Mining Dam Failures in Brazil: Comparing Legal Post-Disaster Decisions.

Mining dam failures have increased worldwide since the 1980s. Two large mining dam failures occurred recently in Mariana and Brumadinho, both in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. We hypothesize that there were significant differences in legal post-disaster decisions. The aim of this article is to understand the similarities and differences of post-disaster actions and controversies in Mariana and Brumadinho. We reviewed 686 news reports about court decisions and settlement agreements from the websites of state and federal courts and judicial institutions. After classifying the reports using an adapted protocol from a media health observatory, we conducted a thematic analysis. Our analysis suggests that there were significant differences in legal post-disaster decisions in the cases of Mariana and Brumadinho. In Mariana, there was privatization of post-disaster management, with the creation of the Renova Foundation, a mediated indemnity program, lack of access to information for those affected, and uncertainties in health and resettlement issues. In Brumadinho, there was faster implementation of the recovery and compensation measures, faster recognition of affected parties, and stronger participation of the population since the first hearings. Even though there were particularities in post-disaster management, the ultimate goal of the corporations responsible for the disasters was to protect their profits.

[Adequacy of prenatal dental care: social and geographical inequalities in a metropolitan region of Brazil]. / Adequação da assistência odontológica pré-natal: desigualdades sociais e geográficas em uma região metropolitana do Brasil.

This study set out to analyze social and geographical inequalities in the adequacy of prenatal dental care in the Unified Health System (SUS) of the Greater Vitória Metropolitan Region, Espírito Santo, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 1209 postpartum women living in the region admitted to hospital at SUS facilities for childbirth between 2010 and 2011. Data were collected on prenatal medical-dental care, the impact of oral health on the quality of life of pregnant women (Oral Health Impact Profile-14), and predisposing characteristics. Prenatal care was adequate when care corresponded to the recommended treatment. The adequacy of dental care during prenatal care was analyzed using a multivariate logistic model. Oral health was found to have an impact on the quality of life of 102 (8.4%) pregnant women and the adequacy of dental care during prenatal care was only 15.4% (n=156). There was a greater chance of adequacy of prenatal dental care in Vitória (OR=2.44; IC=1.63-3.66), in regions covered by the family health strategy (OR=1.88; IC=1.22-2.89), and in areas with a higher proportion of pregnant women with access to quality prenatal care (OR=3.59; IC=1.64-7.84). Contextual inequalities were decisive for the inadequacy of dental care in prenatal care.

Objetivou-se analisar as desigualdades sociais e geográficas na adequação da assistência odontológica pré-natal no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) da Região Metropolitana da Grande Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brasil. Realizou-se um estudo seccional com 1.209 puérperas residentes na região, internadas no SUS para parto em 2010 e 2011. Coletaram-se dados sobre assistência médica-odontológica pré-natal, impacto da saúde bucal na qualidade de vida (Oral Health Impact Profile-14) e características contextuais, predisponentes e capacitantes. A assistência odontológica pré-natal foi adequada quando o cuidado prestado correspondeu ao tratamento preconizado. Analisou-se a chance de adequação da assistência odontológica pré-natal por meio de modelo logístico multivariado. Verificou-se que a saúde bucal impactou a qualidade de vida de 102 (8,4%) gestantes e a adequação da assistência odontológica pré-natal foi apenas de 15,4% (n=156). Houve maior chance de adequação da assistência odontológica pré-natal em Vitória (OR=2,44; IC=1,63-3,66), na presença de Estratégia Saúde da Família (OR=1,88; IC=1,22-2,89) e de pré-natal de qualidade (OR=3,59; IC=1,64-7,84). As desigualdades contextuais foram determinantes para inadequação da assistência odontológica no pré-natal.

[Factors associated with educational guidance regarding oral health during prenatal care]. / Fatores associados à atividade educativa em saúde bucal na assistência pré-natal.

The scope of this article is to verify the factors associated with providing educational guidance related to oral health during prenatal care in the Metropolitan Region of Greater Vitória - ES, Brazil. It involved a cross-sectional study of 1,035 postpartum women in public or affiliated private hospitals in the SUS in 2010. A descriptive analysis of the main educational information and binomial logistic regression was conducted to test the association between individual and contextual variables and "receiving educational guidance through meetings and/or pregnant mother groups in the health unit and/or through home visits". The information given most during prenatal care was "the advantage of exclusive breastfeeding until six months of life" (52.0%) and least was "the importance of fluoride use in health" (18.9%). Being attended by the Family Health Strategy (FHS) (OR=1.94), having adequate living conditions for women and children (OR=1.73) and an additional prenatal visit (OR=1.08), increased the chance of providing educational guidance in prenatal care. Frequent pre-natal visits, coverage of health services in line with the FHS, and adequate conditions of housing were factors that were positively associated with educational guidance during prenatal care.

O objetivo deste artigo é verificar os fatores associados à realização de atividades educativas relacionadas à saúde bucal durante o acompanhamento pré-natal na Região Metropolitana da Grande Vitória-ES, Brasil. Estudo transversal com 1.035 puérperas em maternidades públicas ou conveniadas ao SUS, em 2010. Executou-se análise descritiva das principais informações educativas e regressão logística binomial associando-se variáveis individuais e contextuais com o desfecho "recebimento de atividade educativa por meio de reuniões e/ou grupo de gestante na unidade de saúde e/ou por meio de visita domiciliar". A informação mais recebida durante o pré-natal foi: "vantagem da amamentação exclusiva até os seis meses de vida" (52,0%) e a menos recebida foi "a importância do uso do flúor na saúde" (18,9%). Ter atendimento pela Estratégia Saúde da Família (OR=1,94), ter condições externas de moradia adequadas (OR=1,73) e aumento de 1 consulta pré-natal (OR=1,08) aumentaram a chance de realização de atividade educativa no pré-natal. Número elevado de consultas pré-natal, cobertura dos serviços de saúde nos moldes da ESF e condições externas de moradia adequadas foram fatores que se associaram positivamente às atividades educativas durante o pré-natal.

[Implementation of the More Doctors Program in Espírito Santo State, Brazil: logic model and proposed indicators]. / Implantação do Programa Mais Médicos no Espírito Santo, Brasil: modelo lógico e proposta de indicadores.

The study aimed to assess the implementation of the More Doctors Program (PMM in Portuguese) based on a case study of the Espírito Santo State, Brazil. The first stage involved analyzing the documents that launched the PMM, allowing the creation of a logic model. In the second stage, data on the PMM in Espírito Santo State were analyzed (2013-2016) based on population brackets, creating indicators for the proportion of physicians before and after the Program with the following parameters: unacceptable (0 to 0.99 physicians/1,000 inhabitants); acceptable (1 to 1.99); and desirable (2.0 or more). Data were analyzed with the Wilcoxon and Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric tests. The model included the size, inputs, activities, outputs, results, and impact of the PMM, orienting analysis of the Program's implementation. Of all the physicians in the emergency supply to Espírito Santo State (432), the majority (63.8%) were cooperative exchange physicians (Cubans), while 31.2% were regional board-accredited Brazilians. The Brazilian and individual exchange physicians were allocated mainly in medium and large municipalities, while the Cubans were distributed more heterogeneously in municipalities of all population sizes and were thus more common in areas with greater social vulnerability and lower social capital. There was a significant increase in the number of physicians in Espírito Santo State, but the supply to the extremely poor population did not reach the desired level, presenting an unacceptable mean rate in municipalities with up to 10,000 inhabitants and an acceptable rate in municipalities in the other population brackets.

Social and geographical inequalities in the performance of prenatal care in a metropolitan area of Brazil. / Desigualdades sociais e geográficas no desempenho da assistência pré-natal de uma Região Metropolitana do Brasil.

This study analyzed the social and geographical inequalities in the performance of prenatal medical care in the Unified Health System (SUS) in the Metropolitan Region of Grande Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 1,209 puerperae living in this region, admitted for childbirth from 2010 to 2011. Data about prenatal care and contextual, enabling, and social characteristics were collected, following the Andersen's Behavioral Model. The performance of prenatal care was classified into five levels, including information on the number of prenatal visits, initial and repetitive examinations, tetanus vaccination, gestational risk management, and participation in educational activities. The likelihood of different levels of prenatal care performance was analyzed using a multivariate multinomial model, according to maternal social variables. High prenatal coverage (98%) and 4.4% care adequacy were identified. The likelihood of access to prenatal care was increased by enabling, contextual, and social factors. The relationship between prenatal care quality and pregnant women's social and geographical conditions must be considered in the organization of services to achieve equity and reduce maternal and perinatal morbimortality.

[Diseases neglected by the media and strategies for visibility from the viewpoint of key actors]. / Doenças midiaticamente negligenciadas e estratégias de visibilidade na percepção de atores-chave.

Although health is a recurrent topic in newspapers, some diseases are visibly excluded from this coverage, originating diseases neglected by the media. The goal of this study was to identify - based on the opinion of journalists, press officers, health managers, and government health advisors - these diseases along with strategies for dealing with media neglect. The qualitative study was based on 19 semi-structured interviews with key actors. Data was submited to thematic content analysis using Maxqda software. The neglected diseases include infectious and parasitic diseases, rare diseases, periodontal diseases, cancer, and work-related illnesses.

As informações de saúde são pauta recorrente nos jornais. Observa-se, entretanto, a exclusão de algumas doenças, o que dá origem às doenças midiaticamente negligenciadas. O estudo buscou identificar, a partir da opinião de jornalistas, assessores de imprensa, gestores de saúde e conselheiros estaduais de saúde, essas possíveis doenças e estratégias para lidar com as negligências midiáticas. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo com 19 entrevistas semiestruturadas com os atores-chave. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de conteúdo temática com auxílio do software Maxqda. Entre as doenças balizadas, incluem-se: doenças infecciosas e parasitárias, doenças raras, doenças bucais, câncer e doenças do trabalho.

Gestational risk and social inequalities: a possible relationship? / Risco gestacional e desigualdades sociais: uma relação possível?

This study aims to analyze the association between social inequalities and gestational risk in administrative regions of the state of Espírito Santo. This is a cross-sectional study based on two administrative regions of the state of Espírito Santo. The sample consisted of 1,777 women who underwent prenatal care in the municipalities of the Greater Vitória Metropolitan Region (RMGV-ES) and São Mateus Microregion (MRSM) and were admitted to the public health facilities at the time of delivery between 2010 and 2012/2013. The multivariate logistic regression was performed to test the association between social and gestational risk variables. Variables with a significance level < 0.20 in the Chi-square test were adopted for the final model, and only those variables with a p-value < 0.05 remained. An association was found between high gestational risk and women's dwelling place in the RMGV-ES (OR = 1.74; CI95% 1.32-2.28), women as head of households (OR = 3.03; CI95% 1.64-5.61), head of household with less than five years of schooling (OR = 1.58; CI95% 1.14-2.20) and receipt of social benefit "Bolsa Família" (Family Grant) (OR = 1.46; CI95% 1.04-2.03). While some social variables underpin the classification of gestational risk, other social factors have been shown to produce this risk.

O objetivo do estudo é analisar a associação entre as desigualdades sociais e o risco gestacional em regiões administrativas do estado do Espírito Santo. Estudo transversal, com base em duas regiões administrativas do estado do Espírito Santo. A amostra foi composta por 1.777 mulheres que realizaram o pré-natal nos municípios da Região Metropolitana da Grande Vitória (RMGV-ES) e Microrregião de São Mateus internadas nos estabelecimentos da rede pública de saúde, por ocasião do parto, entre 2010 e 2012/2013. Realizou-se Regressão Logística Multivariada para testar a associação entre variáveis sociais e risco gestacional. As variáveis que apresentaram nível de significância menor que 20% no teste Qui-quadrado foram utilizadas para o modelo final, permanecendo aquelas com significância menor que 5%. Encontrou-se associação entre alto risco gestacional e o local de moradia da mulher na RMGV-ES (OR = 1,74; IC 95% 1,32-2,28), a chefia da mulher na família (OR = 3,03; IC 95% 1,64-5,61), a escolaridade da chefia familiar menor que cinco anos (OR = 1,58; IC 95% 1,14-2,20) e o recebimento do benefício social "Bolsa Família" (OR = 1,46; IC 95% 1,04-2,03). Apesar de algumas variáveis sociais comporem a classificação do risco gestacional, outros fatores sociais revelaram-se como produtores do risco gestacional.

Desafios da atenção às pessoas com diabetes mellitus na perspectiva dos gestores em saúde

Objetivo: analisar o discurso dos gestores sobre a gestão do trabalho em saúde no cuidado ao sujeito com diabetes mellitus e a interface com a mídia. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo de abordagem qualitativa com referencial teórico-metodológico da Análise Institucional, realizado com sete gestores de saúde da Região Metropolitana de Vitória (ES) na qual utilizou-se entrevista projetiva e diário de campo. Resultados: Foram identificados atravessamentos na gestão do trabalho em saúde no cuidado ao sujeito com diabetes mellitus, tais como falta de materiais e profissionais e fragilidades no planejamento das ações voltadas ao assunto. Além disso, a mídia, ao divulgar informações sobre inovações tecnológicas, configura-se como um empecilho nesse processo, pois geram uma demanda que os serviços de saúde não conseguem resolver. Conclusões: É necessária uma maior aproximação da mídia com os serviços de saúde, no sentido de fornecer informações que visam o fortalecimento das ações do Sistema Único de Saúde e do processo de gestão do trabalho em saúde no cuidado com o diabetes mellitus.

Access to prenatal care: inequalities in a region with high maternal mortality in southeastern Brazil.

Aim This article aims to evaluate access to prenatal care according to the dimensions of availability, affordability and acceptability in the SUS microregion of southeastern Brazil. Methods A cross-sectional study conducted in 2012-2013 that selected 742 postpartum women in seven hospitals in the region chosen for the research. The information was collected, processed and submitted to the chi-square test and the nonparametric Spearman's test, with p-values less than 5% (p < 0.05). Results Although the SUS constitutionally guarantees universal access to health care, there are still inequalities between pregnant women from rural and urban areas in terms of the availability of health care and among families earning up to minimum wage and more than one minimum wage per month in terms of affordability; however, the acceptability of health care was equal, regardless of the modality of the health services. Conclusion The location, transport resources and financing of health services should be reorganised, and the training of health professionals should be enhanced to provide more equitable health care access to pregnant women.

Adequação da assistência odontológica pré-natal: desigualdades sociais e geográficas em uma região metropolitana do Brasil / Adequacy of prenatal dental care: social and geographical inequalities in a metropolitan region of Brazil

Resumo Objetivou-se analisar as desigualdades sociais e geográficas na adequação da assistência odontológica pré-natal no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) da Região Metropolitana da Grande Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brasil. Realizou-se um estudo seccional com 1.209 puérperas residentes na região, internadas no SUS para parto em 2010 e 2011. Coletaram-se dados sobre assistência médica-odontológica pré-natal, impacto da saúde bucal na qualidade de vida (Oral Health Impact Profile-14) e características contextuais, predisponentes e capacitantes. A assistência odontológica pré-natal foi adequada quando o cuidado prestado correspondeu ao tratamento preconizado. Analisou-se a chance de adequação da assistência odontológica pré-natal por meio de modelo logístico multivariado. Verificou-se que a saúde bucal impactou a qualidade de vida de 102 (8,4%) gestantes e a adequação da assistência odontológica pré-natal foi apenas de 15,4% (n=156). Houve maior chance de adequação da assistência odontológica pré-natal em Vitória (OR=2,44; IC=1,63-3,66), na presença de Estratégia Saúde da Família (OR=1,88; IC=1,22-2,89) e de pré-natal de qualidade (OR=3,59; IC=1,64-7,84). As desigualdades contextuais foram determinantes para inadequação da assistência odontológica no pré-natal.

Abstract This study set out to analyze social and geographical inequalities in the adequacy of prenatal dental care in the Unified Health System (SUS) of the Greater Vitória Metropolitan Region, Espírito Santo, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 1209 postpartum women living in the region admitted to hospital at SUS facilities for childbirth between 2010 and 2011. Data were collected on prenatal medical-dental care, the impact of oral health on the quality of life of pregnant women (Oral Health Impact Profile-14), and predisposing characteristics. Prenatal care was adequate when care corresponded to the recommended treatment. The adequacy of dental care during prenatal care was analyzed using a multivariate logistic model. Oral health was found to have an impact on the quality of life of 102 (8.4%) pregnant women and the adequacy of dental care during prenatal care was only 15.4% (n=156). There was a greater chance of adequacy of prenatal dental care in Vitória (OR=2.44; IC=1.63-3.66), in regions covered by the family health strategy (OR=1.88; IC=1.22-2.89), and in areas with a higher proportion of pregnant women with access to quality prenatal care (OR=3.59; IC=1.64-7.84). Contextual inequalities were decisive for the inadequacy of dental care in prenatal care.

Diseases Neglected by the Media in Espírito Santo, Brazil in 2011-2012.

BACKGROUND: The aims of the present study were to identify and analyse the Diseases Neglected by the Media (DNMs) via a comparison between the most important health issues to the population of Espírito Santo, Brazil, from the epidemiological perspective (health value) and their effective coverage by the print media, and to analyse the DNMs considering the perspective of key journalists involved in the dissemination of health topics in the state media. METHODOLOGY: Morbidity and mortality data were collected from official documents and from Health Information Systems. In parallel, the diseases reported in the two major newspapers of Espírito Santo in 2011-2012 were identified from 10,771 news articles. Concomitantly, eight interviews were conducted with reporters from the two newspapers to understand the journalists' reasons for the coverage or neglect of certain health/disease topics. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Quantitatively, the DNMs identified diseases associated with poverty, including tuberculosis, leprosy, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and trachoma. Apart from these, diseases with outbreaks in the period evaluated, including whooping cough and meningitis, some cancers, respiratory diseases, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke, were also seldom addressed by the media. In contrast, dengue fever, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), diabetes, breast cancer, prostate cancer, tracheal cancer, and bronchial and lung cancers were broadly covered in the period analysed, corroborating the tradition of media disclosure of these diseases. Qualitatively, the DNMs included rare diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), leishmaniasis, Down syndrome, and verminoses. The reasons for the neglect of these topics by the media included the political and economic interests of the newspapers, their editorial line, and the organizational routine of the newsrooms. CONCLUSIONS: Media visibility acts as a strategy for legitimising priorities and contextualizing various realities. Therefore, we propose that the health problems identified should enter the public agenda and begin to be recognized as legitimate demands.

Fatores associados à atividade educativa em saúde bucal na assistência pré-natal / Factors associated with educational guidance regarding oral health during prenatal care

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é verificar os fatores associados à realização de atividades educativas relacionadas à saúde bucal durante o acompanhamento pré-natal na Região Metropolitana da Grande Vitória-ES, Brasil. Estudo transversal com 1.035 puérperas em maternidades públicas ou conveniadas ao SUS, em 2010. Executou-se análise descritiva das principais informações educativas e regressão logística binomial associando-se variáveis individuais e contextuais com o desfecho "recebimento de atividade educativa por meio de reuniões e/ou grupo de gestante na unidade de saúde e/ou por meio de visita domiciliar". A informação mais recebida durante o pré-natal foi: "vantagem da amamentação exclusiva até os seis meses de vida" (52,0%) e a menos recebida foi "a importância do uso do flúor na saúde" (18,9%). Ter atendimento pela Estratégia Saúde da Família (OR=1,94), ter condições externas de moradia adequadas (OR=1,73) e aumento de 1 consulta pré-natal (OR=1,08) aumentaram a chance de realização de atividade educativa no pré-natal. Número elevado de consultas pré-natal, cobertura dos serviços de saúde nos moldes da ESF e condições externas de moradia adequadas foram fatores que se associaram positivamente às atividades educativas durante o pré-natal.

Abstract The scope of this article is to verify the factors associated with providing educational guidance related to oral health during prenatal care in the Metropolitan Region of Greater Vitória - ES, Brazil. It involved a cross-sectional study of 1,035 postpartum women in public or affiliated private hospitals in the SUS in 2010. A descriptive analysis of the main educational information and binomial logistic regression was conducted to test the association between individual and contextual variables and "receiving educational guidance through meetings and/or pregnant mother groups in the health unit and/or through home visits". The information given most during prenatal care was "the advantage of exclusive breastfeeding until six months of life" (52.0%) and least was "the importance of fluoride use in health" (18.9%). Being attended by the Family Health Strategy (FHS) (OR=1.94), having adequate living conditions for women and children (OR=1.73) and an additional prenatal visit (OR=1.08), increased the chance of providing educational guidance in prenatal care. Frequent pre-natal visits, coverage of health services in line with the FHS, and adequate conditions of housing were factors that were positively associated with educational guidance during prenatal care.

Fatores associados ao cuidado de saúde bucal durante a gravidez / Factors associated with oral health care during pregnancy

Objetivo: Descrever os principais procedimentos de saúde bucal recebidos pelas gestantes, além de identificar os fatores associados à procura da gestante ao serviço odontológico durante o pré-natal. Métodos: Estudo transversal, que entrevistou 742 puérperas em sete maternidades da microrregião de São Mateus-ES, 2012/2013. Realizou-se análise descritiva dos procedimentos odontológicos recebidos durante o pré-natal e regressão de Poisson com variância robusta para obter os fatores associados à procura da gestante ao dentista durante o pré-natal. Resultados: Apenas 33,6% das mulheres receberam assistência odontológica durante o pré-natal. Destas, 44,2% tiveram acesso à consulta de revisão e 61,4% profilaxia feita pelo dentista. Receber atendimento odontológico durante o pré-natal esteve associado com anos de estudo crescente (RP = 1,18; IC95% 1,07-1,31), ser atendida na Estratégia de Saúde da Família quando comparada ao Programa de Agentes Comunitários de Saúde (RP = 1,96; IC95% 1,31-2,92), número de consultas pré-natal crescente (RP = 1,23; IC95% 1,10-1,37) e ter impacto da saúde bucal na qualidade de vida (RP = 1,39; IC95% 1,02-1,37). Conclusão:A assistência à saúde bucal durante a gestação persiste negligenciada, principalmente para as gestantes mais vulneráveis (menor escolaridade, poucas consultas pré-natal, atendidas por uma equipe de saúde mais simples durante o pré-natal). Logo, há necessidade de ampliação do atendimento odontológico, assim como busca ativa das gestantes vulneráveis.

Aim:This study was to describe the oral health procedures and to identify factors associated with the visit of pregnant woman to the dental service during prenatal care. Methods: This work was a cross-sectional study, which interviewed 742 postpartum women in seven maternity hospitals in the Microrregion of São Mateus, ES, Brazil, in 2012 and 2013. A descriptive analysis of the dental procedures received during the prenatal period and multiple logistic regression were performed to obtain the factors associated with the pregnant woman seeking dental care during prenatal care.Results:Only 33.6% of the women received dental care during prenatal care. Of these, 44.2% had access to the follow-up dentist's appointment and 61.4% prophylaxis by the dentist. Receiving dental care during prenatal care was associated with years of study (RP = 1.18; 95%CI 1.07-1.31), type of coverage of basic care (RP = 1.96; 95%CI 1.31-2.92), number of prenatal consultations (RP = 1.23; 95%CI 1.10-1.37), and impact of oral health on quality of life (RP = 1.39; 95%CI 1.02-1.37). Conclusion:Oral health care during pregnancy continues to be neglected, mainly for the most vulnerable pregnant women (low levels of education, few prenatal consultations, care provided by a simpler health team during prenatal care). Therefore, there is a need to expand dental care services, as well as an active seeking of dental care by vulnerable pregnant women.

Implantação do Programa Mais Médicos no Espírito Santo, Brasil: modelo lógico e proposta de indicadores / Implementation of the More Doctors Program in Espírito Santo State, Brazil: logic model and proposed indicators / Implantación del programa Más Médicos en Espírito Santo, Brasil: modelo lógico y propuesta de indicadores

O objetivo foi avaliar a implantação do Programa Mais Médicos (PMM) com base no estudo de caso do Espírito Santo, Brasil. Na primeira etapa, foram analisados os documentos que instituíram o PMM, permitindo a criação de um modelo lógico. Na segunda, foram analisados dados do PMM no Espírito Santo (2013-2016) baseando-se em faixas populacionais, gerando a criação de indicadores da proporção de médicos antes e após o Programa com os parâmetros: inaceitável (0 a 0,99 médico/1.000 habitantes); aceitável (1 a 1,99); e desejável (2,0 ou mais). Os dados foram analisados com os testes não paramétricos de Wilcoxon e Kruskal-Wallis. O modelo incluiu as dimensões, insumos, atividades, produtos, resultados e impacto do PMM, e orientou a análise da implantação do Programa. Do total de médicos para o provimento emergencial para o Espírito Santo (432), a maioria (63,8%) pertencia ao perfil intercambistas cooperados (cubanos) e 31,2% eram médicos com registro no Conselho Regional de Medicina do estado. Tanto os médicos brasileiros quanto os intercambistas individuais foram alocados prioritariamente em municípios de médio e grande portes. Os cubanos se distribuíram de forma mais heterogênea em municípios de todos os portes populacionais e, consequentemente, são mais frequentes em áreas de maior vulnerabilidade social e menor capital social. Houve significativo incremento do quantitativo de médicos no Espírito Santo; entretanto, o provimento de médicos para a população em extrema pobreza não exibiu um indicador desejável, apresentando uma média ainda inaceitável em municípios de até 10.000 habitantes e aceitável nos municípios com as demais faixas populacionais.

The study aimed to assess the implementation of the More Doctors Program (PMM in Portuguese) based on a case study of the Espírito Santo State, Brazil. The first stage involved analyzing the documents that launched the PMM, allowing the creation of a logic model. In the second stage, data on the PMM in Espírito Santo State were analyzed (2013-2016) based on population brackets, creating indicators for the proportion of physicians before and after the Program with the following parameters: unacceptable (0 to 0.99 physicians/1,000 inhabitants); acceptable (1 to 1.99); and desirable (2.0 or more). Data were analyzed with the Wilcoxon and Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric tests. The model included the size, inputs, activities, outputs, results, and impact of the PMM, orienting analysis of the Program's implementation. Of all the physicians in the emergency supply to Espírito Santo State (432), the majority (63.8%) were cooperative exchange physicians (Cubans), while 31.2% were regional board-accredited Brazilians. The Brazilian and individual exchange physicians were allocated mainly in medium and large municipalities, while the Cubans were distributed more heterogeneously in municipalities of all population sizes and were thus more common in areas with greater social vulnerability and lower social capital. There was a significant increase in the number of physicians in Espírito Santo State, but the supply to the extremely poor population did not reach the desired level, presenting an unacceptable mean rate in municipalities with up to 10,000 inhabitants and an acceptable rate in municipalities in the other population brackets.

El objetivo fue evaluar la implantación del programa Más Médicos (PMM), a partir del estudio de caso de Espírito Santo, Brasil. En una primera etapa, se analizaron los documentos que instituyeron el PMM, permitiendo la creación de un modelo lógico. En la segunda etapa, se analizaron datos del PMM en Espírito Santo (2013-2016), a partir de franjas poblacionales, generando la creación de indicadores de la proporción de médicos antes y después del programa con los parámetros: inaceptable (0 a 0,99 médicos/1.000 habitantes); aceptable (1 a 1,99); y deseable (2,0 o más). Los datos se analizaron con las pruebas no-paramétricas de Wilcoxon y Kruskal-Wallis. El modelo incluyó dimensiones, insumos, actividades, productos, resultados e impacto del PMM y orientó el análisis de la implantación del Programa. Del total de médicos para la provisión de emergencia para Espírito Santo (432), la mayoría (63,8%) pertenecían al perfil intercambios de cooperación (cubanos) y 31,2% a médicos brasileños registrados en el Consejo Regional de Medicina. Tanto los médicos brasileños, como los intercambios individuales, se ubicaron prioritariamente en municipios de tamaño medio y grande, mientras que los cubanos se distribuyeron de forma más heterogénea en municipios de todos los tamaños poblacionales y, consecuentemente, son más frecuentes en áreas de mayor vulnerabilidad social y menor capital social. Hubo un significativo incremento de la cantidad de médicos en Espírito Santo, no obstante, la provisión de médicos para la población en extrema pobreza no mostró un indicador deseable, presentando una media todavía inaceptable en municipios de hasta 10.000 habitantes y aceptable en los municipios de las demás franjas poblacionales.

Desigualdades sociais e geográficas no desempenho da assistência pré-natal de uma Região Metropolitana do Brasil / Social and geographical inequalities in the performance of prenatal care in a metropolitan area of Brazil

Resumo Objetivou-se analisar as desigualdades sociais e geográficas no desempenho da assistência pré-natal no Sistema Único de Saúde, Região Metropolitana da Grande Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brasil. Realizou-se estudo seccional com 1.209 puérperas internadas para o parto em 2010 e 2011. Coletaram-se dados sobre assistência médica pré-natal e características contextuais, predisponentes e capacitantes, seguindo o Modelo Comportamental de Andersen. O desempenho da assistência pré-natal foi classificado em cinco níveis incluindo informações sobre: número de consultas pré-natal feitas; realização de exames iniciais e de repetição; vacinação antitetânica; manejo do risco gestacional e participação em atividades educativas. Analisou-se a chance de diferentes níveis de desempenho do pré-natal por meio de modelo multinomial multivariado, segundo variáveis sociais maternas. Verificou-se alta cobertura pré-natal (98%) e 4,4% de adequação do cuidado. A chance de acesso ao pré-natal foi aumentada por fatores predisponentes, contextual e capacitantes. A relação entre o pré-natal de qualidade e condições sociais e geográficas da gestante deve orientar a organização dos serviços, visando a equidade e a redução da morbimortalidade materna e perinatal.

Abstract This study analyzed the social and geographical inequalities in the performance of prenatal medical care in the Unified Health System (SUS) in the Metropolitan Region of Grande Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 1,209 puerperae living in this region, admitted for childbirth from 2010 to 2011. Data about prenatal care and contextual, enabling, and social characteristics were collected, following the Andersen's Behavioral Model. The performance of prenatal care was classified into five levels, including information on the number of prenatal visits, initial and repetitive examinations, tetanus vaccination, gestational risk management, and participation in educational activities. The likelihood of different levels of prenatal care performance was analyzed using a multivariate multinomial model, according to maternal social variables. High prenatal coverage (98%) and 4.4% care adequacy were identified. The likelihood of access to prenatal care was increased by enabling, contextual, and social factors. The relationship between prenatal care quality and pregnant women's social and geographical conditions must be considered in the organization of services to achieve equity and reduce maternal and perinatal morbimortality.

The epidemic account of dengue fever and influenza A (H1N1) in Espírito Santo press media: similarities and differences / La experiencia epidémica del dengue y la influenza A (H1N1) en los medios impresos de Espírito Santo-Brasil: similitudes y diferencias / A experiência epidêmica da dengue e influenza A (H1N1) na mídia impressa do Espírito Santo: semelhanças e diferenças

This study analyzedthe dengue and influenza A (H1N1) epidemics in the printed media of Espírito Santo state (ES). All reports from November 2007 to December 2010were collected from the newspaper A Tribuna. The data collected from the Health Information Systems were quantitatively analyzed as per their editorial characteristics, theirdate of distribution and the number of reported cases and deaths due to the respective pathologies. Dengue was pinpointedin 1.870 articles, 133.641 notifications and 94 deaths in the period. H1N1 was pinpointedin 411 news stories, 519 cases and 15 deaths. There was a significant statistic difference in the representations of dengue and influenza A (H1N1) concerning the cover, the editorials, the editorial space and type of opinionated report. There was a stronger statistical correlation between the number of deaths, notifications and news reports of dengue, when compared to the same correlations for influenza A (H1N1). The number of reported cases directly influences the spread of the news of the diseases studied. Contemporary epidemics are complex events, in which media constructions participate actively, bringing risk perceptions intofocusthat may exponentially raise tensions and meddle in health policies. (AU)

El estudio analizó las epidemias de dengue y influenza A (H1N1) en los medios impresos de Espírito Santo (ES). Recolectamos todos los artículos que abordaron estas epidemias, desde noviembre de 2007 hasta diciembre de 2010, en la revista A Tribuna. Los artículos fueron analizados en relación con sus características editoriales, distribución temporal y relación con el número de casos reportados y muertes de las respectivas patologías recogidas en los Sistemas de Información de Salud. Dengue registró 1.870 artículos, 133.641 informes y 94 muertes en el período. El H1N1 ya registró 411 noticias, 519 casos y 15 muertes. Hubo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en las representaciones de dengue y influenza A (H1N1) con respecto a la portada, editoriales, espacio editorial y tipo de artículo de opinión. Hubo una correlación estadística más fuerte entre el número de muertes por dengue, notificaciones y noticias, cuando se compararon las mismas correlaciones para la gripe A (H1N1). El número de casos reportados influye directamente en la mediatización de las enfermedades estudiadas. Las epidemias contemporáneas son eventos complejos, en los que participan activamente las construcciones de los medios, poniendo en escena percepciones de riesgo que pueden aumentar exponencialmente las tensiones e interferir con las políticas de salud. (AU)

O estudo analisouas epidemias de dengue e de influenza A (H1N1) na mídia impressa do Espírito Santo (ES). Foram coletadas todas as matérias que abordavam essas epidemias, no período de novembro de 2007 a dezembro de 2010, no periódico A Tribuna. Foram analisadas as matérias em relação às suas características editoriais, à distribuição temporal e à relação com o número de casos notificados e mortes pelas respectivas patologias, coletado nos Sistemas de Informação em Saúde. A dengue registrou 1.870 matérias, 133.641 notificações e 94 mortes no período. Já a H1N1 registrou 411 notícias, 519 casos e 15 mortes. Houve diferença estatisticamente significante nas representações de dengue e de influenza A (H1N1) no que diz respeito à chamada na capa, aos editorias, ao espaço editorial e ao tipo de matéria opinativa. Houve correlação estatística mais forte entre o número de mortes, notificações e notícias de dengue, quando comparadas às mesmas correlações para influenza A (H1N1). A quantidade de casos notificados influencia diretamente na midiatização das doenças estudadas. As epidemias contemporâneas constituem eventos complexos dos quais as construções midiáticas participam ativamente, colocando em cena percepções de risco que podem elevar exponencialmente as tensões e interferir nas políticas de saúde. (AU)

Diabetes Mellitus na mídia impressa: uma análise das matérias nos jornais do Espírito Santo, Brasil / Diabetes Mellitus in the printed media: an analysis of the articles in the newspapers of Espírito Santo, Brazil

RESUMO Trata-se de um estudo quantiqualitativo, tendo como objetivo analisar, a partir do referencial teórico da Análise Institucional, as matérias veiculadas sobre o Diabetes Mellitus (DM) pela mídia impressa do Espírito Santo, Brasil. A partir da busca em dois jornais de maior circulação do estado, a saber, 'A Gazeta' e 'A Tribuna', foram identificadas 129 matérias relacionadas ao assunto entre os anos 2014 e 2016. Foi observado, entre outros aspectos, predomínio de matérias em páginas ímpares (51,2%), uso de fotografias (48,1%), gênero informativo (78,3%), omissão do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) (92,2%) e abordagem sobre a prevenção secundária da doença (60,5%). Percebeu-se grande destaque para matérias relacionadas às novas tecnologias em saúde, tons publicitários e estilo de vida configurado como saudável. Assim, o estudo aponta que a mídia impressa tem importante papel na difusão de informações sobre o DM, entretanto, a relação entre saúde e comunicação no estado do Espírito Santo merece ser revista no tocante a essa doença, visto que observa-se na mídia uma ênfase nas novas tecnologias, muitas vezes, a serviço de interesses empresariais, e uma lacuna no que se diz respeito à valorização do SUS.

ABSTRACT This is a quanti-qualitative study, aiming to analyze, based on the theoretical reference of the Institutional Analysis, the published articles on Diabetes Mellitus (DM) in the printed media of Espírito Santo, Brazil. From the search of two newspapers with the largest circulation in the state, namely, 'A Gazeta' and 'A Tribuna', 129 articles related to the subject were identified between 2014 and 2016. It was observed, among other aspects, predominance of subjects in odd pages (51.2%), use of photographs (48.1%), informational gender (78.3%), omission of the Unified Health System (SUS) (92,2%) and approach on secondary prevention of the disease (60.5%). Great emphasis was noticed for matters related to the new technologies in health, advertising tones and lifestyle configured as healthy. Thus, the study points out that the printed media has an important role in the dissemination of information about DM, however, the relationship between health and communication in the state of Espírito Santo deserves to be reviewed in relation to this disease, since it is observed in the media an emphasis on new technologies, often, at the service of business interests, and a gap with regards to the valorization of the SUS.

[Adequacy process of prenatal care according to the criteria of humanizing of prenatal care and childbirth program and stork network]. / Adequacao do processo da assistencia pre-natal segundo os criterios do Programa de Humanizacao do Pre-natal e Nascimento e Rede Cegonha.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the adequacy of the process of prenatal care according to the parameters of the Program for the Humanization of Prenatal Care (PHPN) and of the procedures provided by the Stork Network of Unified Health System (SUS) in the microregion of Espirito Santo state, Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2012-2013 by interviewing and analyzing the records of 742 women during the postpartum period and of their newborns in 7 hospitals in the region chosen for the research. The information was collected, processed and analyzed by the χ² and Fisher's exact test to determine the difference in proportion between the criteria adopted by the PHPN and the Stork Network and the place of residence, family income and type of coverage of prenatal service. The level of significance was set at 5%. RESULTS: The parameters showing the lowest adequacy rate were quick tests and repeated exams, with frequencies around 10 and 30%, respectively, in addition to educational activities (57.9%) and tetanus immunization (58.7%). In contrast, risk management (92.6%) and the fasting plasma glucose test (91.3%) showed the best results. Adequacy was 7.4% for the PHPN, 0.4% for the Stork Network, with respect to the parameters of normal risk pregnancies, and 0 for high risk pregnancies. There was a significant difference between puerperae according to housing location regarding the execution of serology for syphilis (VDRL), anti-HIV and repeated fasting glucose tests, and monthly income influenced the execution of blood type/Rh factor tests, VDRL, hematocrit and anti-HIV test. CONCLUSION: Prenatal care in the SUS proved to be inadequate regarding the procedures required by the PHPN and Stork Network in the micro-region of a state in southeastern Brazil, especially for women of lower income, PACS users and residents of rural areas.

Doenças midiaticamente negligenciadas e estratégias de visibilidade na percepção de atores-chave / Diseases neglected by the media and strategies for visibility from the viewpoint of key actors

Resumo As informações de saúde são pauta recorrente nos jornais. Observa-se, entretanto, a exclusão de algumas doenças, o que dá origem às doenças midiaticamente negligenciadas. O estudo buscou identificar, a partir da opinião de jornalistas, assessores de imprensa, gestores de saúde e conselheiros estaduais de saúde, essas possíveis doenças e estratégias para lidar com as negligências midiáticas. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo com 19 entrevistas semiestruturadas com os atores-chave. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de conteúdo temática com auxílio do software Maxqda. Entre as doenças balizadas, incluem-se: doenças infecciosas e parasitárias, doenças raras, doenças bucais, câncer e doenças do trabalho.

Abstract Although health is a recurrent topic in newspapers, some diseases are visibly excluded from this coverage, originating diseases neglected by the media. The goal of this study was to identify - based on the opinion of journalists, press officers, health managers, and government health advisors - these diseases along with strategies for dealing with media neglect. The qualitative study was based on 19 semi-structured interviews with key actors. Data was submited to thematic content analysis using Maxqda software. The neglected diseases include infectious and parasitic diseases, rare diseases, periodontal diseases, cancer, and work-related illnesses.

Absenteísmo de usuários como fator de desperdício: desafio para sustentabilidade em sistema universal de saúde / Non-attendance as a factor of waste: challenge for SUStainability in a universal health system

RESUMO O absenteísmo de usuários em consultas e exames é considerado um problema mundial na assistência à saúde, gerando desperdício de recursos tanto no setor público como no setor privado. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de estimar o desperdício de recursos monetários vinculado ao absenteísmo em procedimentos especializados no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) na Região de Saúde Metropolitana do Espírito Santo (RSM-ES) entre os anos de 2014 e 2016. Analisaram-se 1.002.719 procedimentos, sendo 666.182 consultas e 336.537 exames especializados. Os dados de absenteísmo foram retirados dos registros administrativos do Sistema de Regulação do ES (SisReg-ES), fornecidos pela Secretaria Estadual de Saúde. Os valores monetários foram obtidos por meio da Tabela SUS, da tabela complementar de convênios e da tabela de custos estimados, segundo o tipo de prestador envolvido no atendimento. A taxa média de absenteísmo para consultas foi de 38,6% (257.025 consultas), gerando um total estimado de R$3.558.837,88; e para exames especializados, foi de 32,1% (108.103 exames), em um total estimado de R$15.007.624,15. Os valores totais desperdiçados são significativos e evidenciam o desafio constante na agenda dos gestores na busca pela SUStentabilidade em sistemas universais de saúde.

ABSTRACT Non-attendance to specialized healthcare appointments, diagnostic, and therapeutic procedures is a global problem in healthcare, leading to the wastage of resources both in the public and private sectors. This study aims to estimate financial wastage of resources linked to non-attendance to scheduled health specialist appointments and procedures in the metropolitan region of the Espírito Santo State (ES), Brazil, between 2014 and 2016. We studied 1.002.719 specialized healthcare procedures, being 666.182 appointments with specialized physicians and other healthcare professionals, and 336.537 specialized diagnostic and other therapeutic procedures. Non-attendance date were retrieved from the administrative procedure scheduling database (SisReg-ES) available in the ES Regulatory Agency and provided by the ES Health Office. Financial values used to estimate wastage were retrieved from the SUS and other standard tariff lists for medical procedures, and used according to the administrative regime of the three types of service providers. Non-attendance average rate for medical and health specialists' appointments achieved 38.6%, or 257.025 missed appointments, equivalent to an estimated waste of resources of R$3.558.837,88. Non-attendance as for other specialized procedures reached 32.1%, or 108.103 missed procedures, equivalent to R$15.007.624,15. Total wasted resources reached significant values, evincing the ongoing challenge to managers seeking to attain SUStainable universal health care systems.