Cannabis use and its psychosocial correlates among school-going adolescents in Sierra Leone.

BACKGROUND: In Sierra Leone, adolescents are increasingly engaging in risky activities, including cannabis use, which can lead to substance abuse, poor academic performance, and psychotic symptoms. This study aims to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of cannabis use among school-going adolescents in the country. METHOD: Data for the study was sourced from the 2017 Sierra Leone Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS), a nationally representative survey conducted among adolescents aged 10-19 years using a multistage sampling methodology. A weighted sample of 1,467 adolescents in Sierra Leone was included in the study. The study utilised bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis to identify factors linked to cannabis use, presenting results using adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: The prevalence of cannabis use was 5.1% [3.0,8.6] among school-going adolescents in Sierra Leone. School-going adolescents who attempted suicide [aOR = 6.34, 95% CI = 1.71-23.45], used amphetamine [aOR = 15.84, 95% CI = 7.94-31.62] and were involved in sexual risk behaviour [aOR = 5.56, 95% CI = 2.18-14.20] were more likely to be associated with cannabis use. CONCLUSION: In Sierra Leone, a small but non-trivial minority of students use cannabis. Ever-used amphetamines or methamphetamines, suicidal attempts, and sexual risk behaviour were the factors associated with cannabis use in Sierra Leone. The development of school-based health intervention programmes is crucial to address the risk factors associated with cannabis use among school-going adolescents.

Knowledge of the ovulatory cycle and its determinants among women of childbearing age in Haiti: a population-based study using the 2016/2017 Haitian Demographic Health Survey.

BACKGROUND: The knowledge of ovulatory cycle (KOC) is the base for natural family planning methods, yet few studies have paid attention to women's KOC. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of correct KOC and its determinants among women of childbearing age in Haiti. METHODS: Data from the nationally representative cross-sectional Haiti Demographic and Health Survey 2016/17 were used. STATA/SE version 14 was employed to analyse the data by computing descriptive statistics, Chi­square, and binary logistic regression model to assess the socio-economic and demographic predictors of correct KOC. P-value less than 0.05 was taken as a significant association. RESULTS: Out of 14,371 women of childbearing age who constituted our sample study, 24.1% (95% CI 23.4-24.8) had correct KOC. In addition, the findings showed that place of residence, respondent's education level, wealth index, currently working, husband/partner's education level, contraceptive use, exposure to mass media FP messages, and fieldworker visit were significantly associated with correct KOC. CONCLUSION: Policies should include increasing the literacy at community level as well as of individual women and their partners. Moreover, increasing awareness about family planning should be prioritized, especially for women from poor households and rural areas.

Prevalence and factors associated with condom use among sexually active young women in Haiti: evidence from the 2016/17 Haiti demographic and health survey.

BACKGROUND: Young women in Haiti remain vulnerable to sexually transmitted infections and unintended pregnancy. However, little is known about condom use among this population. This study examined the prevalence and the factors associated with condom use among sexually active young women in Haiti. METHODS: Data from the 2016/17 Haiti demographic and health survey were used. The prevalence and the factors associated with condom use among sexually active young women in Haiti were assessed using descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression model. RESULTS: The prevalence of condom use was 15.4% (95% CI 14.0-16.8). Being teenage (AOR = 1.34; 95% CI: 1.04-1.74), living in urban areas (AOR = 1.41; 95% CI = 1.04-1.90), having higher education level (AOR = 2.39; 95% CI: 1.44-4.00), being in the middle or rich category of household wealth index (AOR = 2.32; 95% CI: 1.53-3.53 and AOR = 2.93; 95% CI: 1.90-4.52), having correct knowledge of ovulatory cycle (AOR = 1.65; 95% CI: 1.30-2.10), having 2-3 lifetime sexual partners and one lifetime sexual partner (AOR = 2.04; 95% CI: 1.36-3.06 and AOR = 2.07; 95% CI: 1.35-3.17) had significantly higher odds of using condom. In addition, sexually active young women whose last partner was their boyfriend (AOR = 4.38; 95% CI: 2.82-6.81), and those whose last partner was a friend/casual acquaintance/commercial sex worker (AOR = 5.29; 95% CI: 2.18-12.85) were associated with increased likelihood of using condom compared with their counterparts whose partner was their spouse. CONCLUSION: The Haitian government as well as institutions involved in sexual health should consider these factors when designing sexual and reproductive health interventions targeting young women. More specifically, to increase condom use and reduce risky sexual behaviors, they should combine efforts to raise awareness and induce sexual behavioral changes at two levels. In the education system, they should reinforce sexual education in primary and secondary schools while paying special attention to rural areas. In the whole society, it is important to deepen efforts toward increased awareness on family planning and condom use, through mass media and local organizations including religious ones. Priority should be given to the poorer households, young people and women, and rural areas, in order to maximize reduction in early and unintended pregnancy, and sexually transmitted infections. Interventions should include a condom price subsidy and a campaign to destigmatize condom use which is actually a "male affair".

Social reintegration of fistula survivors in North Central Nigeria: A case for rehabilitation.

Obstetric fistula remains one of the neglected forms of chronic maternal morbidity that occurs mainly in low- and middle-income countries. We explored the rehabilitation and reintegration experiences of 15 fistula survivors in North Central Nigeria. We employed a qualitative research design, guided by Constructivist Worldview, involving narrative interviewing technique in conducting in-depth interviews. Key benefits of rehabilitation reported by the participants included socioeconomic-financial empowerment and autonomy, improved social status, and freedom from self-isolation. Additionally, participants experienced positive psychological effects, such as increased self-worth and self-confidence. However, prolonged recovery periods and stigmatization issues were noted as barriers to successful reintegration post rehabilitation. On the other hand, the presence of family and community support, along with the resolution of stigma, were found to be facilitators of social reintegration. Considering the holistic benefits of rehabilitation, we recommend implementing a comprehensive care management program for fistula survivors to facilitate successful social reintegration.

Disparities in use of skilled birth attendants and neonatal mortality rate in Guinea over two decades.

BACKGROUND: Maternal mortality remains high in sub-Saharan African countries, including Guinea. Skilled birth attendance (SBA) is one of the crucial interventions to avert preventable obstetric complications and related maternal deaths. However, within-country inequalities prevent a large proportion of women from receiving skilled birth attendance. Scarcity of evidence related to this exists in Guinea. Hence, this study investigated the magnitude and trends in socioeconomic and geographic-related inequalities in SBA in Guinea from 1999 to 2016 and neonatal mortality rate (NMR) between 1999 and 2012. METHODS: We derived data from three Guinea Demographic and Health Surveys (1999, 2005 and 2012) and one Guinea Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2016). For analysis, we used the 2019 updated WHO Health Equity Assessment Toolkit (HEAT). We analyzed inequalities in SBA and NMR using Population Attributable Risk (PAR), Population Attributable Fraction (PAF), Difference (D) and Ratio (R). These summary measures were computed for four equity stratifiers: wealth, education, place of residence and subnational region. We computed 95% Uncertainty Intervals (UI) for each point estimate to show whether or not observed SBA inequalities and NMR are statistically significant and whether or not disparities changed significantly over time. RESULTS: A total of 14,402 for SBA and 39,348 participants for NMR were involved. Profound socioeconomic- and geographic-related inequalities in SBA were found favoring the rich (PAR = 33.27; 95% UI: 29.85-36.68), educated (PAR = 48.38; 95% UI: 46.49-50.28), urban residents (D = 47.03; 95% UI: 42.33-51.72) and regions such as Conakry (R = 3.16; 95% UI: 2.31-4.00). Moreover, wealth-driven (PAF = -21.4; 95% UI: -26.1, -16.7), education-related (PAR = -16.7; 95% UI: -19.2, -14.3), urban-rural (PAF = -11.3; 95% UI: -14.8, -7.9), subnational region (R = 2.0, 95% UI: 1.2, 2.9) and sex-based (D = 12.1, 95% UI; 3.2, 20.9) inequalities in NMR were observed between 1999 and 2012. Though the pattern of inequality in SBA varied based on summary measures, both socioeconomic and geographic-related inequalities decreased over time. CONCLUSIONS: Disproportionate inequalities in SBA and NMR exist among disadvantaged women such as the poor, uneducated, rural residents, and women from regions like Mamou region. Hence, empowering women through education and economic resources, as well as prioritizing SBA for these disadvantaged groups could be key steps toward ensuring equitable SBA, reduction of NMR and advancing the health equity agenda of "no one left behind."

Women's decision-making power and knowledge of prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa.

BACKGROUND: Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) bears the highest burden of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in the world. Even though the prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) programmme is one of the strategies to control the HIV pandemic, the uptake in SSA countries is low. Women's decision-making power has a positive influence on health seeking behavior and uptake of several maternal health services. However, its relationship with knowledge of PMTCT services is understudied in SSA. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the association between women's decision-making power and knowledge of PMTCT in 24 countries in SSA. METHODS: Analysis of this study included data on 158,812 married women from the Demographic and Health Surveys of 24 sub-Saharan African countries conducted between 2010 and 2020. Using Stata version-14 software, bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted. The results were presented using adjusted odd ratios (aOR) with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: In the pooled results, 69.5% (95% CI; 66.7-72.1%) of married women in the studied countries had knowledge of PMTCT, ranging from 13.9% (95% CI; 11.9-16.2%) in Comoros to 75.4% (95% CI; 73.7-76.9%) in Zimbabwe. Higher odds of PMTCT knowledge were seen among married women who had decision-making power compared to married women who had no decision-making power. Moreover, we found higher odds of PMTCT knowledge among married women with manual occupation, those in the richest households and those with 1-2 children compared to married women who were not working, from the poorest households, and those with no children, respectively. CONCLUSION: Women's decision-making power had positive influence on PMTCT knowledge. To increase the coverage of PMTCT knowledge, policy makers and other stakeholders need to target ways to empower women through increasing women's decision-making power. Moreover, creating employment opportunities and economic empowerment for women need to be considered, especially in countries with very low coverage of PMTCT knowledge.

Understanding the factors associated with married women's attitudes towards wife-beating in sub-Saharan Africa.

BACKGROUND: Intimate partner violence remains a major public health problem, especially in countries in sub-Saharan Africa. We examined the factors associated with married women's attitudes towards wife-beating in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS: We used Demographic and Health Survey data of 28 sub-Saharan African countries that had surveys conducted between 2010 and 2019. A sample of 253,782 married women was considered for the analysis. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were carried out, and the results were presented using crude odds ratio (cOR) and adjusted odds ratio (aOR) at 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: The pooled result showed about 71.4% of married women in the 28 countries in this study did not justify wife-beating. However, the prevalence of non-justification of wife-beating varied from 83.4% in Malawi to 17.7% in Mali. Women's age (40-44 years-aOR = 1.61, 95% CI 1.16-2.24), women's educational level (secondary school-aOR = 1.47, 95% CI 1.13-1.91), husband's educational level (higher-aOR = 0.55, 95% CI 0.31-0.95), women's occupation type (professional, technical or managerial-aOR = 1.66, 95% CI 1.06-2.62), wealth index (richest-aOR = 5.52, 95% CI 3.46-8.80) and women's decision-making power (yes-aOR = 1.39, 95% CI 1.19-1.62) were significantly associated with attitude towards wife-beating. CONCLUSION: Overall, less than three-fourth of married women in the 28 sub-Saharan African countries disagreed with wife-beating but marked differences were observed across socio-economic, decision making and women empowerment factors. Enhancing women's socioeconomic status, decision making power, and creating employment opportunities for women should be considered to increase women's intolerance of wife-beating  practices, especially among countries with low prevalence rates such as Mali.

Pregnant women's decision-making capacity and adherence to iron supplementation in sub-Saharan Africa: a multi-country analysis of 25 countries.

BACKGROUND: Anaemia and related complications during pregnancy is a global problem but more prevalent in sub-Sahara Africa (SSA). Women's decision-making power has significantly been linked with maternal health service utilization but there is inadequate evidence about adherence to iron supplementation. This study therefore assessed the association between household decision-making power and iron supplementation adherence among pregnant married women in 25 sub-Saharan African countries. METHODS: We used data from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) of 25 sub-Saharan African countries conducted between 2010 and 2019. Women's decision-making power was measured by three parameters; own health care, making large household purchases and visits to her family or relatives. The association between women's decision-making power and iron supplementation adherence was assessed using logistic regressions, adjusting for confounders. The results were presented as adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Approximately 65.4% of pregnant married women had made decisions either alone or with husband in all three decisions making parameters (i.e., own health care, making large household purchases, visits to her family or relatives). The rate of adherence to iron medication during pregnancy was 51.7% (95% CI; 48.5-54.9%). Adherence to iron supplementation was found to be higher among pregnant married women who had decision-making power (AOR = 1.46, 95% CI; 1.16-1.83), secondary education (AOR = 1.45, 95% CI; 1.05-2.00) and antenatal care visit (AOR = 2.77, 95% CI; 2.19-3.51). Wealth quintiles and religion were significantly associated with adherence to iron supplementation. CONCLUSIONS: Adherence to iron supplementation is high among pregnant women in SSA. Decision making power, educational status and antenatal care visit were found to be significantly associated with adherence to these supplements. These findings highlight that there is a need to design interventions that enhance women's decision-making capacities, and empowering them through education to improve the coverage of antenatal iron supplementation.

Essential newborn care practices in Benin: Are there differences by birth location?

BACKGROUND: Annually, about 60 infant deaths occur per 1000 live births in Benin; nearly one-half of these deaths occur during the neonatal period. Home- and health facility-based newborn care practices are essential for reducing neonatal death. The aim of this study was to explore relationships between location of childbirth and essential newborn care practices in the Republic of Benin, West Africa. METHODS: We used cross-sectional data from the 2017 Benin Demographic and Health Survey. The study included 6831 women who had a recent live birth. We used multivariable logistic regression to examine associations between location of birth and early initiation of breastfeeding, breastfeeding support, and cord examination while adjusting for potential confounding factors. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in early initiation of breastfeeding by birth location. Compared to women with home births, those who gave birth in public hospitals, public health centers/clinics, and private health facilities had significantly higher odds of receiving breastfeeding support (public hospitals: OR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.23-2.59; public health centers/clinics: OR: 2.06, 95% CI: 1.46-2.91; private clinics: OR: 1.97, 95% CI: 1.35-2.88). Compared with women who gave birth at home, those who gave birth in public health centers/clinics and private health facilities were twice as likely to report newborn cord examination (OR: 1.99, 95% CI: 1.41-2.79; OR: 1.97, 95% CI: 1.36-2.83, respectively). DISCUSSION: Despite the high prevalence of health facility births in Benin, the coverage of early newborn care is suboptimal, especially in public hospitals. Policies and public health interventions will be required, more so in public hospitals, to ensure that all mothers and newborns receive these potentially life-saving services.

Modern contraceptive utilization and its associated factors among married women in Senegal: a multilevel analysis.

BACKGROUND: Utilization of modern contraceptives is still low in low-and middle-income countries, although fertility and population growth rates are high. In Senegal, modern contraceptive utilization is low, with few studies focusing on its associated factors. This study examined modern contraceptive use and its associated factors among married women in Senegal. METHODS: Data from the 2017 Continuous Demographic and Health Survey (C-DHS) on 11,394 married women was analysed. We examined the associations between the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of women and their partners and modern contraceptive use using multilevel logistic regression models. Adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated. RESULTS: The utilization of modern contraceptives among married women was 26.3%. Individual level factors associated with modern contraceptive use were women's age (45-49 years-aOR = 0.44, 0.30-0.63), women's educational level (higher-aOR = 1.88, 1.28-2.76) husband's educational level (higher-aOR = 1.43, 1.10-1.85)), number of living children (5 or more children-aOR = 33.14, 19.20-57.22), ideal number of children (2 children-aOR = 1.95, 1.13-3.35), desire to have more children (wants no more-aOR = 2.46, 2.06-2.94), ethnicity (Diola-aOR = 0.70, 0.50-0.99), media exposure (yes-aOR = 1.44, 1.16-1.79)), wealth index (richer-aOR = 1.31, 1.03-1.67) and decision making power of women (decision making two-aOR = 1.20, 1.02-1.41). Whereas, region (Matam-aOR = 0.35, 0.23-0.53), place of residence (rural-aOR = 0.76, 0.63-0.93), community literacy level (high-aOR = 1.31, 1.01-1.71) and community knowledge level of modern contraceptives (high-aOR = 1.37, 1.13-1.67) were found as significant community level factors. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that both individual and community level factors are significantly associated with modern contraceptive use among married women in Senegal. Interventions should focus on enhancing literacy levels of women, their husbands and communities. Furthermore, strengthening awareness and attitude towards family planning should be given priority, especially in rural areas and regions with low resources.

Individual and community socioeconomic factors related to the quality of antenatal care: a multilevel analysis of West and Central Africa.

Antenatal care (ANC) can improve maternal health. We examined associations of individual and community socioeconomic status (SES) with the quality of ANC in West and Central Africa. Data were from the 2009-2011 UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys for women in seven countries (n = 24,718). Individual SES variables included women's education and wealth; community SES was defined as low or high poverty index. ANC quality was defined as receiving six services: blood pressure monitoring, blood tests, urine tests, malaria prophylaxis, tetanus vaccine, and HIV screening, and coded low or high. We used multilevel logistic regression to estimate fixed and random effects of individual and community SES on ANC quality. Less than one-fourth of women received high-quality ANC. Only small percentages of women had malaria prophylaxis and were counseled and tested for HIV. In adjusted country-stratified results, living in a poor community was associated with reduced odds of receiving high-quality ANC in six countries (Central African Republic: odds ratio, OR = 0.76; 95% confidence interval, CI:0.58-0.98; Chad: OR = 0.48; CI:0.32-0.74; Ghana: OR = 0.86; CI:0.61-0.97; Nigeria: OR = 0.74; CI:0.61-0.92; Sierra Leone: OR = 0.71; CI:0.57-0.91; and Togo: OR = 0.80; CI:0.47-0.91). The health system may be missing important opportunities to provide high-quality ANC and, thereby, improve pregnancy outcomes in these settings.

Factors associated with health facility delivery in West and Central Africa: A multilevel analysis of seven countries.

We examined associations between individual and community socioeconomic status (SES) and childbirth in a health facility in West and Central Africa using data from the 2009-2011 United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey for women in seven countries (n = 34,487). Individual SES measures were education and wealth; community SES was low or high poverty index. In adjusted results, women residing in communities with high poverty had significantly lower odds of facility delivery than those who lived in more affluent communities in five countries (all p < 0.001). Reducing out-of-pocket healthcare costs may improve women's access to delivery in health facilities.

Age-specific factors related to institutional delivery in Nigeria: Insights from the 2011 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey.

With 814 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births, maternal mortality remains a significant public health problem in Nigeria. We examined associations between maternal age and institutional delivery among 9,485 women, using data from the 2011 Nigeria Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey. We used multiple logistic regression to identify enabling factors and barriers to institutional delivery. Older maternal age was positively associated with institutional delivery. In age-stratified, adjusted analyses, secondary/higher education and living in wealthy households were consistently associated with increased odds of institutional delivery among the youngest (15-19 years) and the oldest (40-49 years) women. Higher parity was associated with significantly reduced odds of institutional delivery among women <40 years, but was not associated among women aged 40-49 years. Among women of 40-49 years, attending at least four antenatal care (ANC) visits was associated with increased odds of institutional delivery; among women of ages 15-19 years, the association was not significant. Similarly, having a skilled ANC provider was not significantly associated with institutional delivery among women aged 15-19 and 40-49 years. These findings suggest that women at the highest risk for maternal death may face barriers to institutional delivery services. Focused policies and programs are needed to address women's reproductive health vulnerabilities.

Assessing the Contraceptive Attitudes of US-Born and Foreign-Born Black Women Living in the USA: a Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Racially and ethnically marginalized US women experience unintended pregnancy at twice the rate of White women. Understanding contraceptive attitudes can help identify women at increased risk of contraceptive non-use and unintended pregnancy. We assessed the contraceptive attitudes of US-born and foreign-born Black women and examined differences by nativity. METHODS: We used an electronic survey, implemented by Lucid LLC, a consumer research firm, to collect cross-sectional data from 657 reproductive-aged women. Analysis was limited to 414 Black women aged 18-44 years. The exposure variable was nativity (US-born or foreign-born), and the outcome variable was cumulative score on the 32-item Contraceptive Attitude Scale (CAS). Analysis included multivariable linear regression, adjusted for confounders. We also estimated separate models, stratified by nativity to identify predictors of contraceptive attitude among US-born Black women and foreign-born Black women, respectively. RESULTS: Three in four participants were US-born (76.6%). The average cumulative CAS score was 118.4 ±20.4 out of 160 indicating favorable contraceptive attitudes. In pooled analysis, foreign-born Black women had significantly lower contraceptive attitude scores compared to US-born women (adjusted regression coefficient (ß)= -6.48, p=0.036). In nativity-stratified analysis, income, education, and perceived control over pregnancy timing were significant predictors of contraceptive attitudes for both US-born and foreign-born women. Other significant predictors of contraceptive attitude among US-born women were older maternal age, multi-parity, and perceived pregnancy risk; whereas, for foreign-born women, other significant predictors included marital status (married/cohabiting), language spoken predominantly at home (French), and perceived ability to have a baby and still achieve life goals (agree, neither agree nor disagree). CONCLUSION: In addressing the contraceptive needs of Black women, it is important to recognize the differences in attitudes towards contraception by nativity and provide culturally sensitive information and education.

Mapping the evidence on factors related to postpartum contraception among sub-Saharan African immigrant and refugee women in the United States of America: A scoping review protocol.

BACKGROUND: Postpartum contraception is essential to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) care because it encourages healthy spacing between births, helps women avoid unwanted pregnancies, and lessens the risks of health problems for mothers and babies. Sub-Saharan African immigrant and refugee populations are rapidly increasing in the United States, and they come from a wide range of cultural, linguistic, religious, and social origins, which may pose challenges in timely access to culturally acceptable SRH care, for preventing mistimed or unwanted childbearing. The objective of this scoping review is to assess the extent of the available literature on postpartum contraception among sub-Saharan African immigrant and refugee women living in the United States. METHODS: We developed preliminary search terms with the help of an expert librarian, consisting of keywords including birth intervals, birth spacing, contraception, postpartum contraception or family planning, and USA or America, and sub-Saharan African immigrants, or emigrants. The study will include the following electronic databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, EMBASE, and the Global Health Database. The sources will include studies on postpartum care and contraceptive access and utilization among sub-Saharan African immigrants living in the US. Citations, abstracts, and full texts will be independently screened by two reviewers. We will use narrative synthesis to analyze the data using quantitative and qualitative methods. Factors associated with postpartum contraception will be organized using the domains and constructs of the PEN-3 Model as a guiding framework. CONCLUSION: This scoping review will map the research on postpartum contraception among sub-Saharan African immigrant and refugee women living in the US. We expect to identify knowledge gaps, and barriers and facilitators of postpartum contraception in this population. Based on the findings of the review, recommendations will be made for advocacy and program and policy development toward optimizing interpregnancy intervals in sub-Saharan African immigrants living in the US. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Review registration Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/s385j.

Alcohol use among in-school adolescents in Sierra Leone.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence of alcohol use and its associated factors among in-school adolescents in Sierra Leone. DESIGN: Data for the study was sourced from the 2017 Sierra Leone Global School-Based Student Health Survey, a nationally representative survey conducted among in-school adolescents aged 10-19 years using a multistage sampling methodology. Percentages were used to present the prevalence of alcohol use among in-school adolescents. Multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the factors associated with alcohol use among in-school adolescents. The results were presented using adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with their respective 95% confidence interval (CI). SETTING: Sierra Leone. PARTICIPANTS: A weighted sample of 1730 in-school adolescents in Sierra Leone. OUTCOME MEASURE: Current alcohol use. RESULTS: The prevalence of alcohol use among in-school adolescents was 10.7% (7.3, 15.3). In-school adolescents in senior secondary schools were more likely to use alcohol compared with those in junior secondary school (aOR=2.13; 95% CI 1.37, 3.30). The odds of alcohol use was higher among in-school adolescents who were truant at school relative to those who were not (aOR=2.24; 95% CI 1.54, 3.26). Also, in-school adolescents who were bullied (aOR=1.85; 95% CI 1.24, 2.76), ever engaged in sexual intercourse (aOR=2.06; 95% CI 1.39, 3.06), and used marijuana (aOR=3.36; 95% CI 1.72, 6.53) were more likely to use alcohol compared with those who were not. However, in-school adolescents who reported that their parents understood their problems (aOR=0.52; 95% CI 0.33, 0.82) had a lower likelihood of consuming alcohol. CONCLUSION: Our study has shown that alcohol use is prevalent among in-school adolescents in Sierra Leone. Grade level, experiences of being bullied, history of sexual intercourse, truancy at school, and previous use of marijuana were the factors influencing alcohol use among in-school adolescents. The findings emphasise the necessity of creating school-based health interventions in Sierra Leone that can effectively identify in-school adolescents potentially vulnerable to alcohol-related issues. Also, existing policies and programmes aimed at reducing alcohol use among in-school adolescents need to be strengthened.

Prevalence and predictors of lifetime amphetamine use among in-school adolescents in Sierra Leone.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the prevalence of amphetamine use and its associated factors among in-school adolescents in Sierra Leone. DESIGN: Data for the study was sourced from the 2017 Sierra Leone Global School-based Health Survey. Percentages with confidence intervals (CIs) were used to present the prevalence of amphetamine use among in-school adolescents. A multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was employed to examine the factors associated with amphetamine use. The results were presented using adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% CIs. SETTING: Sierra Leone. PARTICIPANTS: A weighted sample of 1,314 in-school adolescents in Sierra Leone. OUTCOME MEASURE: Lifetime amphetamine use. RESULTS: The prevalence of amphetamine use was 6.1% (3.9%-9.5%). In-school adolescents who planned suicide were more likely to use amphetamine compared with those who did not (aOR 2.54; 95% CI 1.02 to 6.31). Also, the odds of amphetamine use were higher among in-school adolescents who received support from their peers (aOR 3.19, 95% CI 1.71 to 5.96), consumed alcohol (aOR 4.85, 95% CI 2.61 to 9.03), and those who had previously used marijuana (aOR 13.31, 95% CI 6.61 to 28.78) compared with those who did not receive any support, never consumed alcohol, and never used marijuana, respectively. CONCLUSION: Amphetamine use is prevalent among in-school adolescents in Sierra Leone. There is a need to implement comprehensive public health policies that extend beyond school-based psychobehavioural therapies. These policies should specifically address the considerable risk factors associated with amphetamine use among in-school adolescents in Sierra Leone.

Interbirth Intervals of Immigrant and Refugee Women in the United States: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background and Objective: Despite guidelines recommending an interval of at least 18-24 months between a live birth and the conception of the next pregnancy, nearly one-third of pregnancies in the United States are conceived within 18 months of a previous live birth. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between multiple immigration-related variables and interbirth intervals among reproductive-aged immigrant and refugee women living in the United States. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, quantitative study on the sexual and reproductive health (SRH) of reproductive-aged immigrant and refugee women in the United States. The data were collected via an online survey administered by Lucid LLC. We included data on women who had complete information on nativity and birth history in the descriptive analysis (n = 653). The exposure variables were immigration pathway, length of time since immigration, and country/region of birth. The outcome variable was interbirth interval (≤18, 19-35, or ≥36 months). We used multivariable ordinal logistic regression, adjusted for confounders, to determine the factors associated with having a longer interbirth interval among women with second- or higher-order births (n = 245). Results: Approximately 37.4% of study participants had a short interbirth interval. Women who immigrated to the United States for educational (aOR = 4.57; 95% CI, 1.57-9.58) or employment opportunities (aOR = 2.27; 95% CI, 1.07-5.31) had higher odds of reporting a longer interbirth interval (19-35 or ≥36 months) than women born in the United States. Women born in an African country had 0.79 times the odds (aOR = 0.79; 95% CI, 0.02-0.98) of being in a higher category of interbirth interval. Conclusion and Global Health Implications: Although all birthing women should be counseled on optimal birth spacing through the use of postpartum contraception, immigrant and refugee women would benefit from further research and policy and program interventions to help them in achieving optimal birth spacing. SRH research in African immigrant and refugee communities is especially important for identifying ameliorable factors for improving birth spacing.

Adolescent pregnancy outcomes in Jos, North Central Nigeria: The roles of disclosure and social support systems.

Adolescent pregnancy is mostly unintended and an indicator of unmet sexual and reproductive health (SRH) needs. In most African cultures, sociocultural and religious expectations of chastity make unintended adolescent pregnancy a traumatic experience. This study examined the roles of disclosure and social support networks in determining adolescent pregnancy outcomes in Jos, Nigeria. Using a qualitative design, we conducted in-depth interviews with 17 young persons aged 16-24 years, recruited through purposive and snowballing sampling methods. Data were analysed using an inductive approach. Informal social support networks, mainly mothers and close friends, played prominent roles in pregnancy disclosure. The fear of unsafe abortion complications and lack of other options forced most participants into early motherhood. Parenting issues also contributed to unintended adolescent pregnancies. Participants noted that adolescent males had better access to contraceptive devices like condoms. Additionally, the absence of formal opportunities for institutional support through education and youth-friendly SRH services constituted barriers to preventing unintended adolescent pregnancies. Considering the important role family plays, preventing unintended adolescent pregnancies requires empowering parents on SRH communication. A gender-based approach to adolescent-friendly SRH services is recommended. The Nigerian government needs to reconsider how to provide contextually-acceptable comprehensive sexuality education to young people.