Toxicological assessment of dietary exposure of polyethylene microplastics on growth, nutrient digestibility, carcass and gut histology of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings.

This study was conducted to ascertain the negative effects of dietary low-density polyethylene microplastics (LDPE-MPs) exposure on growth, nutrient digestibility, body composition and gut histology of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Six sunflower meal-based diets (protein 30.95%; fat 8.04%) were prepared; one was the control (0%) and five were incorporated with LDPE-MPs at levels of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% in sunflower meal-based diets. A total of eighteen experimental tanks, each with 15 fingerlings, were used in triplicates. Fish were fed at the rate of 5% biomass twice a day for 60 days. Results revealed that best values of growth, nutrient digestibility, body composition and gut histology were observed by control diet, while 10% exposure to LDPE-MPs significantly (P < 0.05) reduced weight gain (WG%, 85.04%), specific growth rate (SGR%, 0.68%), and increased FCR (3.92%). The findings showed that higher level of LDPE-MPs (10%) exposure in the diet of O. niloticus negatively affects nutrient digestibility. Furthermore, the results revealed that the higher concentration of LDPE-MPs (10%) had a detrimental impact on crude protein (11.92%) and crude fat (8.04%). A high number of histological lesions were seen in gut of fingerlings exposed to LDPE-MPs. Hence, LDPE-MPs potentially harm the aquatic health.

Stimulatory effect of dietary alpha-lipoic acid on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, liver enzymes, immunity and protection of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (B.), Edwardsiella tarda infection.

Edwardsiella tarda is one of the most common causes of fish diseases that hinder aquaculture. Oxidative stress in farm animals can induce a number of pathological disorders, production and general animal welfare. The use of exogenous dietary nonenzymatic antioxidants such as alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) can stop a pro-oxidant state and thus appears to have the potential to modulate the immune system and protect fish from bacterial infection. Thus, this study investigates the stimulatory effect of dietary ALA on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, liver enzymes, immunity and protection of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (B.), against an infection with E. tarda. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets (400 g/kg of crude protein) containing ALA at doses of 0.0 (control), 500, 1000, 1500 or 2000 mg/kg diet were served to 300 juveniles of African catfish (mean weight = 8.2 ± 0.2 g) adequately thrice per day for 12 weeks. Thereafter, 0.1 mL of E. tarda (ATCC 15947; 1.0 × 108 CFU/mL) was intraperitoneally injected into 10 fish from each tank and was monitored for 14 days. The results showed that ALA-fortified diets significantly boosted the fish growth, feed consumption and utilization and feed conversion ratio but no did not affect fish survival rate. The highest final fish weight (g), weight growth (g) and weight gain (%) were all considerably higher in fish fed with ALA-fortified diets (p < 0.05), especially from 1000 to 200 mg/kg ALA than the control group. Also, an enhanced hemato-biochemical, antioxidant and immune indices were noticed in African catfish-fed ALA-enriched diets. In a dose-dependent order, the levels of haematological indices such Ht, Hb, RBCs, WBCs and platelets were markedly increased (p < 0.05). Additionally, fish fed with ALA-based diets showed substantial (p < 0.05) declines in aspartate and alanine aminotransferase values, with the lowest values being found in the 2000 mg/kg diet while control group had highest values. Further, African catfish fed the feed fortified with 2000 mg ALA/kg diet showed the highest levels of lysozyme, respiratory burst, proteases and esterase activities (p < 0.05). Following exposure of fish to E. tarda infection, a significant reduction in the mortality was obtained in African catfish fed with ALA-based diets, especially from 1500 to 2000 mg ALA/kg diet (3.3%); while fish fed with the control diet had highest mortality (86.7%). Therefore, diets supplemented with ALA evoked fish growth performance, antioxidants and nonspecific immunity of African catfish. Also, resistance of African catfish to E. Tarda infection were raised when fed ALA-fortified diets at optimum inclusion rate of 1300 mg ALA/kg diet.

Evaluation of growth, nutrient absorption, body composition and blood indices under dietary exposure of iron oxide nanoparticles in Common carp (Cyprinus carpio).

The bioavailability, small size and direct absorption in the blood, make nanoparticles (NPs) a remarkable feed additive in the aquaculture industry. Therefore, dietary iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2 O3 -NPs) were used to examine their effects on growth, nutrient absorption, body composition and blood indices in Cyprinus carpio (Common carp) fingerlings. Healthy C. carpio fingerlings (n = 270) were fed with six canola meal based experimental diets (D1-control, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6) supplemented with 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/kg Fe2 O3 -NPs respectively. A total of 15 fingerlings (average initial weight 5.51 ± 0.04 g/fish) were kept in triplicates for 70 days. The results indicated that maximum growth performance, apparent digestibility coefficient, body composition and haematological parameters were observed in 40 mg/kg Fe2 O3 -NPs supplementation. All the experimental diets were significantly improved (p < 0.05) in all the above parameters than control diet. In the present research, the recommended dosage of Fe2 O3 -NPs as dietary supplement is 40 mg/kg for improving the growth, nutrient absorption, body composition and haematological indices in C. carpio fingerlings. Hence, this study demonstrates the potential of NPs to improve the health of fish.

Impact of feeding biochar sources in rohu (Labeo rohita): Evaluating the growth, nutrient absorption, carcass composition, haematology and mineral status.

Biochar, an organic carbonaceous matter, is a unique feed additive that is now being used in aquaculture industry to formulate a cost-effective and eco-friendly diet. This experiment (in door) was conducted over course of 90 days to determine the most effective form of biochar, produced from various sources, for supplementation in Moringa oleifera seed meal-based diet. These sources were: farmyard manure biochar, parthenium biochar (PB), vegetable waste biochar, poultry waste biochar (PWB) and corncob waste biochar, added at 2 g/kg concentration to determine the effect of supplementation on the growth indices, nutrient absorption, carcass composition, haematology and mineral status of Labeo rohita (rohu) fingerlings. The research design consisted of six test diets with three replications (6 × 3) of each. Total of 270 fingerlings (6.30 ± 0.020 g) were fed at 5% body weight and 15 of them were kept in separate steel tanks. The results indicated that PWB was most effective in improving weight gain (285.58 ± 4.54%) and feed conversion ratio (1.060 ± 0.040) compared to control diet and other test diets. The same type of biochar (PWB) produced the best results for nutrient digestibility, that is, crude protein, crude fat and gross energy and carcass composition. In terms of haematology and mineral status, PWB showed the best results. In conclusion, it was found that PWB significantly enhanced (p < 0.05) L. rohita fingerling's growth, carcass composition, nutrient digestibility, haematological parameters (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and haemoglobin) and mineral composition (Ca, Na, P, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, K and Cu) whereas PB negatively affected all parameters. It is anticipated that the potential use of biochar will increase in aquaculture industry, as research on its incorporation in fish feeds is still limited.

Effect of dietary Lagnaria breviflora leaves extract on the growth performance, haematological, antioxidative and immune responses of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) juveniles.

The effects of dietary Lagnaria breviflora leaves extract (LBLE) on the growth performance, feed utilisation and haematological parameters of juveniles African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (mean = 8.45 ± 0.6 g) raised in a flow water (mean temperature 26.7°C, mean pH 7.52, mean dissolved oxygen 6.05 mg/L) were assessed in this study. Diets (400 g/kg crude protein; 4631.5 kcal/kg gross energy) supplemented with LBLE at levels of 0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0 g/kg diet were served to fish in triplicates (each replicate has 20 fish) until they appeared satiated for 12 weeks. Then, they were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila infection for further 2 weeks. Fish served dietary LBLE had considerable higher weight gain (64.76 g) and specific growth rate (765.5% g/day) than the fish group fed with the control diet with a reduced feed conversion ratio (1.45) (p < 0.05). Compared to fish fed with the control diet, the villi height (146.30 µm) and width (284.35 µm) of the intestines increased greatly in a dose (LBLE in diets) dependent order. Similarly, dietary LBLE increased (p < 0.05) the packed cell volume (46.11%) and haemoglobin (17.03 g/dL), whereas 1.5 g of LBLE increased the counts of white blood cells. Glutathione S-transferase (769.43 U/mg protein), glutathione peroxidase (84.14 U/mg protein) and superoxide dismutase (433.15 U/mg protein) activities were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in fish fed with diets supplemented with LBLE compared to the control one. Additionally, dietary LBLE increased phagocytic and lysozyme activities and protected C. gariepinus against bacterial infections where the lowest death was observed in the fish fed on the diet containing 1.5 g LBLE/kg feed. These findings showed that the fish fed with LBLE/kg diet improved their immune system, antioxidant and growth performance in addition to providing protection from A. hydrophila infection with the optimum dose of 1.80 g/kg diet.

Distribution, characterization and contamination risk assessment of microplastics in the sediment from the world's top sediment-laden estuary.

Microplastics (MPs) have gained a serious attention as an emerging contaminant throughout the world because of their persistence and possible risks to aquatic ecosystems and human well-being. However, knowledge on MPs contamination from sub-tropical coastal systems is limited, and no study has been conducted on the MPs contamination in sediment from one of the highest sediment-laden estuaries, Meghna River, in the world. This is the first study to examine the quantity, morpho-chemical characteristics and contamination risk level of MPs from this large scale river. MPs were extracted from the sediment samples of 10 stations along the banks of the estuary by density separation, and then characterized using a stereomicroscope and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The incidence of MPs varied from 12.5 to 55 item/kg dry sediment with an average of 28.67 ± 10.80 item/kg. The majority (78.5%) of the MPs were under 0.5 mm in size, with fibers being the most (74.1%) prevalent MPs type. Polypropylene (PP) was found to be the predominant polymer (53.4%), followed by polyethylene (PE, 20%), polystyrene (PS, 13.3%), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC, 13.3%). The highest occurrence of PP indicted the MPs in the estuary might be originated from clothing and dying industries, fishing nets, food packages, and pulp industries. The sampling stations were contaminated with MPs as shown by the contamination factor (CF) values and pollutant load index (PLI), both of which were >1. This study exposed new insights on the status of MPs in the sediments of the Meghna River, laying the groundwork for future research. The findings will contribute to estimate the global share of MPs to the marine environment.

The Characterization and Study of Antibacterial, Free Radical Scavenging, and Anticancer Potential of Livistona chinensis-Mediated Silver Nanoparticles.

In the present research, Livistona chinensis leaf extracts were utilized as reductants to bio-fabricate silver nanoparticles (LC-AgNPs) and this was followed by the evaluation of their antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer potential. Multiple parameters were optimized for the formation and fidelity of LC-AgNPs. The color shift of the reaction mixture from yellow to dark brown confirmed the LC-AgNPs formation. UV/VIS spectroscopy exhibited a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at 436 nm. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy spectrum depicted phytochemicals in the plant extract acting as bio-reducers for LC-AgNPs synthesis. The XRD pattern confirmed the presence of LC-AgNPs by showing peaks corresponding to 2θ angle at 8.24° (111), 38.16° (200), 44.20° (220), and 64.72° (311). Zetasizer analysis exhibited size distribution by intensity of LC-AgNPs with a mean value of 255.7 d. nm. Moreover, the zeta potential indicated that the AgNPs synthesized were stable. The irregular shape of LC-AgNPs with a mean average of 38.46 ± 0.26 nm was found by scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, the antioxidant potential of LC-AgNPs was examined using a DPPH assay and was calculated to be higher in LC-AgNPs than in leaf extracts. The calculated IC50 values of the LC-AgNPs and plant extract are 85.01 ± 0.17 and 209.44 ± 0.24, respectively. The antibacterial activity of LC-AgNPs was investigated against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus subtilis as well as Staphylococcus aureus, and maximum potential was observed after 24 h against P. aeruginosa. Moreover, LC-AgNPs exhibited maximum anticancer potential against TPC1 cell lines compared to the plant extract. The findings suggested that LC-AgNPs could be used as antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer agents for the cure of free-radical-oriented bacterial and oncogenic diseases.

Au@Zr-based metal-organic framework composite as an immunosensing platform for determination of hepatitis B virus surface antigen.

An ultrasensitive electrochemical immunosensor has been prepared using an immunofunctionalized zirconium (Zr)-based metal-organic framework (MOF) with gold (Au) decoration Au@UiO-66(NH2) composite-coated glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for the determination of infectious hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). We fabricated GCE with specific composite via immune-functionalization using anti-HBsAg with Au nanoparticles embedded in UiO-66(NH2). The electrochemical sensing performance of the immunofunctionalized Au@UiO-66(NH2)/GCE with HBsAg was characterized by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. Under optimized conditions, there was a linear dynamic relationship in the buffer system between the electrical signal and HBsAg levels over the range 1.13 fg mL-1-100 ng mL-1 (R2 = 0.999) with a detection limit of 1.13 fg mL-1. The total analysis time was 15 min per sample. Further validations were performed with HBsAg-spiked human serum samples, and similar detection limits as in the buffer system were observed with reduced signal intensities at lower concentrations of HBsAg (1, 10, and 100 fg mL-1) and minimal interference. The HBsAg electrochemical immunosensing assay had good selectivity and excellent reproducibility, thereby indicating its significant potential in the super-fast diagnosis of hepatitis B.

Intracellular oxidative damage due to antibiotics on gut bacteria reduced by glutathione oxidoreductase-derived antioxidant molecule GM15.

The human gut consists of > 1000 different bacterial species for the smooth functioning of the gut. In normal conditions, the antioxidant system present in cells minimize the effects of reactive oxygen species. Upon exposure to antibiotics, there is a rise in ROS level which induces oxidative stress to the cells, ultimately killing the cells. Two broad-spectrum antibiotics, streptomycin and gentamicin at a concentration of 50 µM and 25 µM, were treated with Bacillus subtilis SRMIST201901 (MN726522) and B. cereus SRMIST201902 (MN726923); the treatment reduced the cell counts. Considering the bacterial defense property which relies on the antioxidant mechanism, in this study, we have reported an antioxidant peptide (GM15) derived from glutathione oxidoreductase of spirulina (or called cyanobacteria) Arthrospira platensis (Ap) which reduced the intracellular oxidative stress. Cellular ROS detection was confirmed by fluorescent-associated cell sorting (FACS) using the DCFDA dye. Resazurin dye test also confirmed the activity of peptide on the growth of the Bacillus sp. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that there was a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in the intracellular oxidative stress on treating with GM15 peptide. Overall, the study indicates the influence of antioxidant peptide on the intracellular oxidative stress, leading to the development of an antioxidant drug from glutathione oxidoreductase of A. platensis against oxidative-related stresses.

Defense involvement of piscidin from striped murrel Channa striatus and its peptides CsRG12 and CsLC11 involvement in an antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity.

In this study, we have evaluated bioinformatics characterization and antimicrobial role of two piscidin (Pi) peptide identified from the established transcriptome of striped murrel Channa striatus (Cs). The identified CsPi cDNA contains 256 nucleotides encode a protein with 70 amino acids in length which has two antimicrobial peptides and named CsRG12 and CsLC11. The gene expression analysis with various immune stimulants indicated an induced expression pattern of CsPi. Antibiogram showed that CsRG12 and CsLC11 was active against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 33592, a major multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogen and Bacillus cereus ATCC 2106. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and antibiofilm assays were conducted to observe the activity of pathogenic bacteria with these derived antimicrobial peptides. Flow cytometry analysis noticed that the CsRG12 and CsLC11 disrupt the membrane formation of S. aureus and B. cereus, which was further assured by scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images that bleb formation leads to disruption around the bacterial membrane. Overall, it is reported that CsPi is involved in innate immunity as the gene expression plays a remarkable role in up and down regulation during infection. In addition, the involvement of peptides in antibiofilm formation and bacterial membrane disruption support its immune character. This study leads to a possibility for the development of therapeutics in aquaculture biotechnology.

The effect of mannanoligosaccharide on the growth performance, histopathology, and the expression of immune and antioxidative related genes in Nile tilapia reared under chlorpyrifos ambient toxicity.

The role of mannanoligosaccharide (MOS) in reducing the adverse effects of chlorpyrifos (CPF) toxicity in tilapia was evaluated in the present study. Fish were allotted into four groups and fed the basal diet or MOS and exposed to CPF (control, CPF, MOS, and MOS/CPF) for 30 days. Fish fed MOS revealed higher growth and survival rates and lower FCR than CPF-intoxicated fish (P < 0.05). The Hb, PCV, RBCs, and WBCs variables were lowered by CPF toxicity and increased by MOS (P < 0.05). The values of total protein (sTP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLB), lysozyme (LZM), and phagocytic activities (PA) decreased whereas, ALP, ALT, AST, urea, bilirubin (BIL), and creatinine (CR) were increased by CPF toxicity. However, dietary MOS increased the sTP, ALB, GLB, LZM, and PA and decreased the ALP, ALT, AST, BIL, and CR. The PA and phagocytic index displayed higher levels by MOS feeding than the other groups (P < 0.05). The lowest mRNA level of GPX1 (cellular GPX) gene was observed in fish of the CPF group, while the highest level was shown in the MOS/CPF group (P < 0.05). Fish in the control and CPF groups displayed downregulated CAT whereas the expression of GPX and CAT genes was higher in fish of the MOS/CPF group than fish in the MOS group (P < 0.05). MOS upregulated the expression of HSP70 gene with CPF toxicity. Fish of the CPF and MOS/CPF groups displayed upregulated CASP3, IFN-γ, and IL-8 genes. Fish of the CPF group exhibited the lowest IL-1ß, while fish of the MOS/CPF group showed upregulated IL-1ß. The intoxication with CPF induced histopathological inflammations in the gills, intestine, and liver tissues, while dietary MOS protected against inflammation. In summary, dietary MOS is recommended as an immunostimulant to counteract the inflammatory impacts of waterborne CPF toxicity in Nile tilapia.

The impact of menthol essential oil against inflammation, immunosuppression, and histopathological alterations induced by chlorpyrifos in Nile tilapia.

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is one of the predominant water pollutants associated with inflammation and immunodepression in aquatic animals. In this study, menthol oil (MNT) impacted the immunity, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory responses against CPF toxicity in Nile tilapia. Fish fed two diets with or without MNT and placed in four groups (control, CPF, MNT, and CPF/MNT). After 30 days, fish fed MNT displayed higher growth performance and lower FCR than CPF-intoxicated fish without feeding MNT (P < 0.05). The survival rate of fish was reduced in the CPF group without MNT feeding (P < 0.05). Blood Hb, PCV, RBCs, and WBCs were decreased in fish by CPF toxicity, while the highest Hb, PCV, RBCs, and WBCs were observed in fish fed MNT followed by those fed the control without CPF toxicity (P < 0.05). Fish fed MNT had the highest total protein, albumin, and globulin, as well as the lowest urea, bilirubin, and creatinine after 15 and 30 days. However, fish under CPF toxicity had the most inferior total protein, albumin, and globulin, as well as the highest urea, bilirubin, and creatinine among the groups (P < 0.05). The enzyme activities of ALP and ALT displayed low levels by MNT with or without CPF exposure than fish fed without MNT with or without CPF exposure after 15 and 30 days (P < 0.05). The lysozyme and phagocytic activities displayed reduced levels by CPF without MNT feeding after 15 and 30 days, while increased activities were noticed by MNT feeding without CPF toxicity followed by fish fed MNT with CPF toxicity (P < 0.05). The transcription of CAT and GPX genes displayed upregulated levels in tilapia fed MNT and exposed to CPF (P < 0.05). Also, CPF toxicity increased the transcription of the IFN-γ gene but decreased the IL-8 and IL-1ß genes. The transcription of HSP70 displayed lower levels (P < 0.05) by CPF without supplementing MNT than fish fed MNT and exposed to CPF. Histopathological analysis revealed that inflammation existed in the liver, gills, and intestine of tilapia due to CPF toxicity while MNT protected tissues from inflammation. To conclude, MNT activated the immunity, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory responses of Nile tilapia under CPF toxicity.

Endolysosomal trapping of therapeutics and endosomal escape strategies.

Internalizing therapeutic molecules or genes into cells and safely delivering them to the target tissue where they can perform the intended tasks is one of the key characteristics of the smart gene/drug delivery vector. Despite much research in this field, endosomal escape continues to be a significant obstacle to the development of effective gene/drug delivery systems. In this review, we discuss in depth the several types of endocytic pathways involved in the endolysosomal trapping of therapeutic agents. In addition, we describe numerous mechanisms involved in nanoparticle endosomal escape. Furthermore, many other techniques are employed to increase endosomal escape to minimize entrapment of therapeutic compounds within endolysosomes, which have been reviewed at length in this study.

Biochar and silicon relegate the adversities of beryllium stress in pepper by modulating methylglyoxal detoxification and antioxidant defense mechanism.

Industrial activities have escalated beryllium (Be) release in environment which negatively affect plant growth and human health. This investigation describes Be-induced stress in pepper and its palliation by application of pineapple fruit peel biochar (BC) and potassium silicate (Si). The treatment of Be reduced seedling length, biomass, and physiological attributes and enhanced electrolyte leakage, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide (O2•-) level in pepper plants; however, these oxidative stress markers were reduced with combined treatment (Be + BC + Si). Application of BC and Si also lowered Be cumulation in roots and shoots of pepper. Under combined treatment, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR) activities exhibited significant enhancement 19, 7.6, 22.8, and 48%, respectively, in Be-stressed pepper. The Be + BC + Si increased peroxidase (POD), glutathione S-transferase (GPX), and glutathione peroxidase (GST) activities 121, 55, and 53%, respectively, as compared to Be-treated pepper. Methylglyoxal level was reduced in pepper with rise in glyoxalase I and II enzymes. Thus, combined application of SS and BC effectively protects pepper against oxidative stress induced by Be by increasing both antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems. Hence, pineapple fruit peel biochar along with potassium silicate can be used for enhancing crop productivity under Be-contaminated soil.

Heavy metals in afforested mangrove sediment from the world's largest delta: Distributional mapping, contamination status, risk assessment and source tracing.

This study aims to assess seasonal and spatial variations, contamination status, ecological risks, and metal sources (Ni, Pb, Cr, Cu, Mn, and Zn) in human-afforested mangrove sediments in a deltaic region. Five sampling locations were sampled during dry and wet seasons. Heavy metal concentrations followed the order: Mn > Zn > Ni > Cr > Cu > Pb. Metal loads, except Cu and Pb, were higher during the dry season, aligning with national and international recommendations. Sediment quality guidelines, contamination factor, geoaccumulation index, enrichment factors, and pollution load index indicated uncontaminated sediment in both seasons. Potential ecological risk assessment showed low risk conditions in all sites. However, modified hazard quotient indicated moderate pollution risk from all metals except Pb. Analysis suggests anthropogenic sources, particularly evident near shipbreaking yards in Sitakunda. While initially uncontaminated, ongoing metal influx poses a potential risk to mangrove ecosystems.

The contribution of homestead pond fish culture to household food security and dietary diversity in central coast of a developing country.

Fish farming in homestead ponds help alleviate poverty, provide animal source food, micronutrients, and indirect income and various jobs in developing nations. This study investigated the impact of homestead pond fish farming on dietary diversity (HDDS and MDD-W), food security (HFIAS and ELCSA), income, and women's engagement. A total of 185 households were selected randomly for data collection through well-structured questionnaire interviews in the central coast of Bangladesh. HDDS revealed significant dietary diversity (73.3%) among beneficiary farmers, surpassing controls and nearly doubling that of non-aquaculture farmers (41.1%). Additionally, this study found that 86.7% and 74.3% of women in beneficiary and homestead pond farmers exhibited high dietary diversity (MDD-W ≥ 5), whereas 48.6% of women in non-aquaculture farmers' households had low dietary diversity (MDD-W ≥ 5). Based on both ELCSA and HFIAS, higher prevalence of food security was observed among the beneficiary farmers that was about 60% and 63.3%, respectively compared with the control farmers. Most non-aquaculture farmers (62.9%) indicated their family consumed fish for one week before the research. More than half of the homestead pond culture (55.7%) and more than 90% of the beneficiary farmers, aquaculture farmers and non-aquaculture farmers had gross income (<$ 500). Pertaining to women's participation in homestead pond was positively correlated to productivity while male dominated tasks was negatively correlated with productivity. The results offer insights into how homestead pond fish farming can enhance food security by supplying direct animal protein, addressing protein and micronutrient deficiencies, and boosting income. The study emphasizes the urgent necessity for training and promoting homestead pond culture, increasing female participation, and advocating comprehensive support from governmental organizations (GOs) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to optimize production, improve micronutrient adequacy, and guarantee household food security. Keywords: Fish farming, food security, dietary diversity, women's participation.

Ecological risk assessment of microplastics and mesoplastics in six common fishes from the Bay of Bengal Coast.

Plastic particles have emerged as a growing threat to both ecosystems and human well-being, as they are being ingested and accumulate at different trophic levels. However, microplastic and mesoplastic contamination and its risk to coastal and marine water fish have not been well studied, particularly in the northern Bay of Bengal. In this study, the presence of small-scale plastic particles (micro- and meso-sized) in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and muscles of six edible fish species from the northern Bay of Bengal Coast were identified and analyzed. The overall range of microplastics was 1.74 ± 0.23-3.79 ± 2.03items/g in muscle and 0.54 ± 0.22-5.96 ± 3.16 items/g in the GIT, with 16.38 ± 8.08-31.88 ± 12.09 items/individual. No mesoplastics were found in muscle tissue, but they were present in the GIT at concentrations ranging from 0.33 ± 0.27 to 0.03 ± 0.02 items/g and from 0.51 ± 0.05to 1.38 ± 1.01 items/individual. Lepturacanthus savala accumulated the most microplastics in muscle, and Harpadon nehereus had the least. In addition, the highest levels of mesoplastics were detected in the GIT of Polynemus paradiseus and the lowest was detected in the GIT of Lutjenus sanguineus. Omnivorous fish showed higher plastic concentrations than carnivorous fish, which was linked to dietary habits, feeding strategies and digestive processes. Plastic material predominantly accumulated in the GIT rather than in the muscle. The majority of ingested plastic particles were fibres (95.18 %), were violet in color (34 %), and were < 0.5 mm in size (87 %). The dominant microplastic polymers included 38 % PE, 15 % PP, 33 % PU, and 14 % CES. In contrast, the prevalent mesoplastic polymers comprised 45 % PE, 19 % PP, 13 % PS, 16 % PA, and 7 % PET. Subsequently, a hazard analysis using the polymer hazard index (PHI) revealed that plastic contamination was of distinct hazard categories for different polymer types, ranging from grade I (<1) to grade IV (100-1000). The assessment of the contamination factor (1 < CF < 3) and pollution load index (PLI > 1) indicated moderate contamination of fish by the ingestion of plastic debris. This study provides the foremost evidence for the presence of mesoplastics and microplastics in coastal and marine fish in the study region, paving the way for future investigations and policy implementation.

Risk Assessment and Sources Apportionment of Toxic Metals in Two Commonly Consumed Fishes from a Subtropical Estuarine Wetland System.

The widespread occurrence of heavy metals in aquatic environments, resulting in their bioaccumulation within aquatic organisms like fish, presents potential hazards to human health. This study investigates the concentrations of five toxic heavy metals (Pb, Hg, Zn, Cu, and Cr) and their potential health implications in two economically important fish species (Otolithoides pama and Labeo bata) from a subtropical estuarine wetland system (Feni estuary, Bangladesh). Muscle and gill samples from 36 individual fish were analyzed using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF). The results revealed that the average quantities of heavy metals in both fishes' muscle followed the declining order of Zn (109.41-119.93 mg/kg) > Cu (45.52-65.43 mg/kg) > Hg (1.25-1.39 mg/kg) > Pb (0.68-1.12 mg/kg) > Cr (0.31-5.82 mg/kg). Furthermore, Zn was found to be present in the highest concentration within the gills of both species. While the levels of Cu, Zn, and Cr in the fish muscle were deemed acceptable for human consumption, the concentrations of Pb and Hg exceeded the permissible limits (>0.5 mg/kg) for human consumption. Different risk indices, including estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), hazard index (HI), and carcinogenic or target risk (TR), revealed mixed and varying degrees of potential threat to human health. According to the EDI values, individuals consuming these fish may face health risks as the levels of Zn, Cu, and Cr in the muscle are either very close to or exceed the maximum tolerable daily intake (MTDI) threshold. Nevertheless, the THQ and HI values suggested that both species remained suitable for human consumption, as indicated by THQ (<1) and HI (<1) values. Carcinogenic risk values for Pb, Cr, and Zn all remained within permissible limits, with TR values falling below the range of (10-6 to 10-4), except for Zn, which exceeded it (>10-4). The correlation matrix and multivariate principal component analysis (PCA) findings revealed that Pb and Cr primarily stemmed from natural geological backgrounds, whereas Zn, Cu, and Hg were attributed to human-induced sources such as agricultural chemicals, silver nanoparticles, antimicrobial substances, and metallic plating. Given the significance of fish as a crucial and nutritious element of a balanced diet, it is essential to maintain consistent monitoring and regulation of the levels and origins of heavy metals found within it.

Minerals and fatty acid profile of small indigenous fish species from homestead ponds within a Sub-tropical coastal region.

Malnutrition has emerged as a noticeable obstruction to the socio-economic advancement of rural areas along the coastal regions of Bangladesh. Small indigenous fish species (SIS) have the potential to alleviate the malnutrition issue because of having higher nutritional compositions. However, prior research has overlooked the detailed nutritional value of SIS originating from coastal regions. Consequently, the current investigation sought to analyze the mineral and fatty acid composition of twelve SIS obtained from coastal homestead ponds. The findings indicated that the mineral composition in SIS exhibited the following descending order: calcium (Ca) > phosphorus (P) > potassium (K) > magnesium (Mg) > iron (Fe) > zinc (Zn). Furthermore, when considering the overall mineral content in SIS, it ranked in the following decreasing order: A. testudineus, M. tengara, C. punctatus, N. nandus, P. sophore, C. fasciatus, A. mola, C. batrachus, H. fossilis, P. sarana, M. aculeatus, and O. pabda. The analysis of the fatty acid profile further revealed that SIS is a rich source of palmitic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, myristic acid, palmitoleic acid, and linolenic acid. The saturated fatty acid content of the SIS varied between 42.66 % and 63.37 %, and the highest content was found in A. mola whereas the lowest was in A. testudineus. On the other hand, the total monounsaturated fatty acid content of the SIS ranged from 26.49 % (A. mola) to 46.12 % (P. sarana), and the total PUFAs contents among the fish species ranged from 5.7 % (A. mola) to 16.54 % (H. fossilis). Therefore, SIS could be a key source of minerals and essential fatty acids for human well-being. This can help fulfill nutrient requirements and reduce malnutrition among coastal populations. It can be said that, if these fishes are introduced in the culture systems, it will be used for consumption as well as support the livelihood of coastal people.

ADME Study, Molecular Docking, Elucidating the Selectivities and the Mechanism of [4 + 2] Cycloaddition Reaction Between (E)-N ((dimethylamino)methylene)benzothioamide and (S)-3-acryloyl-4-phenyloxazolidin-2-one.

The molecular electron density theory (MEDT) was employed to examine the [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction between (E)-N-((dimethylamino)methylene)benzothioamide (1) and (S)-3-acryloyl-4-phenyloxazolidin-2-one (2) at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) design level. Parr functions and energy studies clearly show that this reaction is regio- and stereoselective, in perfect agreement with experimental results. By evaluating the chemical mechanism in terms of bond evolution theory (BET) and electron localization function (ELF), which divulges a variety of variations in the electron density along the reaction path, a single-step mechanism with highly asynchronous transition states structures was revealed. Additionally, we conducted a docking study on compounds P1, P2, P3, and P4 in the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (6LU7) in comparison to Nirmatrelvir. Our findings provide confirmation that product P4 may serve as a potent antiviral drug.