care than non-Hispanic White women. Further research is needed to identify the socioeconomic and cultural barriers to palliative care utilization.

Association of progesterone receptor status with 21-gene recurrence score and survival among patients with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Progesterone receptor (PR)-negative tumors have been shown to have worse prognosis and were underrepresented in recent trials on patients with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. The role of PR-negative status in the context of 21-gene recurrence score (RS) and nodal staging remains unclear. METHODS: The National Cancer Database (NCDB) was queried for women diagnosed between 2010 and 2017 with ER-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative, pT1-3N0-1a breast cancer. Logistic and Cox multivariable analyses (MVA) were performed to identify association of PR status with high RS (> 25) and overall survival (OS), respectively. RESULTS: Among 143,828 women, 130,349 (90.6%) and 13,479 (9.4%) patients had PR-positive and PR-negative tumors, respectively. Logistic MVA showed that PR-negative status was associated with higher RS (> 25: aOR 16.15, 95% CI 15.23-17.13). Cox MVA showed that PR-negative status was associated with worse OS (adjusted hazards ratio [aHR] 1.20, 95% CI 1.10-1.31). There was an interaction with nodal staging and chemotherapy (p = 0.049). Subgroup analyses using Cox MVA showed the magnitude of the chemotherapy benefit was greater among those with pN1a, PR-negative tumors than pN1a, PR-positive tumors (PR-positive: aHR 0.57, 95% CI 0.47-0.67; PR-negative: aHR 0.31, 95% CI 0.20-0.47). It was comparable among those with pN0 tumors regardless of PR status (PR-positive: aHR 0.74, 95% CI 0.66-0.82; PR-negative: aHR 0.63, 95% CI 0.51-0.77). CONCLUSION: PR-negative tumors were independently correlated with higher RS and were associated with greater OS benefits from chemotherapy for pN1a tumors, but not pN0 tumors.

Racial disparities in non-recommendation of adjuvant chemotherapy in stage II-III ovarian cancer.

OBJECTIVES: To identify patient factors associated with not receiving a recommendation for adjuvant chemotherapy after primary surgery for ovarian cancer. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study used the National Cancer Database (NCDB) data from 2004 to 2015 to identify patients with stage II-III ovarian cancer who underwent primary surgery. Multivariate logistic regression analyses evaluated factors associated with notation in the NCDB that "chemotherapy was not recommended/administered because it was contraindicated due to patient risk factors (i.e., comorbid conditions, advanced age)." Survival data were assessed via Kaplan-Meier analyses. RESULTS: Of the 48,245 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 522 (1.08%) did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy because it was determined to be contraindicated. In multivariate analyses, independent predictors for not receiving a recommendation for adjuvant chemotherapy were age ≥ 70 years old (adjusted odds ratio, aOR = 2.43, p < 0.0001), non-zero Charlson-Deyo comorbidity scores (score 1, aOR = 1.41, p = 0.002; score ≥ 2, aOR = 2.57, p < 0.0001), and Black race (aOR = 2.12, p < 0.0001). For Black patients, recommendation against adjuvant chemotherapy occurred at a younger median age (64.5 years vs. 72 years) and was associated with lower 5-year survival (25.9% vs. 40.3%, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with ovarian cancer who underwent surgery but did not receive chemotherapy "because it was contraindicated due to patient risk factors" were older and had higher comorbidity scores. Even after controlling for these differences, Black patients were disproportionately not recommended for chemotherapy, which was associated with worse survival. Determining eligibility for adjuvant chemotherapy requires an individualized approach, and the possible influence of racial bias on risk estimation should be further investigated.

Evaluation of risk stratification using gene expression assays in patients with breast cancer receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the association of various gene expression assays with pathologic complete response (pCR) in the setting of neoadjuvant chemotherapy among patients with breast cancer METHODS: The National Cancer Database (NCDB) was queried for women diagnosed between 2010 and 2017 with stage I-III breast cancer who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy and either 21-gene recurrence score (RS) or 70-gene signature (GS). Logistic multivariable analysis (MVA) was performed to identify variables associated with pCR. RESULTS: A total of 3009 patients met our inclusion criteria. The median follow up was 48.0 months (interquartile range 32.2-66.7 months). On logistic MVA for all patients, those with a high risk from GS (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.23, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.49-8.13, p = 0.006) or with RS ≥ 31 (aOR 1.99, 95% CI 1.41-2.82, p < 0.001) were more likely to have pCR. When compared to RS ≥ 31, a high risk from GS was not associated with pCR (aOR 1.01, 95% CI 0.75-1.37, p = 0.94). However, among those with favorable hormone receptor status, similar findings were noted, except that those with a high risk group from GS were less likely to have pCR compared to those with RS ≥ 31 (aOR 0.65, 95% CI 0.43-0.96, p = 0.03). When analyses were repeated using a high risk group from RS defined as RS ≥ 26 among those with favorable hormone receptor status, RS ≥ 26 was not associated with pCR when compared to the high risk from GS (aOR 0.74, 0.50-1.07, p = 0.12). CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the largest study using a nationwide oncology database suggesting that high recurrence risk groups in both assays were associated with pCR. Among those with favorable hormone receptor status, RS ≥ 31 may be a more selective prognostic marker for pCR.

Survival outcome of adjuvant chemotherapy and high 21-gene recurrence score in early-stage breast cancer.

Among patients with early-stage breast cancer and a high 21-gene recurrence score (RS) ≥ 26, it remains unclear on whether those with RS 26-30 would benefit from chemotherapy with a comparable magnitude as those with RS > 30. In addition, RS > 30 as an independent prognostic factor for breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) and overall survival (OS) compared to RS 26-30 also remains unclear. The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was queried for patients diagnosed between 2010 and 2013 with hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative, and T1-2N0 breast cancer with a RS ≥ 26. Primary end points were OS and BCSS, evaluated by using Kaplan-Meier method, log-rank test, and Cox multivariable analysis. Subgroups of RS 26-30 and RS > 30 were examined using propensity score matching to address selection bias. Among 5054 patients who met the inclusion criteria, adjuvant chemotherapy was associated with improved OS (HR 0.66, 95% CI 0.53-0.83, P < .001) and BCSS (HR 0.61, 95% CI 0.45-0.83, P = .001). In the subgroup of 943 matched pairs of patients with RS 26-30, the addition of chemotherapy remained statistically significant (OS: HR 0.52, 95% CI 0.34-0.79, P = .003; BCSS: HR 0.42, 95% CI 0.22-0.81, P = .009). Among 1194 matched pairs who underwent adjuvant chemotherapy, those with RS > 30 had worse outcomes than others with RS 26-30 (OS: HR 1.68, 95% CI 1.17-2.42, P = .005; BCSS: HR 1.92, 95% CI 1.17-3.15, P = .01). Our study builds on prior literature using a population-based database to suggest the association of adjuvant chemotherapy with improved survival among those with RS 26-30 and worse mortality associated with RS > 30 compared to RS 26-30.

Racial differences in genomic testing and receipt of endocrine therapy in early-stage breast cancer.

PURPOSE: Genomic testing in early-stage hormone-positive breast cancer is the standard of care. However, decisions based on genomic testing results are predicated on the assumption that patients receive endocrine treatment. We sought to investigate racial differences in genomic testing and adjuvant treatment in breast cancer. METHODS: A retrospective, population-based hospital registry study using the National Cancer Database. Participants included women with stages I-II, ER + breast cancer between 2010 and 2014. Sociodemographic factors were analyzed. Primary outcomes were the utilization of genomic testing and receipt of endocrine therapy. Logistic regression modeling was used to compute crude and adjusted odds of genomic testing and receipt of endocrine therapy. RESULTS: Among a total sample size of 387,008 patients, 147,863 (38.2%) underwent genomic testing. Older age (≥ 70 years) was associated with a lower adjusted odd of genomic testing (OR 0.33; 95% CI 0.32-0.34, p = < 0.0001). Black patients had lower odds of receiving genomic testing on multivariate analysis compared to Whites (OR 0.82; 95% CI 0.80-0.85, p = < 0.0001). In patients who underwent a genomic test, compared to Whites, Blacks had a lower odds of receiving endocrine therapy (OR 0.86; 95% CI 0.80-0.93, p = < 0.0001) even if they did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy (OR 0.90; 95% CI 0.82-0.98, p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS: In a national sample of breast cancer patients, Black women are less likely to get genomic testing and receive hormonal therapy, even when adjuvant chemotherapy is omitted. A priority in addressing breast cancer disparities is to ensure adherence to hormonal therapy among all women, including those who do not receive adjuvant chemotherapy.

Optimal breast reconstruction type for patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, mastectomy followed by radiation therapy.

PURPOSE: To explore the optimal type of breast reconstruction and the time interval to postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) associated with lower complications in breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of 300 patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy, mastectomy with breast reconstruction and PMRT at our institution from 2000 to 2017. Reconstruction types included autologous flaps (AR), single-stage-direct-to-implant and two-stages expander/implant (TE/I). The primary endpoint was the rate of reconstruction complications including infection, skin and fat necrosis. Subgroup analysis compared rates of capsular contracture, implant rupture, implant exposure and overall implant failure in single-stage-direct-to-implant to TE/I. The secondary endpoint was identifying the time interval between surgery with immediate implant-based reconstruction and PMRT associated with lower probability of implant failure. Logistic regression models, Kaplan-Meier estimates and Polynomial regression were used to assess endpoints. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 43.5 months. 29.3%, 28.3% and 42.4% of the cohort had AR, TE/I and single-stage-direct-to-implant D, respectively. The 5-year cumulative incidence rate of complications was 14.0%, 29.7% and 19.4% for AR, TE/I and single-stage-direct-to-implant, respectively (Log rank p = 0.02). Multivariate analysis showed significant association between TE/I and higher risk of infection (OR 8.1, p = 0.009) compared to AR, while single-stage-direct-to-implant and AR were comparable (OR 3.2, p = 0.2). On subgroup analysis, TE/I was significantly associated with higher rates of implant failure. The mean wait time to deliver PMRT after immediate reconstruction with no adjuvant chemotherapy was 8.4 and 10.7 weeks in single-stage-direct-to-implant and TE/I, respectively (p < 0.005). Delivering PMRT after 8 weeks of surgery yielded 10% probability of reconstruction failure in single-stage-direct-to-implant versus 40% in TE/I. CONCLUSION: In comparison to two stages reconstruction, single-stage-direct-to-implant following neoadjuvant chemotherapy has lower complications and offers timely delivery of PMRT.

Outcome of adjuvant chemotherapy in elderly patients with early-stage, hormone receptor-positive, HER-2-negative breast cancer.

The proportion of breast cancer cases among elderly (over 70 years old) patients is expected to rise from 24% to 35% by the next decade. However, elderly patients with hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2)-negative, node-negative breast cancer were underrepresented in prior landmark prospective trials. Using a nationwide hospital cancer registry, our study of 12 004 elderly patients demonstrates that adjuvant chemotherapy was not associated with overall survival (hazards ratio [HR] 0.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.77-1.20, P = .71). Given the toxicities associated with systemic treatment, cautious recommendation or the omission of chemotherapy may be considered in select elderly patients.

Association of endocrine therapy with overall survival in women with hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative, node-negative breast cancer of favorable histology.

Breast carcinomas are histologically diverse and have distinct prognostic significance. Early-stage breast cancers with favorable histopathologic features are managed comprehensively including adjuvant endocrine therapy at the discretion of clinicians. Using a de-identified large national cancer registry, we evaluated the overall survival benefit of endocrine therapy in patients diagnosed with HR-positive, HER2-negative, pT1-2N0 (tumor size < 3 cm), non-high-grade breast cancer with favorable histologies including tubular, mucinous, and cribriform types. On propensity score matching of 2482 matched pairs, the addition of adjuvant endocrine therapy was associated with improved OS (hazard ratio: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.67-0.98, P = .03). Our findings suggest a role for endocrine therapy in future risk mitigation for favorable histologies but should be balanced with the implications of prolonged utilization.

Patterns of care and predictors of adjuvant radiation therapy in phyllodes tumor of the breast.

Patterns of care, utilization, and predictors of adjuvant radiation therapy (RT) for phyllodes tumors of the breast were retrospectively analyzed using the National Cancer Database. We identified 3080 patients; 53.4% received lumpectomy and 35.9% mastectomy. 25.9% of patients had lymph node sampling or dissection. 23.2% received adjuvant RT, which doubled in utilization over a decade. Predictors of RT were younger age, fewer comorbidities, less favorable pathologic features, and treatment at academic centers. There was no association between RT and overall survival (AHR 1.21, 95% CI 0.97-1.53, P = .097). Despite national guidelines recommending against nodal sampling or RT, it remains prevalent. Further research on indications for adjuvant radiation for phyllodes is needed.

Myoepithelial Carcinoma: The Role of Radiation Therapy. A Case Report and Analysis of Data From the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Registry.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE: The role of radiation therapy in the treatment of myoepithelial carcinoma (MC) is unknown. We present a case of a high-grade soft-tissue MC in a pediatric patient and retrospectively examine the effect of postoperative radiation on survival in patients with MC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our patient was treated with 4 cycles of ifosfamide, cisplatin, and etoposide followed by 3 cycles of ifosfamide vincristine and etoposide. Radiation was delivered to a total dose of 5580 cGy in 180 cGy/fraction to the surgical bed with a 2 cm margin starting after the third cycle of chemotherapy. The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry database was queried for cases of surgically resected MC. Retrospective analysis was performed with the endpoint of overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Two hundred thirty-four cases of MC were identified; for 62 of these cases, the grade of the tumor wasidentified. Of these 62 patients, 27 received postoperative radiation. OS was improved with adjuvant radiation therapy in patients with grade III or IV MC (P<0.01) as determined by the log-rank test. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis of SEER data showed an OS benefit with adjuvant radiation therapy in the treatment of high-grade MC. Physicians should report all cases of MC to improve clinical decision making in the treatment of this rare disease.

Inpatient Palliative Care and Healthcare Utilization Among Older Patients With Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementia (ADRD) and High Risk of Mortality in U.S. Hospitals.

Background. Despite the potential of palliative care (PC) to enhance the quality of life for patients with advanced dementia, there is limited knowledge of its inpatient utilization patterns. This study investigated inpatient PC consultation utilization patterns and evaluated its impact on hospital length of stay (LOS) and medical costs among older patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementia who were at a high risk of mortality (ADRD-HRM). Methods. Using the 2016-2019 National Inpatient Sample database, we conducted multivariable logistic regression analyses to identify individual and hospital characteristics influencing PC consultation utilization. We subsequently performed generalized linear models to estimate LOS (using Poisson distribution) and hospital charges (via log-transformation). Results. Our sample encompassed 965,644 hospital discharges (weighted n = 4,828,219) of patients aged 65 years and above with ADRD-HRM. Among them, 14.6% received inpatient PC. There was a notable uptrend in PC consultation utilization from 13.3% in 2016 to 16.3% in 2019 (p trend<.001). Factors positively influencing and associated with PC utilization included patients that are older, non-Hispanic White, with higher income, receiving care from teaching hospitals, and facilitated with greater bed capacity (all P < .05). Although patients who received PC were more likely to have 3.0% longer LOS (P < .001), they had 19.2% lower hospital charges (P < .001). Conclusions. PC substantially reduced hospital expenditures for older patients with ADRD-HRM, but the prevalence remained low at 14.6% in the study period. Future studies should explore the unmet needs of patients with lower sociodemographic status and those in rural hospitals to further increase their PC consultation utilization.

National Survey of Oncologists' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice Behaviors: Caring for Cancer Patients Experiencing Incarceration.

Cancer is the leading cause of illness-related death in state prisons in the United States. The experiences of physicians providing oncological care to individuals experiencing incarceration are underexplored. The study aims were to evaluate knowledge, attitudes, and practices of oncologists caring for cancer patients who are incarcerated. An online survey was distributed to a random sample of 150 oncologists from the American Society of Clinical Oncology and the American Society for Radiation Oncology from July 2020 to December 2021. Statistical analyses included two proportion Z-test, Fisher's exact test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Cramer's V to estimate factors associated with attitudes and barriers to care. Of the 55 respondents (36.7% response rate), 21 were medical oncologists and 34 were radiation oncologists. Academic center oncologists were more likely to report caring for incarcerated patients than community or private practice oncologists (p = .04). Most (53%) incorrectly reported "heart disease" as the leading cause of death, as opposed to "cancer" (15% identified correctly). Oncologists practicing at both academic and community centers were more likely to report care coordination barriers than oncologists at academic or community centers (p < .01). We identified potential barriers in caring for incarcerated cancer patients. Future studies should explore ways to improve care coordination between oncology teams and prisons.

Proton Therapy in the Treatment of Men with Breast Cancer.

Purpose: Male breast cancer treatment involves multimodality therapy, including radiation therapy; nevertheless, few men have received proton therapy (PT) for it. Further, heart disease is an established leading cause of death in men, and radiation therapy heart dose correlates with cardiac toxicity, highlighting the need for cardiac-sparing radiation techniques. Thus, we provide a descriptive analysis of PT in a male breast cancer cohort. Patients and Methods: Men who received PT for localized breast cancer between 2012 and 2022 were identified from a prospective database. Toxicities were prospectively recorded by using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE), version 4.0. Results: Five male patients were identified. All had estrogen receptor (ER)-positive, Her2neu-negative disease and received adjuvant endocrine therapy. One had genetic testing positive for BRCA2, one had a variant of unknown significance (VUS) in the APC gene, and one had a VUS in MSH2. Median age was 73 years (range, 41-80). Baseline comorbidities included obesity (n = 1), diabetes (n = 1), hypertension (n = 4), history of deep vein thrombosis (n = 1), personal history of myocardial infarction (n = 3; 1 with a pacemaker), and a history of lung cancer (n = 1). All received PT to the left chest wall and comprehensive regional lymphatics. One received passive-scattering PT, and 4 received pencil beam scanning. One patient received a boost to the mastectomy incision via electrons. Median heart dose was 1 GyRBE (range, 0-1.0), median 0.1-cm3 dose to the left anterior descending artery was 7.5 GyRBE (range, 0-14.2), and median follow-up was 2 years (range, 0.75-6.5); no patient experienced a new cardiac event, and all remain free from breast cancer recurrence and progression. Conclusion: In a small case series for a rare diagnosis, PT to the chest wall and regional lymphatics, including internal mammary nodes, resulted in low cardiac exposure, high local regional disease control rates, and minimal toxicity. Proton therapy should be considered for treating men with breast cancer to achieve cardiac sparing.

Inequalities in Cancer Stage at Diagnosis Among Incarcerated Individuals Undergoing Radiation Therapy at a Large Safety-Net Hospital.

INTRODUCTION: There is a dearth of data on cancer care in the incarcerated population, despite being the leading cause of illness-related death in United states' prisons. We retrospectively reviewed the demographic and clinicopathologic characteristics of incarcerated individuals who received radiation therapy at a large safety-net hospital. METHODS: Following IRB approval, we identified 80 incarcerated patients who presented for radiation therapy between January 2003 and May 2019. Descriptive statistics on the patients, tumor types and stage, treatment factors, and follow-up rates were analyzed. RESULTS: 80 individuals with 82 cancer diagnoses presented for radiation oncology consultation over the study period. The median age was 54 years (range, 46-64). Patients of White, Black, and "other" races comprised 61.3% (n=49), 28.8% (n=23), and 10% (n=8), respectively. Most patients were male (n=75, 93.8%) and English speakers (n=76, 95%). Moreover, 50% (n=40) had a substance use disorder history and 75% (n=60) had a smoking history. The three most common cancer types were prostate (n=12, 14.6%), gastrointestinal (n=14, 17.1%), thoracic (n=17, 20.7%), and head and neck (n=21, 25.6%). The distribution of tumor stage (AJCC) was I (n=12, 14.6%), II (n=12, 14.6%), III (n=14, 17.1%), IV (n=38, 46.3%), and unknown/unavailable (n=6, 7.3%). Of the cohort, 65 patients with 66 cancers (80.5%) received radiation. Among them, the 6-month, 1-year, and 5-year follow-up rates were 41.5%, 27.7%, and 3.1%, respectively. Subset analysis limited to stage I-III patients (n=30) revealed 6-month, 1-year and 5-year follow-up rates of 41.9%, 22.6%, and 3.2%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights inequalities in cancer stage at diagnosis among a vulnerable patient population that is largely excluded from clinical research. Majority of the incarcerated patients presented with stage III & IV cancers and have poor follow up rates even among those with early-stage disease. Efforts to understand and mitigate persistent health inequalities among incarcerated patients are warranted.

Breast Cancer Germline Genetic Counseling and Testing for Populations of African Heritage Globally: A Scoping Review on Research, Practice, and Bioethical Considerations.

PURPOSE: Despite the disproportionately high risk of breast cancer among women of African heritage, little is known about the facilitators and barriers to implementing germline genetic testing and counseling (GT/C). METHODS: This scoping review followed guidelines recommended by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews. Published manuscripts from database inception through 2021 were sourced from PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature via EBSCO, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Scopus. Search terms were used to retrieve articles addressing (1) African heritage, (2) breast cancer, and (3) GT or GC. The screening involved abstract and title review and full-text review. Data were extracted for all articles meeting the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: A total of 154 studies were included. Most studies that took place were conducted in the United States (71.4%), and most first authors (76.9%) were from the United States. GT was conducted in 73 (49.7%) studies. BRCA1/BRCA2 were the most commonly studied genes for germline mutations. GC was conducted in 49 studies (33.3%), and perspectives on GC were evaluated in 43 (29.3%). The use of racial/ethnic categories varied broadly, although African American was most common (40.1%). Racism was mentioned in three studies (2.0%). CONCLUSION: There is a growing body of literature on GT/C for breast cancer in women of African heritage. Future studies on GT/C of African populations should consider increased clarity around racial/ethnic categorizations, continued community engagement, and intentional processes for informed consent.