Static spacers play a crucial role in the treatment of complex periprosthetic joint infections of the knee.

PURPOSE: To determine the superior spacer design, a growing number of studies are comparing treatment results between patients having been treated with articulating and static knee spacers in the setting of two-stage revision for periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). In contrast, the primary objective of this study was to compare preoperative characteristics between patients from both spacer groups and examine whether significant differences were present prior to spacer implantation. METHODS: This retrospective, single-centre, cohort study examined the preoperative situation of 80 consecutive knee PJIs between 2017 and 2020. All patients underwent two-stage revision, with 35 (44%) receiving an articulating and 45 (56%) a static spacer. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in terms of patient gender (p = 0.083), age (p = 0.666), comorbidity (p = 0.1) and preoperative clinical function (p = 0.246). Static spacers were significantly more often used in the presence of a periarticular fistula (p = 0.033), infection of a revision implant (p < 0.001), higher degree of bone loss (p < 0.001) and infection caused by a difficult-to-treat pathogen (p = 0.038). Complication and revision rates were similar for both spacer types during the interim period, while patients with articulating spacers demonstrated a superior clinical function (p < 0.001) during the interim period and after reimplantation. CONCLUSION: Static spacers are being utilised in significantly more complex and unfavourable preoperative scenarios. Therefore, a preoperative selection bias may be at least partially accountable for any disparities observed in postoperative outcomes. To achieve the best possible results, surgeons should know and respect the distinct indications of static and articulating spacers and consequently understand and use them as complementary surgical options. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

Enhanced antibiotic release from bone cement spacers utilizing dual antibiotic loading with elevated vancomycin concentrations in two-stage revision for periprosthetic joint infection.

PURPOSE: Antibiotic loaded bone cement spacers provide high local antibiotic concentrations, preserve bone stock, and reduce soft tissue contractions. The objective of this in-vitro study was to compare antibiotic release from spacers, aiming to discover the most optimal preparation and identify modifiable factors that can further enhance antibiotic release. METHODS: Six distinct spacer preparation were created using three different bone cements and manual incorporation of antibiotics. During a six-week period, the release of antibiotics from each spacer was measured individually at ten predetermined time points using a chemiluminescent immunoassay. RESULTS: Manually adding 4 g of vancomycin to every 40 g of "Palacos R + G" yielded the most favorable release profile. Throughout all preparations, antibiotic release consistently and significantly decreased over the six-week period. When incorporating a higher concentration of vancomycin, a significantly higher cumulative release of vancomycin was observed, with varying effects on the release of gentamicin. The choice of bone cement had a significant impact on antibiotic release. CONCLUSION: To enhance antibiotic release from spacers, surgeons should manually incorporate high antibiotic concentrations into the most appropriate bone cement and keep the interim period as short as possible. Specifically, we suggest manual incorporation of 4 g of vancomycin to every 40 g of gentamicin premixed "Palacos R + G" to create bone cement spacers.

Mechanical strength of antibiotic-loaded PMMA spacers in two-stage revision surgery.

BACKGROUND: Antibiotic-loaded polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement spacers provide high local antibiotic concentrations and patient mobility during the interim period of two-stage revision for periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). This study compares mechanical characteristics of six dual antibiotic-loaded bone cement (dALBC) preparations made from three different PMMA bone cements. The study`s main objective was to determine the effect of time and antibiotic concentration on mechanical strength of dALBCs frequently used for spacer fabrication in the setting of two-stage revision for PJI. METHODS: A total of 84 dual antibiotic-loaded bone cement specimens made of either Copal spacem, Copal G + V or Palacos R + G were fabricated. Each specimen contained 0.5 g of gentamicin and either 2 g (low concentration) or 4 g (high concentration) of vancomycin powder per 40 g bone cement. The bending strength was determined at two different timepoints, 24 h and six weeks after spacer fabrication, using the four-point bending test. RESULTS: Preparations made from Copal G + V showed the highest bending strength after incubation for 24 h with a mean of 57.6 ± 1.2 MPa (low concentration) and 50.4 ± 4.4 MPa (high concentration). After incubation for six weeks the bending strength had decreased in all six preparations and Palacos R + G showed the highest bending strength in the high concentration group (39.4 ± 1.6 MPa). All low concentration preparations showed superior mechanical strength compared to their high concentration (4 g of vancomycin) counterpart. This difference was statistically significant for Copal spacem and Copal G + V (both p < 0.001), but not for Palacos R + G (p = 0.09). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that mechanical strength of antibiotic-loaded PMMA bone cement critically decreases even over the short time period of six weeks, which is the recommended interim period in the setting of two-stage revision. This potentially results in an increased risk for PMMA spacer fracture at the end of the interim period and especially in patients with prolonged interim periods. Finally, we conclude that intraoperative addition of 4 g of vancomycin powder per 40 g of gentamicin-premixed Palacos R + G (Group D) is mechanically the preparation of choice if a dual antibiotic-loaded bone cement spacer with high antibiotic concentrations and good stability is warranted. In any case the written and signed informed consent including the off-label use of custom-made antibiotic-loaded PMMA bone cement spacers must be obtained before surgery.

Quality of life, infection control, and complication rates using a novel custom-made articulating hip spacer during two-stage revision for periprosthetic joint infection.

INTRODUCTION: Two-stage revision remains the gold standard treatment for most chronically infected and complex total hip arthroplasty infections. To improve patient outcome and reduce complication rates, we have developed a novel custom-made articulating hip spacer technique and present our short-term results. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between November 2017 and November 2019, 27 patients (mean age 70 years) underwent two-stage revision for periprosthetic joint infection of the hip using the articulating spacer design described here. We retrospectively analyzed spacer-related complications as well as rates for complication, infection control, and implant survivorship after final reimplantation. Furthermore, we prospectively collected patient-reported health-related quality of life (HRQoL) scores prior to spacer implantation, with the spacer and after reimplantation of the new prosthesis. RESULTS: An additional round of spacer exchange was performed in two patients (8.3%), persistent wound discharge was the reason in both cases. We had one (4.2%) spacer-related mechanical complication, a dislocation that was treated with closed reduction. After reimplantation, infection control was achieved in 96% with an implant survivorship of 92% after a mean follow-up time of 19 (range 7-32, SD 7.2) months. While the scores for VR-12 MCS, VAS hip pain and patient-reported overall satisfaction significantly improved after first stage surgery, the scores for WOMAC, UCLA and VR-12 PCS significantly improved after second stage surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Our two-stage approach for periprosthetic joint infection shows high infection eradication and implant survivorship rates at short-term follow-up. Spacer-related complication rates were low, and we achieved high patient satisfaction rates and low pain levels already during the spacer period. To further simplify comparison between different spacer designs, we propose a new hip spacer classification system.

What Is the Long-term (27- to 32-year) Survivorship of an Uncemented Tapered Titanium Femoral Component and Survival in Patients Younger Than 50 Years?

BACKGROUND: Uncemented femoral components in primary THA are in widespread use, especially in patients younger than 50 years, but few studies have evaluated their survival into the late third and early fourth decade. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: We evaluated (1) survivorship using femoral revision for any reason as the endpoint, (2) survivorship using femoral revision for aseptic loosening as the endpoint, (3) survival in patients younger than 50 years, (4) cumulative incidence of stem revision for periprosthetic femoral fracture and (5) the overall risk of revision (change of any part of the implanted components) at a minimum of 27 years of follow-up with an uncemented tapered titanium stem still in clinical use today. METHODS: We reviewed the clinical and radiographic results of 326 THAs performed in 326 patients (for 28 patients with bilateral THA, only the first hip was included in the analysis to ensure independent observations) using an uncemented grit-blasted, tapered collarless titanium alloy (TiAl6Nb7) stem between January 1985 and December 1989. In that same timeframe, we performed 1038 primary THAs. During that time, we used cementless stems in patients without severe femoral canal deformity and adequate bone stock for uncemented femoral fixation as determined by using the indication criteria described by the developer. In all, 34% (354 of 1038) were cementless; all cementless stems implanted during that time were the stem being studied here. No others were used. The mean (range) age at the time of surgery was 56 years (13-81 years). Sixty-seven patients were younger than 50 years at the time of primary THA. A competing risk survivorship analysis was used to estimate long-term survival. The minimum follow-up was 27 years (mean 28 years; range 27-32 years); at that time, 169 patients had died, and four patients were lost to follow-up. RESULTS: Survivorship at 28 years with revision of the femoral component for any reason as the endpoint was 87% (95% CI 83 to 90). Survivorship for femoral revision for aseptic loosening as the endpoint was 94% at 28 years (95% CI 90 to 96). Survival in patients younger than 50 years at the time of primary THA was 89% (95% CI 78 to 95) and 95% (95% CI 86 to 98) at 28 years for the endpoints of all stem revisions and aseptic stem loosening, respectively. The overall cumulative incidence of stem revision for periprosthetic femoral fracture was 4% (95% CI 2 to 7) at 28 years. The overall THA survival rate at 28 years with revision for any reason as the endpoint was 57% (95% CI 51 to 62). CONCLUSIONS: Uncemented femoral fixation of a tapered collarless titanium alloy stem was reliable into the early fourth decade, especially in patients younger than 50 years. Late stem failures in the third and early fourth decade were mainly because of periprosthetic femoral fracture, while aseptic loosening occurred in undersized stems during the early second decade. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, therapeutic study.

Retrospective analysis of 51 intralesionally treated cases with progressed giant cell tumor of the bone: local adjuvant use of hydrogen peroxide reduces the risk for tumor recurrence.

BACKGROUND: Giant cell tumor of the bone (GCT) has high local recurrence rates and the prognosis is hard to predict. We therefore retrospectively analyzed clinical outcome and recurrences of 51 GCT cases focusing on the effects of adjuvant local use of hydrogen peroxide. METHODS: The series enclosed 51 advanced GCT cases of the upper and lower extremities (n = 27 Campanacci grade III; n = 24 grade II; n = 39 surgery at our institution, n = 12 elsewhere). Mean follow-up was 88.3 (± 62.0) months. Surgical details, histology, metastases, recurrences, and interview-based data on satisfaction and function including the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) score were evaluated. It was investigated whether hydrogen peroxide was additionally used or not to clean the tumor cavity after curettage as we hypothesized influence on recurrences. To analyze the underlying mechanisms, GCT-derived stromal cell lines were cultured in vitro and tested for cell viability and apoptosis after treatment with hydrogen peroxide. Statistical analysis was performed with Student's t tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc testing, Mann-Whitney U tests, chi-square tests, Kaplan-Meier analysis, and multivariate Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: The whole series had 21 recurrences (41%). Eleven recurrences were found (28%) after surgery at our institution. Kaplan-Meier analysis of cumulative recurrence-free survival revealed at 2 years follow-up 69% (72%, only our institution) and at 10 years follow-up 54% (68%, only our institution). Intralesional resection was performed by vigorous curettage, burring, and defect filling with either polymethylmethacrylate bone cement (n = 45) or cancellous bone from the iliac crest (n = 6). Univariate chi-square analysis showed significantly lower recurrence rate after bone cement filling (2.3-fold, p = 0.024). Cleaning of the lesion cavity with hydrogen peroxide significantly reduced recurrence rate (whole collective 2.9-fold, p = 0.004; our institution 2.8-fold, p = 0.04) and significantly increased cumulative recurrence-free survival rate (whole collective at 10 years follow-up 74% versus 31%, p = 0.002; our institution 79% versus 48%, p = 0.02) compared to cases without hydrogen peroxide treatment. In multivariate analysis, significant risk factors for recurrence were pathological fracture (hazard ratio 3.7; p = 0.04), high mitosis rate (hazard ratio 15.6; p = 0.01), and lack of hydrogen peroxide use (hazard ratio 6.0; p = 0.02). In vitro cell culture analyses found apoptotic nature of hydrogen peroxide induced GCT cell death. CONCLUSIONS: The present series proved for the first time that additional cleaning of the tumor cavity with hydrogen peroxide before defect filling significantly reduced recurrence rate and significantly increased recurrence-free survival in advanced but intralesionally treated GCT cases.

Outcome of conservative and surgical treatment of enchondromas and atypical cartilaginous tumors of the long bones: retrospective analysis of 228 patients.

BACKGROUND: Sufficient data on outcome of patients with clinically and radiologically aggressive enchondromas and atypical cartilaginous tumors (ACT) is lacking. We therefore analyzed both conservatively and surgically treated patients with lesions, which were not distinguishable between benign enchondroma and low-grade malignant ACT based upon clinical and radiologic appearance. METHODS: The series included 228 consecutive cases with a follow-up > 24 months to assess radiological, histological, and clinical outcome including recurrences and complications. Pain, satisfaction, functional limitations, and the musculoskeletal tumor society (MSTS) score were evaluated to judge both function and emotional acceptance at final follow-up. RESULTS: Follow-up took place at a mean of 82 (median 75) months. The 228 patients all had comparable clinical and radiological findings. Of these, 153 patients were treated conservatively, while the other 75 patients underwent intralesional curettage. Besides clinical and radiological aggressiveness, most lesions were histologically judged as benign enchondromas. 9 cases were determined to be ACT, while the remaining 7 cases had indeterminate histology. After surgery, three patients developed a recurrence, and a further seven had complications of which six were related to osteosynthesis. Both groups had excellent and almost equal MSTS scores of 96 and 97%, respectively, but significantly less functional limitations were found in the non-surgery group. Further sub-analyses were performed to reduce selection bias. Sub-analysis of histologically diagnosed enchondromas in the surgery group found more pain, less function, and worse MSTS score compared to the non-surgery group. Sub-analysis of smaller lesions (< 4.4 cm) did not show significant differences. In contrast, larger lesions displayed significantly worse results after surgery compared to conservative treatment (enchondromas > 4.4 cm: MSTS score: 94.0% versus 97.3%, p = 0.007; pain 2.3 versus 0.8, p = 0.001). The majority of lesions treated surgically was filled with polymethylmethacrylate bone-cement, while the remainder was filled with cancellous-bone, without significant difference in clinical outcome. CONCLUSION: Feasibility of intralesional curettage strategies for symptomatic benign to low-grade malignant chondrogenic tumors was supported. Surgery, however, did not prove superior compared to conservative clinical and radiological observation. Due to the low risk of transformation into higher-grade tumors and better functional results, more lesions might just be observed if continuous follow-up is assured.

Enchondromas and atypical cartilaginous tumors at the proximal humerus treated with intralesional resection and bone cement filling with or without osteosynthesis: retrospective analysis of 42 cases with 6 years mean follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Enchondromas and atypical cartilaginous tumors (ACT) are often located at the proximal humerus. Most lesions can be followed conservatively, but surgical resection may alleviate pain, avoid pathological fractures, and prevent transformation into higher grade chondrosarcomas. Rigorous intralesional resection and filling with polymethylmethacrylate bone cement has been proposed for enchondromas but also for ACT, as an alternative for extralesional resection. We intended to analyze radiological, clinical, and functional outcome of this strategy and compare bone cement without osteosynthesis to bone cement compound osteosynthesis, which has not been analyzed so far. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 42 consecutive patients (mean follow-up 73 months; range 8-224) after curettage and bone cement filling with or without osteosynthesis. Exclusion criteria were Ollier's disease and cancellous bone filling. Twenty-five patients only received bone cement. Seventeen patients received additional proximal humerus plate for compound osteosynthesis to increase stability after curettage. Demographics and radiological and clinical outcome were analyzed including surgery time, blood loss, hospitalization, recurrences, and complications. An additional telephone interview at the final follow-up assessed postoperative satisfaction, pain, and function in the quick disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand (DASH) score and the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) score. Statistics included the Student T tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, and chi-square tests. RESULTS: No osteosynthesis compared to compound osteosynthesis showed smaller tumors (4.2 (± 1.5) cm versus 6.6 (± 3.0) cm; p = 0.005) and smaller bone cement fillings after curettage (5.7 (± 2.1) cm versus 9.6 (± 3.2) cm; p = 0.0001). A score evaluating preoperative scalloping and soft-tissue extension did not significantly differ (1.9 (± 0.9) versus 2.0 (± 1.0); rating scale 0-4; p = 0.7). Both groups showed high satisfaction (9.2 (± 1.5) versus 9.2 (± 0.9); p = 0.5) and low pain (1.0(±1.7) versus 1.9(±1.8); p = 0.1) in a rating scale from 0 to 10. Clinical and functional outcome was excellent for both groups in the DASH score (6.0 (± 11.8) versus 11.0 (± 13.2); rating scale 0-100; p = 0.2) and the MSTS score (29.0 (± 1.7) versus 28.7 (± 1.1); rating scale 0-30; p = 0.3). One enchondroma recurrence was found in the group without osteosynthesis. Complications (one fracture and one intra-articular screw) were only detected after osteosynthesis. Osteosynthesis had longer surgery time (70 (± 21) min versus 127 (± 22) min; p < 0.0001), more blood loss (220 (± 130) ml versus 460 (± 210) ml; p < 0.0001), and longer stay in the hospital (6 (± 2) days versus 8 (± 2) days; p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Intralesional tumor resection was oncologically safe and clinically successful with or without osteosynthesis. Osteosynthesis did not reduce the risk for fracture but was more invasive.

Bone morphogenetic proteins - 7 and - 2 in the treatment of delayed osseous union secondary to bacterial osteitis in a rat model.

BACKGROUND: Bone infections due to trauma and subsequent delayed or impaired fracture healing represent a great challenge in orthopedics and trauma surgery. The prevalence of such bacterial infection-related types of delayed non-union is high in complex fractures, particularly in open fractures with additional extensive soft-tissue damage. The aim of this study was to establish a rat model of delayed osseous union secondary to bacterial osteitis and investigate the impact of rhBMP-7 and rhBMP-2 on fracture healing in the situation of an ongoing infection. METHODS: After randomization to four groups 72 Sprague-Dawley rats underwent a transverse fracture of the midshaft tibia stabilized by intramedullary titanium K-wires. Three groups received an intramedullary inoculation with Staphylococcus aureus (103 colony-forming units) before stabilization and the group without bacteria inoculation served as healing control. After 5 weeks, a second surgery was performed with irrigation of the medullary canal and local rhBMP-7 and rhBMP-2 treatment whereas control group and infected control group received sterile saline. After further 5 weeks rats were sacrificed and underwent biomechanical testing to assess the mechanical stability of the fractured bone. Additional micro-CT analysis, histological, and histomorphometric analysis were done to evaluate bone consolidation or delayed union, respectively, and to quantify callus formation and the mineralized area of the callus. RESULTS: Biomechanical testing showed a significantly higher fracture torque in the non-infected control group and the infected rhBMP-7- and rhBMP-2 group compared with the infected control group (p < 0.001). RhBMP-7 and rhBMP-2 groups did not show statistically significant differences (p = 0.57). Histological findings supported improved bone-healing after rhBMP treatment but quantitative micro-CT and histomorphometric results still showed significantly more hypertrophic callus tissue in all three infected groups compared to the non-infected group. Results from a semiquantitative bone-healing-score revealed best bone-healing in the non-infected control group. The expected chronic infection was confirmed in all infected groups. CONCLUSIONS: In delayed bone healing secondary to infection rhBMP treatment promotes bone healing with no significant differences in the healing efficacy of rhBMP-2 and rhBMP-7 being noted. Further new therapeutic bone substitutes should be analyzed with the present rat model for delayed osseous union secondary to bacterial osteitis.

Increased bone formation in a rabbit long-bone defect model after single local and single systemic application of erythropoietin.

Background and purpose - Delayed bone healing with non-union is a common problem. Further options to increase bone healing together with surgery are needed. We therefore evaluated a 1-dose single application of erythropoietin (EPO), applied either locally to the defect or systemically during surgery, in a critical-size rabbit long-bone defect. Material and methods - 19 New Zealand White rabbits received a 15-mm defect in the radius diaphysis. An absorbable gelatin sponge was soaked with saline (control group and systemic treatment group) or EPO (local treatment group) and implanted into the gap. The systemic treatment group received EPO subcutaneously. In vivo micro-CT analysis was performed 4, 8, and 12 weeks postoperatively. Vascularization was evaluated histologically. Results - Semiquantitative histomorphometric and radiological evaluation showed increased bone formation (2.3- to 2.5-fold) in both treatment groups after 12 weeks compared to the controls. Quantitative determination of bone volume and tissue volume showed superior bone healing after EPO treatment at all follow-up time points, with the highest values after 12 weeks in locally treated animals (3.0- to 3.4-fold). More vascularization was found in both EPO treatment groups. Interpretation - Initial single dosing with EPO was sufficient to increase bone healing substantially after 12 weeks of follow-up. Local application inside the defect was most effective, and it can be administered directly during surgery. Apart from effects on ossification, systemic and local EPO treatment leads to increased callus vascularization.

Clinical long-term outcome, technical success, and cost analysis of radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of osteoblastomas and spinal osteoid osteomas in comparison to open surgical resection.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical success and costs of computed tomography (CT)-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of osteoblastoma (OB) and spinal osteoid osteoma (OO). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nineteen patients with OB and eight patients with spinal OO were treated with CT-guided RFA. The OBs were localized in the extremities (n = 10), the vertebral column (n = 2), and (juxta-)articular (n = 7). Dedicated procedural techniques included three-dimensional CT-guided access planning in all cases, overlapping RFA needle positions (median, two positions; range, 1-6 RF-electrode positions) within the OB nidus (multiple ablation technique, n = 15), and thermal protection in case of adjacent neural structure in four spinal OO. The data of eight operated OB and ten operated spinal OO patients were used for comparison. Long-term success was assessed by clinical examination and using a questionnaire sent to all operated and RFA-treated patients including visual analogue scales (VAS) regarding the effect of RFA on severity of pain and limitations of daily activities (0-10, with 0 = no pain/limitation up to 10 = maximum or most imaginable pain/limitation). RESULTS: All patients had a clear and persistent pain reduction until the end of follow-up. The mean VAS score for all spinal OO patients and all OB patients treated either with RFA or with surgical excision significantly decreased for severity of pain at night, severity of pain during the day, and both for limitations of daily and of sports activities. CONCLUSIONS: RFA is an efficient method for treating OB and spinal OO and should be regarded as the first-line therapy after interdisciplinary individual case discussion.

Impact and Modification of the New PJI-TNM Classification for Periprosthetic Joint Infections.

The comprehensive "PJI-TNM classification" for the description of periprosthetic joint infections (PJI) was introduced in 2020. Its structure is based on the well-known oncological TNM classification to appreciate the complexity, severity, and diversity of PJIs. The main goal of this study is to implement the new PJI-TNM classification into the clinical setting to determine its therapeutic and prognostic value and suggest modifications to further improve the classification for clinical routine use. A retrospective cohort study was conducted at our institution between 2017 and 2020. A total of 80 consecutive patients treated with a two-stage revision for periprosthetic knee joint infection were included. We retrospectively assessed correlations between patients' preoperative PJI-TNM classification and their therapy and outcome and identified several statistically significant correlations for both classifications, the original and our modified version. We have demonstrated that both classifications provide reliable predictions already at the time of diagnosis regarding the invasiveness of surgery (duration of surgery, blood and bone loss during surgery), likelihood of reimplantation, and patient mortality during the first 12 months after diagnosis. Orthopedic surgeons can use the classification system preoperatively as an objective and comprehensive tool for therapeutic decisions and patient information (informed consent). In the future, comparisons between different treatment options for truly similar preoperative baseline situations can be obtained for the first time. Clinicians and researchers should be familiar with the new PJI-TNM classification and start implementing it into their routine practice. Our adjusted and simplified version ("PJI-pTNM") might be a more convenient alternative for the clinical setting.

Reply to Alt et al. Comment on "Lunz et al. Impact and Modification of the New PJI-TNM Classification for Periprosthetic Joint Infections. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1262".

We greatly appreciate the comments made by Alt et al. [...].

Is Negative Pressure Wound Therapy with Instillation Suitable for the Treatment of Acute Periprosthetic Hip Joint Infection?

BACKGROUND: Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) can be devastating for the patient and demanding for the surgeon. In acute PJI, attempts are made to retain the prosthesis by debridement of the infected tissue, targeted antibiotic therapy and an exchange of modular components with implant retention (DAIR). There has been sparse research with adjunctive negative pressure wound treatment with wound irrigation (NPWTI) on the treatment outcome. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: The goal was to assess the efficacy of our protocol of DAIR with adjunctive NPWTI in acute PJI and to reduce the need for later additional DAIR and Irrigation and Debridement (I and D). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Our cohort of 30 patients (31 hips) with acute PJI was divided into two groups based on symptom presentation up to 6 weeks or >6 weeks from prior (index) surgery (acute early or acute late groups, respectively). All received DAIR with an exchange of modular components and NPWTI with polyhexanide instillation, with the goal of bacterial elimination and biofilm elimination. Postoperatively, the patients were followed up clinically and radiographically for a mean of 4.3 years. RESULTS: Of the 31 PJI hips, 19 were early acute and 12 were late acute. In total, 21 hips had no evidence of residual infection, 10 required further surgical revision: 1 due to dislocation and 9 due to infection. Of these nine, seven had a removal of all the components and two were treated with irrigation and debridement (I and D), with the demise of one patient from pneumonia shortly after the procedure. The Kaplan-Meier 60-month revision free implant survival from infection was 73.2% (CI: 58.9-91.0%) and at the final follow up, the mean Harris Hip Score (HHS) was 81.1 ± 11.8 and the mean WOMAC score was 33.3 ± 20.1. CONCLUSIONS: Our results are in line with those reported in prior studies. However, the utility of our protocol is inconclusive and needs further evaluation based on our small cohort and the lack of a control group. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Sensitivity of notochordal disc cells to mechanical loading: an experimental animal study.

The immature disc nucleus pulposus (NP) consists of notochordal cells (NCs). With maturation NCs disappear in humans, to be replaced by chondrocyte-like mature NP cells (MNPCs); this change in cell phenotype coincidences with early signs of disc degeneration. The reasons for NC disappearance are important to understand disc degeneration, but remain unknown, yet. This study investigated, whether loading induced a change from a notochordal nucleus phenotype to a chondrocyte-like one. An in vivo disc compression model with fixateur externe was used in 36 mature rabbits. Discs were compressed for different time periods (1, 28, 56 days), and compared with uncompressed control discs (56 days without treatment), and discs with sham compression (28 days). Nucleus cell phenotype was determined by histology and immunohistochemistry. NCs, but not MNPCs highly expressed bone-morphogenetic-protein 2 and cytokeratin 8, thus NC and MNPC numbers could be determined. A histologic score was used to detect structural endplate changes after compression (28 days). Control and sham compressed discs contained around 70% NCs and 30% MNPCs, to be decreased to <10% NCs after 28-56 days of loading. NC density fell sharply by >50% after 28-56 days of compression (P < 0.05 vs. controls). Signs of decreased endplate cellularity and increased endplate sclerosis and fibrosis were found after loading. These experiments show that NCs were less resistant to mechanical stress than MNPCs suggesting that increased intradiscal pressures after loading, and limited nutrition through structurally altered endplates could instigate the disappearance of NCs.

A stature-specific concept for uncemented, primary total hip arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Variations in hip anatomy limit the femoral canal fit of standard uncemented hip stems. In addition, there are still issues with leg length discrepancy and offset reconstruction, potentially resulting in impingement, dislocation, and wear. Modular stems with different shapes for femoral canal fit and multiple neck options may improve the outcome and reduce complications. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 173 patients (190 hips) received an uncemented THA with 1 of 2 different stem shapes for canal fit and a modular neck for stature-specific hip reconstruction. Median follow-up time was 9 (7-13) years. During the follow-up period, 20 patients died (22 hips) and 12 patients (13 hips) were lost to follow-up. 155 hips were available for evaluation, including clinical and radiological outcome. RESULTS: 1 stem was revised for a periprosthetic fracture following trauma; 10 cups and 2 modular necks were revised (1 for breakage and 1 during cup revision). At 10 years, stem survival was 100%, modular neck survival was 99% (CI: 95-100), and cup survival was 94% (CI: 87-97). No leg length discrepancies were measured in 96% of cases. Offset with anatomic lateralization was achieved in 98%. Median Harris hip score was 94 (47-100) and median Merle d'Aubigné score was 16 (10-18). Relevant radiolucent lines and osteolysis were not found. INTERPRETATION: The uncemented modular neck, dual-stem system used in this series allows accurate reconstruction of the joint by adapting the implant to the needs of the patient. This may improve the outcome of primary THA, which is supported by the results of this medium-term follow-up evaluation.

Hip Spacers with a Metal-on-Cement Articulation Did Not Show Significant Surface Alterations of the Metal Femoral Head in Two-Stage Revision for Periprosthetic Joint Infection.

Two-stage revision is considered the gold standard treatment for chronic periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). During the interim period, between explantation of the infected hip endoprosthesis and revision arthroplasty, individually formed articulating hip spacers made of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement can be used to provide better soft tissue preservation, local antibiotic release, and improved postoperative mobilization. If effective prevention from luxation is achieved, hip function and hence overall patient satisfaction is improved. Zirconium oxide particles inside conventional PMMA bone cement, however, are known to enhance third-body wear, which may cause alterations of the metal head in the articulating spacer and hence become a serious risk for the patient. Therefore, the aim of our study was to analyze whether the articular surface of cobalt-chrome (CoCr) femoral heads is significantly altered in the setting of a metal-on-cement articulation during the interim period of two-stage revision for PJI. We analyzed a consecutive series of 23 spacer cases and compared them with femoral heads from two series of conventional hip arthroplasty revisions with metal-on-polyethylene articulations and different time intervals in situ. To investigate metallic wear, the femoral heads were thoroughly examined, and their surface roughness was measured and analyzed. We found no significant differences between the two conventional hip arthroplasty groups, despite their very different times in situ. Furthermore, the individually different times in situ within the spacer group had no significant impact on surface roughness, either. Compared with the spacer group, the surface roughness of the metal femoral heads from both conventional hip arthroplasty groups were even higher. Within the spacer group, roughness parameters did not show significant differences regarding the five predefined locations on the metal head. We conclude that metal-on-cement articulations do not cause enhanced surface alterations of the metal femoral head and hence do not limit the application in articulating hip spacers in the setting of two-stage revision for PJI.

Surgical therapy of benign and low-grade malignant intramedullary chondroid lesions of the distal femur: intralesional resection and bone cement filling with or without osteosynthesis.

Surgical treatment of benign and low-grade malignant intramedullary chondroid lesions at the distal femur is not well analyzed compared to higher-grade chondrosarcomas. Localization at the distal femur offers high biomechanical risks requiring sophisticated treatment strategy, but scientific guidelines are missing. We therefore wanted to analyze a series of equally treated patients with intralesional resection and bone cement filling with and without additional osteosynthesis. Twenty-two consecutive patients could be included with intralesional excision and filling with polymethylmethacrylate bone cement alone (n = 10) or with compound bone cement osteosynthesis using a locking compression plate (n = 12). Clinical and radiological outcome was retrospectively evaluated including tumor recurrences, complications, satisfaction, pain, and function. Mean follow-up was 55 months (range 7-159 months). Complication rate was generally high with lesion-associated fractures both in the osteosynthesis group (n = 2) and in the non-osteosynthesis group (n = 2). All fractures occurred in lesions that reached the diaphysis. No fractures were found in meta-epiphyseal lesions. No tumor recurrence was found until final follow-up. Clinical outcome was good to excellent for both groups, but patients with additional osteosynthesis had significantly longer surgery time, more blood loss, longer postoperative stay in the hospital, more complications, more pain, less satisfaction, and worse functional outcome. Intralesional resection strategy was oncologically safe without local recurrences but revealed high risk of biomechanical complications if the lesion reached the diaphysis with an equal fracture rate no matter whether osteosynthesis was used or not. Additional osteosynthesis significantly worsened final clinical outcome and had more overall complications. This study may help guide surgeons to avoid overtreatment with additional osteosynthesis after curettage and bone cement filling of intramedullary lesions of the distal femur. Meta-epiphyseal lesions will need additional osteosynthesis rarely, contrary to diaphyseal lesions with considerable cortical thinning.

Initial peri- and postoperative antibiotic treatment of infected nonunions: results from 212 consecutive patients after mean follow-up of 34 months.

PURPOSE: Infected nonunions of the long bones belong to the most feared complications in the field of orthopedic and trauma surgery. Optimal antibiotic therapy should start early with the first revision surgery. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate our peri- and postoperative antibiotic regime in context with the microbial spectrum and antibiotic resistances of patients with infected nonunions and to assess the possible impact on healing rates. METHODS: We included all patients with first revision surgery during 2010-2015 due to nonunion of long bones with a clinical history of infection treated with radical debridement, local application of a gentamicin-impregnated bone cement, and systemic cefuroxime. Mean follow-up was 34.2 months. Data collection was performed retrospectively using a computerized databank with information about microbial species from intraoperatively acquired tissue samples and respective antibiograms. Bone fusion rates were evaluated based on findings of the latest X-rays and computed tomography scans. RESULTS: Two hundred and twelve patients with nonunion and history of infection were selected; 171 patients had positive intraoperative microbial evidence of infection. Bacterial testing was mostly positive in fractures of the tibia (47.4%) and the femur (27.5%). Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. were the most frequently detected (44.4%) followed by mixed infections (18.7%) and Staphylococcus aureus (10.5%). Antibiograms revealed that 62.6% of our cases were cefuroxime sensitive; 87.7% were gentamicin sensitive. Only 10.5% showed resistance to both cefuroxime and gentamicin. There was no statistically significant difference of fusion rates between patients with different microbial species or different antibiograms. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that besides the high variety of different detected species, initial antibiotic treatment with a combination of systemic cefuroxime and local gentamicin-loaded bone cement is effective and in almost 90% the later determined microbial infection was sensitive to this treatment. Therefore, we recommend initial treatment according to this algorithm until specific antibiograms are available from intraoperatively acquired tissue samples.

Changes in gene expression and protein distribution at different stages of mechanically induced disc degeneration--an in vivo study on the New Zealand white rabbit.

The objective of the study was to improve the biological understanding of degenerative disc disease using a rabbit model in which different stages of disc degeneration are induced by variation of the duration of loading with an external compression-device applying 2.4 MPa. Gene expression and protein distribution were analyzed in controls and after 1, 28, and 56 days of hyperphysiologic loading. To evaluate extracellular matrix genes, quantitative real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was applied for collagen I, collagen II, biglycan, decorin, fibromodulin, fibronectin, aggrecan, and osteonectin. As representatives of catabolic, anticatabolic, and anabolic factors, matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13), tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) were chosen. To evaluate protein distribution, immunohistochemistry was performed for collagen I, collagen II, and BMP-2/4. Matrix gene expression was characterized by two major developments: collagen I and II, biglycan, and decorin showed early elevation followed by later downregulation to control levels, whereas fibromodulin, fibronectin, aggrecan, and osteonectin showed continuous upregulation or remained at similar levels. Induction of MMP-13 gene expression was found in degenerated discs. TIMP-1 and BMP-2 were elevated immediately after hyperphysiologic loading and presented highest levels in the 56-day group. Immunohistochemistry showed less collagen II and BMP-2/4 positive cells after compression. In conclusion, elevated matrix gene expression represents an early cellular response to hyperphysiologic loading. As degeneration progresses, some matrix genes increase upregulation, whereas others start downregulation. Continuous upregulation of catabolic, anticatabolic, and anabolic factors indicates their important role in the degeneration process.