Exploring the Role of Cortical Reorganization in Postamputation Phantom Phenomena, Including Phantom Limb Pain in Lower Limb Amputees: A Cross-Sectional Study of the Patterns of Referral of Sensations into the Phantom.

BACKGROUND: Cortical reorganization and pain memory are theories to explain phantom limb pain and other postamputation phantom phenomena. This study was undertaken to identify evidence of cortical reorganization in lower limb amputees and to find evidence for the pain memory theory. METHODS: This was a qualitative interview study using structured questionnaires with lower limb amputees. Participants were asked to identify body areas and activities that stimulate postamputation phantom phenomena to confirm the cortical reorganization theory. We tested the pain memory theory by comparing traumatic amputees with surgical amputees. RESULTS: A total of 122 participants (response rate 42%) were recruited. Prevalence of postamputation phantom phenomena was similar to previous studies with phantom pain reported as 84%. Twenty (16.3%) identified body regions that could stimulate postamputation phantom phenomena and 32 (26%) identified activities that could stimulate postamputation phantom phenomena. Not all body areas or activities were related to somatotopic regions adjacent to the leg on the sensory homunculus. Overall, 47 (38.2%) exhibited attributes suggestive of cortical reorganization into areas adjacent to the leg. No associations were found between presence of pain or length of time in pain before amputation and the presence of phantom pain (p = .1-1.0). No statistical difference was found between surgical and traumatic amputees for any postamputation phantom phenomena (p = .3-1.0). CONCLUSIONS: The cortical reorganization and pain memory theories for the development and maintenance of postamputation phantom phenomena have only limited support from our data. Taking this into account, it may be worth reopening the debate on the mechanism for postamputation phantom phenomena, including phantom limb pain. The cortical reorganization theory and memory theory for the mechanism of phantom limb pain are questioned by these results. Both may play a role, but neither can explain the presence of postamputation phantom phenomena on their own.

The causes of falls: views of older people with visual impairment.

BACKGROUND: Sight impairment increases with age and, compared with the general older population, older people with sight impairment are more likely to fall. There is a growing body of evidence on the views and perceptions of older people about falls, but little is published on the views of older people with sight impairment. OBJECTIVE: To explore what older people with sight impairment believe to be the causes of falls. DESIGN: A qualitative design was used, incorporating focus groups and interviews in which participants discussed falls and falls prevention. Framework analysis was employed to identify themes arising from participants' discussions of the causes of falls. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-four community dwelling men and women with sight impairment, aged 65 and over, were recruited from across Greater Manchester, UK. RESULTS: Five types of factors were identified that were believed to cause falls: (i) health issues and changes in balance caused by ageing; (ii) cognitive and behavioural factors; (iii) the impact of sight impairment on getting around the home; (iv) the impact of sight impairment on negotiating the environment away from home; and (v) unexplained falls. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Older people with sight impairment reported many researched risk factors previously identified by older people without sight impairment but also described many perceived risks unique to people with sight impairment. There are few interventions to prevent falls aimed at older people with sight impairment, and the results of this study allow further tailoring of such interventions based on views of older people with sight impairment.

A cluster randomised controlled trial and process evaluation of a training programme for mental health professionals to enhance user involvement in care planning in service users with severe mental health issues (EQUIP): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Involving service users in planning their care is at the centre of policy initiatives to improve mental health care quality in England. Whilst users value care planning and want to be more involved in their own care, there is substantial empirical evidence that the majority of users are not fully involved in the care planning process. Our aim is to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of training for mental health professionals in improving user involvement with the care planning processes. METHODS/DESIGN: This is a cluster randomised controlled trial of community mental health teams in NHS Trusts in England allocated either to a training intervention to improve user and carer involvement in care planning or control (no training and care planning as usual). We will evaluate the effectiveness of the training intervention using a mixed design, including a 'cluster cohort' sample, a 'cluster cross-sectional' sample and process evaluation. Service users will be recruited from the caseloads of care co-ordinators. The primary outcome will be change in self-reported involvement in care planning as measured by the validated Health Care Climate Questionnaire. Secondary outcomes include involvement in care planning, satisfaction with services, medication side-effects, recovery and hope, mental health symptoms, alliance/engagement, well-being and quality of life. Cost- effectiveness will also be measured. A process evaluation informed by implementation theory will be undertaken to assess the extent to which the training was implemented and to gauge sustainability beyond the time-frame of the trial. DISCUSSION: It is hoped that the trial will generate data to inform mental health care policy and practice on care planning. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ISRCTN16488358 (14 May 2014).

A study to assess the feasibility of undertaking a randomized controlled trial of adherence with eye drops in glaucoma patients.

BACKGROUND: Adherence with therapy could influence the progression of glaucoma and ultimately affect the onset of visual impairment in some individuals. This feasibility study evaluated the measures to be used for a future randomized controlled trial assessing the effects of group-based education on adherence with eye drops. METHODS: People diagnosed with glaucoma within the previous 12 months attending a regional ophthalmology clinic in the North West of England were recruited. A two-session education program delivered one week apart had been devised as part of a previous project. A combined adult learning and health needs approach to education was taken. Outcomes measured were knowledge of glaucoma, self-report of adherence, illness perception, beliefs about medicines, patient enablement, and general health (Short Form-12). Adherence was also measured objectively using a Medical Events Monitoring System device. RESULTS: Twenty-six participants consented to undertake the educational program and 19 produced analyzable data. Knowledge of glaucoma, illness perception, beliefs about medicine, and patient enablement all showed statistically significant improvements after education. Mean adherence with eye drops was maintained above 85% before and for 3 months after attendance at the educational program. Self-report exaggerated adherence by at least 10% when compared with the objective Medical Events Monitoring System data, and in fact the kappa agreement was zero. CONCLUSION: All questionnaires other than the Short Form-12 were considered to be valuable measures and use of a Medical Events Monitoring System device was considered to be an objective surrogate measure for adherence with eye drops. A multicenter, randomized, controlled equivalence trial of group versus individualized education using adherence as the primary outcome is the next step.