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BACKGROUND: Immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) provides durable responses in select cancer patients, yet resistance remains a significant challenge, prompting the exploration of underlying molecular mechanisms. Tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase-2 (TPST2), known for its role in protein tyrosine O-sulfation, has been suggested to modulate the extracellular protein-protein interactions, but its specific role in cancer immunity remains largely unexplored. METHODS: To explore tumor cell-intrinsic factors influencing anti-PD1 responsiveness, we conducted a pooled loss-of-function genetic screen in humanized mice engrafted with human immune cells. The responsiveness of cancer cells to interferon-γ (IFNγ) was estimated by evaluating IFNγ-mediated induction of target genes, STAT1 phosphorylation, HLA expression, and cell growth suppression. The sulfotyrosine-modified target gene of TPST2 was identified by co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry. The in vivo effects of TPST2 inhibition were evaluated using mouse syngeneic tumor models and corroborated by bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing analyses. RESULTS: Through in vivo genome-wide CRISPR screening, TPST2 loss-of-function emerged as a potential enhancer of anti-PD1 treatment efficacy. TPST2 suppressed IFNγ signaling by sulfating IFNγ receptor 1 at Y397 residue, while its downregulation boosted IFNγ-mediated signaling and antigen presentation. Depletion of TPST2 in cancer cells augmented anti-PD1 antibody efficacy in syngeneic mouse tumor models by enhancing tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. RNA sequencing data revealed TPST2's inverse correlation with antigen presentation, and increased TPST2 expression is associated with poor prognosis and altered cancer immunity across cancer types. CONCLUSIONS: We propose TPST2's novel role as a suppressor of cancer immunity and advocate for its consideration as a therapeutic target in ICT-based treatments.
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Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1 , Sulfotransferases , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Sulfotransferases/genética , Sulfotransferases/metabolismo , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/farmacologia , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/uso terapêutico , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de Xenoenxerto , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/imunologia , Neoplasias/patologia , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de DoençasRESUMO
Viral diseases have always been a major health issue, from the currently eradicated poliovirus to the still unresolved human immunodeficiency virus, and have since become a recent global threat brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic. Pathogenic viruses easily spread through various means such as contaminated food and water intake, exchange of bodily fluids, or even inhalation of airborne particles mainly due to their miniscule size. Furthermore, viral coats contain virulent proteins which trigger assimilation into target cells on contact through either direct penetration or induction of endocytosis. In some viruses their outer envelope contains masking ligands that create a means of escape from detection of immune cells. To deal with the nanometer size range and biomolecular-based invasion mechanism, nanoparticles are highly suitable for the treatment. The review highlights the progress in nanoparticle technology, particularly viral therapeutics, including therapeutic strategies and existing clinical applications.
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AIM: To explore how bariatric surgery (BS) modified the obesity-associated gut microbiome, the host metabolome, and their interactions in obese Korean patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Stool and fasting blood samples were obtained before and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after BS from 52 patients enrolled in the Korean Obesity Surgical Treatment Study. We analysed the gut microbiome by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the serum metabolome, including bile acids, by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Stool metagenomics showed that 27 microbiota were enriched and 14 microbiota were reduced after BS, whereas the abundances and diversity of observed features were increased. The levels of branched-chain amino acids and metabolites of energy metabolism in serum were decreased after surgery, whereas the levels of metabolites related to microbial metabolism, including dimethyl sulphone, glycine, and secondary bile acids, were increased in the serum samples. In addition, we found notable mutual associations among metabolites and gut microbiome changes attributed to BS. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in the gut microbiome community and systemic levels of amino acids and sugars were directly derived from anatomical changes in the gastrointestinal tract after BS. We hypothesized that the observed increases in microbiome-related serum metabolites were a result of complex and indirect changes derived from BS. Ethnic-specific environmental or genetic factors could affect Korean-specific postmetabolic modification in obese patients who undergo BS.
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Cirurgia Bariátrica , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Ácidos e Sais Biliares , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética , Humanos , Metaboloma , Metabolômica/métodos , Metagenômica , Obesidade/cirurgia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genéticaRESUMO
Viruses/bacteria outbreaks have motivated us to develop a fabric that will inhibit their transmission with high potency and long-term stability. By creating a metal-ion-rich surface onto polyester (PET) fabric, a method is found to inhibit hospital-acquired infections by immobilizing microorganisms on its surface. ZIF-8 and APTES are utilized to overcome the limitations associated with non-uniform distribution, weak biomolecule interaction, and ion leaching on surfaces. Modified surfaces employing APTES enhance ZIF-8 nucleation by generating a monolayer of self-assembled amine molecules. An in-situ growth approach is then used to produce evenly distributed ZIF-8 throughout it. In comparison with pristine fabric, this large amount of zinc obtained from the modification of the fabric has a higher affinity for interacting with membranes of microorganisms, leading to a 4.55-fold increase in coronavirus spike-glycoprotein immobilization. A series of binding ability stability tests on the surface demonstrate high efficiency of immobilization, >90%, of viruses and model proteins. The immobilization capacity of the modification fabric stayed unchanged after durability testing, demonstrating its durability and stability. It has also been found that this fabric surface modification approach has maintained air/vapor transmittance and air permeability levels comparable to pristine fabrics. These results strongly advocate this developed fabric has the potential for use as an outer layer of face masks or as a medical gown to prevent hospital-acquired infections.
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Disruption of the skin microbial balance can exacerbate certain skin diseases and affect prognosis and treatment. Changes in the distribution and prevalence of certain microbial species on the skin, such as Staphylococcus aureus (SA), can impact the development of severe atopic dermatitis (AD) or psoriasis (Pso). A dysfunctional skin barrier develops in AD and Pso due to SA colonization, resulting in keratinization and chronic or progressive chronic inflammation. Disruption of the skin barrier following SA colonization can elevate the production of T helper 2 (Th2)-derived cytokines, which can cause an imbalance in Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells. This study examined the ability of potential therapeutic skin microbiomes, such as Cutibacterium avidum R-CH3 and Staphylococcus hominis R9, to inhibit SA biofilm formation and restore skin barrier function-related genes through the activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) downstream target. We observed that IL-4/IL-13-induced downregulation of FLG, LOR, and IVL induced by SA colonization could be reversed by dual AhR/Nrf2 activation. Further, OVOL1 expression may be modulated by functional microbiomes via dual AhR/Nrf2 activation. Our results suggest that our potential therapeutic skin microbiomes can prevent SA-derived Th2-biased skin barrier disruption via IL-13 and IL-4-dependent FLG deregulation, STAT3 activation, and AhR-mediated STAT6 expression.
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Microbiota , Psoríase , Receptores de Hidrocarboneto Arílico , Staphylococcus aureus , Humanos , Imunidade , Interleucina-13/metabolismo , Interleucina-4/metabolismo , Proteínas de Filamentos Intermediários/genética , Queratinócitos/metabolismo , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/genética , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/metabolismo , Psoríase/metabolismo , Receptores de Hidrocarboneto Arílico/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Pele/metabolismo , Pele/microbiologia , Staphylococcus aureus/imunologia , Staphylococcus aureus/metabolismoRESUMO
Gut microbiota has been studied in relation to human health and disease prediction for decades. Also, immune checkpoints (ICPs) are enthusiastically investigated for anti-tumor immunotherapy. Recent studies show potential of gut microbiome and gut cytokines as biomarkers for carcinogenesis and response prediction of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) response. Evidence has revealed that intestinal microorganisms play a major role in the effectiveness of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) blockade. In this review, we have focused on how microbiome and microbiome-generated cytokines affect immune checkpoints. We have also described the molecular mechanisms behind this interplay and the bacterial strains that have a potential role in immunotherapy.
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Antígeno CTLA-4/genética , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/genética , Antígeno CTLA-4/antagonistas & inibidores , Carcinogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Imunoterapia , Neoplasias/microbiologia , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (EBV+-DLBLs) tend to occur in immunocompromised patients, such as the elderly or those undergoing solid organ transplantation. The pathogenesis and genomic characteristics of EBV+-DLBLs are largely unknown because of the limited availability of human samples and lack of experimental animal models. We observed the development of 25 human EBV+-DLBLs during the engraftment of gastric adenocarcinomas into immunodeficient mice. An integrated genomic analysis of the human-derived EBV+-DLBLs revealed enrichment of mutations in Rho pathway genes, including RHPN2, and Rho pathway transcriptomic activation. Targeting the Rho pathway using a Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, fasudil, markedly decreased tumor growth in EBV+-DLBL patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. Thus, alterations in the Rho pathway appear to contribute to EBV-induced lymphomagenesis in immunosuppressed environments.
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Adenocarcinoma/metabolismo , Transformação Celular Viral , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/metabolismo , Herpesvirus Humano 4/metabolismo , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Neoplasias Gástricas/metabolismo , Proteínas rho de Ligação ao GTP/metabolismo , Adenocarcinoma/genética , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Adenocarcinoma/virologia , Animais , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/genética , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/patologia , Herpesvirus Humano 4/genética , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/genética , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/patologia , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/virologia , Camundongos , Proteínas de Neoplasias/genética , Proteínas de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias Gástricas/genética , Neoplasias Gástricas/patologia , Neoplasias Gástricas/virologia , Proteínas rho de Ligação ao GTP/genéticaRESUMO
Adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (Ad-MSCs) are a promising tool for articular cartilage repair and regeneration. However, the terminal hypertrophic differentiation of Ad-MSC-derived cartilage is a critical barrier during hyaline cartilage regeneration. In this study, we investigated the role of matrilin-3 in preventing Ad-MSC-derived chondrocyte hypertrophy in vitro and in an osteoarthritis (OA) destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) model. Methacrylated hyaluron (MAHA) (1%) was used to encapsulate and make scaffolds containing Ad-MSCs and matrilin-3. Subsequently, the encapsulated cells in the scaffolds were differentiated in chondrogenic medium (TGF-ß, 1-14 days) and thyroid hormone hypertrophic medium (T3, 15-28 days). The presence of matrilin-3 with Ad-MSCs in the MAHA scaffold significantly increased the chondrogenic marker and decreased the hypertrophy marker mRNA and protein expression. Furthermore, matrilin-3 significantly modified the expression of TGF-ß2, BMP-2, and BMP-4. Next, we prepared the OA model and transplanted Ad-MSCs primed with matrilin-3, either as a single-cell suspension or in spheroid form. Safranin-O staining and the OA score suggested that the regenerated cartilage morphology in the matrilin-3-primed Ad-MSC spheroids was similar to the positive control. Furthermore, matrilin-3-primed Ad-MSC spheroids prevented subchondral bone sclerosis in the mouse model. Here, we show that matrilin-3 plays a major role in modulating Ad-MSCs' therapeutic effect on cartilage regeneration and hypertrophy suppression.
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Cartilagem Hialina/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Hipertrofia/genética , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/citologia , Osteoartrite/genética , Animais , Proteína Morfogenética Óssea 2/genética , Diferenciação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Condrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Condrogênese/genética , Humanos , Ácido Hialurônico/farmacologia , Hipertrofia/patologia , Hipertrofia/prevenção & controle , Hipertrofia/terapia , Proteínas Matrilinas/farmacologia , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Osteoartrite/terapia , Regeneração/efeitos dos fármacos , Esferoides Celulares/efeitos dos fármacos , Alicerces Teciduais , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/genéticaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to investigate the clinical outcomes after human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cell (hUCB-MSC) implantation for medial compartment (MC) osteoarthritis of the knee. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Inclusion criteria were patients older than 60 years, with a kissing lesion of the MC, a full-thickness chondral defect ≥ 4 cm2 of the medial femoral condyle (MFC), and a varus deformity ≥ 3° on a long cassette scanogram. The mean age was 64.9 ± 4.4 years and the mean chondral defect of the MFC was 7.2 ± 1.9 cm2. A mixture of sodium hyaluronate and hUCB-MSC was implanted into the chondral defect and a high tibial osteotomy was performed in all patients. International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), visual analog scale (VAS), and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scores were evaluated preoperatively and 1 year and 2 years postoperatively. Cartilage regeneration was evaluated in 14 (56%) patients by second-look arthroscopy at 1 year postoperatively. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients underwent hUBC-MSC implantation. IKDC, VAS, and WOMAC scores at 1 year and 2 years improved significantly compared to preoperative scores. These scores at 1 year and 2 years were not significantly different between the body mass index (BMI) < 25 group and BMI ≥ 25 group. However, the < 65-year-old group showed superior IKDC scores at 1 year and 2 years and VAS score at 2 years than the ≥ 65-year-old group. Younger age and larger size of the chondral defect were associated with a significantly greater improvement in IKDC, VAS and WOMAC scores at 2 years. Second-look arthroscopy demonstrated International Cartilage Repair Society-Cartilage Repair Assessment grade I in six (42.9%) patients and grade II in eight (57.1%). CONCLUSIONS: hUCB-MSC implantation regenerated cartilage satisfactorily and showed satisfactory clinical outcomes in patients older than 60 years who had MC osteoarthritis.
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Sangue Fetal/citologia , Transplante de Células-Tronco Mesenquimais , Osteoartrite do Joelho/cirurgia , Idoso , Artroscopia , Cartilagem Articular/cirurgia , Humanos , Articulação do Joelho/cirurgia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cirurgia de Second-LookRESUMO
Bone tissue engineering is an alternative therapeutic intervention to repair or regenerate lost bone. This technique requires three essential components: stem cells that can differentiate into bone cells, growth factors that stimulate cell behavior for bone formation, and scaffolds that mimic the extracellular matrix. Among the various kinds of scaffolds, highly porous nanofibrous scaffolds are a potential candidate for supporting cell functions, such as adhesion, delivering growth factors, and forming new tissue. Various fabricating techniques for nanofibrous scaffolds have been investigated, including electrospinning, multi-axial electrospinning, and melt writing electrospinning. Although electrospun fiber fabrication has been possible for a decade, these fibers have gained attention in tissue regeneration owing to the possibility of further modifications of their chemical, biological, and mechanical properties. Recent reports suggest that post-modification after spinning make it possible to modify a nanofiber's chemical and physical characteristics for regenerating specific target tissues. The objectives of this review are to describe the details of recently developed fabrication and post-modification techniques and discuss the advanced applications and impact of the integrated system of nanofiber-based scaffolds in the field of bone tissue engineering. This review highlights the importance of nanofibrous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.
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Regeneração Óssea , Nanofibras/química , Engenharia Tecidual/métodos , Alicerces Teciduais/química , Animais , HumanosRESUMO
Gastric cancer (GC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Recent high-throughput analyses of genomic alterations revealed several driver genes and altered pathways in GC. However, therapeutic applications from genomic data are limited, largely as a result of the lack of druggable molecular targets and preclinical models for drug selection. To identify new therapeutic targets for GC, we performed array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) of DNA from 103 patients with GC for copy number alteration (CNA) analysis, and whole-exome sequencing from 55 GCs from the same patients for mutation profiling. Pathway analysis showed recurrent alterations in the Wnt signaling [APC, CTNNB1, and DLC1 (deleted in liver cancer 1)], ErbB signaling (ERBB2, PIK3CA, and KRAS), and p53 signaling/apoptosis [TP53 and BCL2L1 (BCL2-like 1)] pathways. In 18.4% of GC cases (19/103), amplification of the antiapoptotic gene BCL2L1 was observed, and subsequently a BCL2L1 inhibitor was shown to markedly decrease cell viability in BCL2L1-amplified cell lines and in similarly altered patient-derived GC xenografts, especially when combined with other chemotherapeutic agents. In 10.9% of cases (6/55), mutations in DLC1 were found and were also shown to confer a growth advantage for these cells via activation of Rho-ROCK signaling, rendering these cells more susceptible to a ROCK inhibitor. Taken together, our study implicates BCL2L1 and DLC1 as potential druggable targets for specific subsets of GC cases.
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Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Proteínas Ativadoras de GTPase/genética , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla/métodos , Neoplasias Gástricas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Gástricas/genética , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/genética , Proteína bcl-X/genética , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/genética , Hibridização Genômica Comparativa , Variações do Número de Cópias de DNA , Exoma/genética , Feminino , Proteínas Ativadoras de GTPase/metabolismo , Humanos , Subunidade gama Comum de Receptores de Interleucina/deficiência , Subunidade gama Comum de Receptores de Interleucina/genética , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Camundongos Knockout , Camundongos SCID , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mutação , Interferência de RNA , Análise de Sequência de DNA/métodos , Neoplasias Gástricas/patologia , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/metabolismo , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de Xenoenxerto , Proteína bcl-X/metabolismoRESUMO
Capsular contracture, which is the pathologic development of fibrous capsules around implants, is a major complication of reconstructive and aesthetic breast surgeries. Capsular contracture can cause implant failure with breast hardening, deformity, and severe pain. The exact mechanisms underlying this complication remain unclear. In addition, anaplastic large cell lymphoma is now widely recognized as a very rare disease associated with breast implants. Foreign body reactions are an inevitable common denominator of capsular contracture. A number of studies have focused on the associated immune responses and their regulation. The present article provides an overview of the currently available techniques, including novel nano/microtechniques, to reduce silicone implant-induced contracture and associated foreign body responses.
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Implantes de Mama/efeitos adversos , Contratura Capsular em Implantes/prevenção & controle , Linfoma Anaplásico de Células Grandes/prevenção & controle , Géis de Silicone/efeitos adversos , Animais , Materiais Biomiméticos/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Reação a Corpo Estranho/induzido quimicamente , Reação a Corpo Estranho/imunologia , Reação a Corpo Estranho/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Contratura Capsular em Implantes/induzido quimicamente , Contratura Capsular em Implantes/imunologia , Linfoma Anaplásico de Células Grandes/induzido quimicamente , Linfoma Anaplásico de Células Grandes/imunologia , NanotecnologiaRESUMO
Here, nanoconstructs consisting of a DNA-amplified aptamer with a biocompatible polymer backbone for capturing target biomolecules are presented. First, the polymer-DNA nanoconstructs were prepared by hybridization of two complementary single-stranded DNAs that were each conjugated to a dextran polymer backbone. The designed polymer-DNA amplified aptamer nanoconstructs (PA-aNCs) were then prepared by utilizing polymer-DNA nanoconstructs conjugated with an aptamer (PA-NCs) using a rolling circle amplification reaction to amplify the aptamer. These PA-aNCs were successfully applied to alleviate tumor growth and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced retinal vascular hyperpermeability in vivo through the highly effective capture of human VEGF as a target molecule. These PA-aNCs could be used as therapeutic agent for anti-VEGF therapy by efficiently capturing human VEGF.
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Aptâmeros de Nucleotídeos/química , DNA/química , Nanoestruturas/química , Polímeros/química , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/química , Imuno-HistoquímicaRESUMO
Since the discovery that nano-scaled particulates can easily be incorporated into tumors via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, such nanostructures have been exploited as therapeutic small molecule delivery systems. However, the convoluted synthetic process of conventional nanostructures has impeded their feasibility and reproducibility in clinical applications. Herein, we report an easily prepared formulation of self-assembled nanostructures for systemic delivery of the anti-cancer drug doxorubicin (DOX). Phenylboronic acid (PBA) was grafted onto the polymeric backbone of poly(maleic anhydride). pPBA-DOX nanocomplexes were prepared by simple mixing, on the basis of the strong interaction between the 1,3-diol of DOX and the PBA moiety on pPBA. Three nanocomplexes (1, 2, 4) were designed on the basis of [PBA]:[DOX] molar ratios of 1:1, 2:1, and 4:1, respectively, to investigate the function of the residual PBA moiety as a targeting ligand. An acid-labile drug release profile was observed, owing to the intrinsic properties of the phenylboronic ester. Moreover, the tumor-targeting ability of the nanocomplexes was demonstrated, both in vitro by confocal microscopy and in vivo by fluorescence imaging, to be driven by an inherent property of the residual PBA. Ligand competition assays with free PBA pre-treatment demonstrated the targeting effect of the residual PBA from the nanocomplexes 2 and 4. Finally, the nanocomplexes 2 and 4, compared with the free DOX, exhibited significantly greater anti-cancer effects in vitro and even in vivo. Our pPBA-DOX nanocomplex enables a new paradigm for self-assembled nanostructures with potential biomedical applications.
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Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Ácidos Borônicos/farmacologia , Doxorrubicina/farmacologia , Nanoestruturas/química , Animais , Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Antineoplásicos/química , Ácidos Borônicos/química , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Doxorrubicina/química , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Feminino , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Estrutura Molecular , Neoplasias Experimentais/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Experimentais/patologia , Polimerização , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Advances in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and cell replacement therapies are promising approaches to treat cartilage and bone defects since substantial differentiation capacities of MSCs match the demands of tissue regeneration. Our understanding of the dynamic process requiring indispensable differentiation of MSCs remains limited. Herein, we describe the role of RHEB (Ras homolog enriched in brain) regulating gene signature for differentiation of human adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) into chondrogenic, osteogenic, and adipogenic lineages. RHEB-overexpression increases the proliferation of the ASCs. RHEB enhances the chondrogenic differentiation of ASCs in 3D culture via upregulation of SOX9 with concomitant increase in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and type II collagen (COL2). RHEB increases the osteogenesis via upregulation of runt related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) with an increase in the calcium and phosphate contents. RHEB also increases the expression of osteogenic markers, osteonectin and osteopontin. RHEB knockdown ASCs were incapable of expressing sufficient SRY (Sex determining region Y)-box 9 (SOX9) and RUNX2, and therefore had decreased chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation. RHEB-overexpression impaired ASCs differentiation into adipogenic lineage, through downregulation of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBPß). Conversely, RHEB knockdown abolished the negative regulation of adipogenesis. We demonstrate that RHEB is a novel regulator, with a critical role in ASCs lineage determination, and RHEB-modulated ASCs may be useful as a cell therapy for cartilage and bone defect treatments.
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Osso e Ossos/fisiologia , Cartilagem/fisiologia , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/citologia , Proteína Enriquecida em Homólogo de Ras do Encéfalo/metabolismo , Regeneração/fisiologia , Adipogenia , Tecido Adiposo/citologia , Proteína beta Intensificadora de Ligação a CCAAT/metabolismo , Cartilagem/citologia , Diferenciação Celular , Proliferação de Células , Células Cultivadas , Condrogênese , Colágeno Tipo II/metabolismo , Subunidade alfa 1 de Fator de Ligação ao Core/metabolismo , Feminino , Glicosaminoglicanos/metabolismo , Humanos , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/metabolismo , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Osteogênese , Proteína Enriquecida em Homólogo de Ras do Encéfalo/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteína Enriquecida em Homólogo de Ras do Encéfalo/genética , Fatores de Transcrição SOX9/metabolismoRESUMO
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of cartilage performs essential functions in differentiation and chondroprogenitor cell maintenance during development and regeneration. Here, we discuss the vital role of matrilin-3, an ECM protein involved in cartilage development and potential osteoarthritis pathomechanisms. As an adaptor protein, matrilin-3 binds to collagen IX to form a filamentous network around cells. Matrilin-3 is an essential component during cartilage development and ossification. In addition, it interacts directly or indirectly with transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ß), and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) eventually regulates chondrocyte proliferation and hypertrophic differentiation. Interestingly, matrilin-3 increases interleukin receptor antagonists (IL-Ra) in chondrocytes, suggesting its role in the suppression of IL-1ß-mediated inflammatory action. Matrilin-3 downregulates the expression of matrix-degrading enzymes, such as a disintegrin metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 4 (ADAMTS4) and ADAMTS5, matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13), and collagen X, a hypertrophy marker during development and inflammatory conditions. Matrilin-3 essentially enhances collagen II and aggrecan expression, which are required to maintain the tensile strength and elasticity of cartilage, respectively. Interestingly, despite these attributes, matrilin-3 induces osteoarthritis-associated markers in chondrocytes in a concentration-dependent manner. Existing data provide insights into the critical role of matrilin-3 in inflammation, matrix degradation, and matrix formation in cartilage development and osteoarthritis.
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Cartilagem/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Proteínas Matrilinas/fisiologia , Osteoartrite/metabolismo , Animais , Cartilagem/metabolismo , Diferenciação Celular , Condrócitos/citologia , Condrócitos/metabolismo , Condrogênese , Matriz Extracelular/metabolismo , Matriz Extracelular/fisiologia , Proteínas Matrilinas/genética , Proteínas Matrilinas/metabolismo , Camundongos , Modelos Biológicos , OsteogêneseRESUMO
A majority of the photo-responsive drug-delivery systems that are currently being studied require a complicated synthesis method. Here, we prepare a near-infrared responsive, photothermally controllable, drug-delivery carrier by a simple mixing and extraction process without the incorporation of toxic chemicals. A blend of doxorubicin (DOX), an anticancer drug, and a phase-change material (PCM) are loaded onto the mesoporous structure of silica-coated graphene oxide (GO@MS) to form a waffle-like structure, which is confirmed by various physicochemical analyses. The cytotoxicity of DOX/PCM-loaded GO@MS (DOX/PCM-GO@MS) against HeLa cells is 50 times higher than that of free DOX, and this improved activity can be attributed to the photothermal effectiveness of GO@MS. Additionally, the cytotoxicity and uptake mechanism of the PCM-based material are analyzed by flow cytometry. Taken together, our results suggest an enormous potential for spatio-temporal control in photothermally responsive drug-delivery systems.
Assuntos
Preparações de Ação Retardada/administração & dosagem , Preparações de Ação Retardada/efeitos da radiação , Doxorrubicina/administração & dosagem , Nanocápsulas/química , Nanocápsulas/efeitos da radiação , Neoplasias Experimentais/tratamento farmacológico , Antimetabólitos Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagem , Antimetabólitos Antineoplásicos/química , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Preparações de Ação Retardada/química , Difusão/efeitos da radiação , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Células HeLa , Humanos , Raios Infravermelhos , Células MCF-7 , Nanocápsulas/administração & dosagem , Nanoconjugados/administração & dosagem , Nanoconjugados/química , Nanoconjugados/efeitos da radiação , Neoplasias Experimentais/patologia , Tamanho da Partícula , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
The use of ZnO nanorods (NRs) as an effective coordinator and biosensing platform to create bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) is reported. Herein, a hydrothermal approach is applied to obtain morphologically controlled ZnO NRs, which are directly bound to luciferase (Luc) and carboxy-modified quantum dot (QD) acting as a donor-acceptor pair for BRET. BRET efficiency varies significantly with the geometry of ZnO NRs, which modulates the coordination between hexahistidine-tagged Luc (Luc-His6 ) and QD, owing to the combined effect of the total surface area consisting of (001) and (100) planes and their surface polarities. Unlike typical QD-BRET reactions with metal ions (e.g., zinc ions), a geometry-controlled ZnO NR platform can facilitate the design of surface-initiated BRET sensors without being supplemented by copious metal ions: the geometry-controlled ZnO NR platform can therefore pave the way for nanostructure-based biosensors with enhanced analytical performance.
Assuntos
Transferência Ressonante de Energia de Fluorescência/métodos , Luciferases de Renilla/química , Medições Luminescentes/métodos , Nanotubos/química , Pontos Quânticos , Óxido de Zinco/química , Cristalização/métodos , Luz , Teste de Materiais , Nanotubos/efeitos da radiação , Nanotubos/ultraestrutura , Tamanho da Partícula , Propriedades de Superfície/efeitos da radiação , Óxido de Zinco/efeitos da radiaçãoRESUMO
Recent advances in sequencing technologies have initiated an era of personal genome sequences. To date, human genome sequences have been reported for individuals with ancestry in three distinct geographical regions: a Yoruba African, two individuals of northwest European origin, and a person from China. Here we provide a highly annotated, whole-genome sequence for a Korean individual, known as AK1. The genome of AK1 was determined by an exacting, combined approach that included whole-genome shotgun sequencing (27.8x coverage), targeted bacterial artificial chromosome sequencing, and high-resolution comparative genomic hybridization using custom microarrays featuring more than 24 million probes. Alignment to the NCBI reference, a composite of several ethnic clades, disclosed nearly 3.45 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including 10,162 non-synonymous SNPs, and 170,202 deletion or insertion polymorphisms (indels). SNP and indel densities were strongly correlated genome-wide. Applying very conservative criteria yielded highly reliable copy number variants for clinical considerations. Potential medical phenotypes were annotated for non-synonymous SNPs, coding domain indels, and structural variants. The integration of several human whole-genome sequences derived from several ethnic groups will assist in understanding genetic ancestry, migration patterns and population bottlenecks.