The concurrence of musculoskeletal pain and associated work-related factors: a cross sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Several recent studies have described the presence of musculoskeletal complaints, presenting evidence that multisite musculoskeletal pain (MP) is more often present than single-site musculoskeletal pain. However, less is known about determinants of this multimorbidity, particularly, concerning the role of occupational factors and, mainly, what determines single or multisite pain. This study described the associations between pain in different body sites and investigated related factors to MP in workers from Brazil. METHODS: A total of 1070 workers (228 women and 842 men), from urban cleaning services and from shoe manufacturers, participated in this cross sectional study (response 97 %). Interviewer-administered questionnaire included sociodemographic factors, physical and psychosocial work demands, leisure-time activities and musculoskeletal pain which was presence of pain in previous seven days, considering eight body sites and MP, the sum score of all painful sites, varying 0-8. A factor analysis was performed that captured the nine variables of physical exposure into two latent factors. Associations of pain between different body sites were assessed. Cox regression analyses, presenting the prevalence ratio (PR), showed the related factors to MP. RESULTS: In the previous seven days, 30 % of workers had MP. For all body sites, comorbidity ranged from 72 % to 91 %. Having pain in one body site is associated with pain in other site and the associations between proximal sites were stronger than between more distal sites. High exposure to manual material handling and awkward postures (PR = 1.5, 95 % CI 1.1-2.0), job strain (PR = 1.2, 95 % CI 1.0-1.6), and low social support (PR = 1.3, 95 % CI 1.0-1.7) and being woman (PR = 1.7, 95 % CI 1.3-2.3) were associated with MP. Risk factors for single-site pain and for subsequent musculoskeletal comorbidity were very similar, suggesting an additive effect of risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Most workers reported MP that was associated with several work-related factors. The findings support the idea that multisite pain is a continuum of single-site pain, maintained by exposure to several risk factors, rather than the result of a specific risk factor that initiates the multisite pain but not single-site pain. Workplace interventions are needed to decrease the number of pain sites, in order to improve the worker's health.

Frequência de sintomas de disfunção temporomandibular e hábitos parafuncionais associados ao estresse em estudantes universitários / Frequency of temporomandibular dysfunction symptoms and parafunctional habits associated with stress in university students / Frecuencia de los síntomas de trastornos temporomandibulares y de hábitos parafuncionales asociados al estrés en estudiantes universitarios

As disfunções temporomandibulares são uma série de alterações que afetam os músculos mastigatórios, a articulação temporomandibular e as estruturas associadas. Sua etiologia é multifatorial e inclui fatores como hábitos parafuncionais desencadeados ou intensificados por condições psicológicas como o estresse emocional. Este artigo tem como objetivo investigar a frequência de sintomas de disfunções temporomandibulares e de hábitos parafuncionais e sua associação com estresse percebido em estudantes de uma universidade pública da cidade de Salvador. Os dados primários foram coletados por meio de um questionário sociodemográfico, do questionário anamnésico de Fonseca, da Lista de Verificação dos Comportamentos Orais e da Escala de estresse Percebido. Os dados foram analisados de forma descritiva e a análise estatística realizada por meio do teste qui-quadrado de Pearson e do teste exato de Fisher. Participaram do estudo 149 estudantes de Fisioterapia. A frequência de sintomas de disfunções temporomandibulares foi elevada (83,9%), como também uma maior prática de hábitos parafuncionais (55%). Observou-se associação positiva entre os hábitos parafuncionais e os sintomas temporomandibulares. Um alto nível de estresse foi encontrado em 92,8% dos estudantes com a presença de disfunção e em 71% dos alunos com maior prática de hábitos parafuncionais, sendo ambas as associações estatisticamente significativas. Assim, as frequências de sintomas de disfunções temporomandibulares e de hábitos parafuncionais foram elevadas e estão associadas ao estresse percebido em estudantes universitários. Sugere-se a realização de estudos com amostras mais robustas que busquem estabelecer relações de causalidade entre as variáveis estudadas.

Temporomandibular disorders constitute a series of changes that affect the masticatory muscles, the temporomandibular joint, and their associated structures. Its multifactorial etiology includes factors such as parafunctional habits triggered or intensified by psychological conditions such as emotional stress. The purpose is to investigate the frequency of symptoms of temporomandibular disorders and parafunctional habits and their association with perceived stress in students at a public university in the municipality of Salvador. Primary data collected by a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Fonseca anamnestic questionnaire, the Oral Behaviors Checklist, and the Perceived Stress Scale. Data were descriptively analyzed, and a statistical analysis was performed using the Pearson's chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests. Overall, 149 physical therapy students participated in this study. They showed a high frequency of temporomandibular disorder symptoms (83.9%) and more frequent parafunctional habits (55.0%). This study found a positive association between parafunctional habits and temporomandibular symptoms. It also observed a high level of stress in 92.8% of students with the dysfunction and in 71.0% of students with more common practice of parafunctional habits, statistically significant associations. This study found a high frequency of temporomandibular disorder and parafunctional habit symptoms, which are associated with perceived stress in college students. It is suggested to carry out studies with more robust samples that seek to establish causal relationships between the studied variables.

Los trastornos temporomandibulares son una serie de cambios que afectan a los músculos masticatorios, la articulación temporomandibular y estructuras asociadas. Su etiología es multifactorial e incluye factores como hábitos parafuncionales desencadenados o intensificados por condiciones psicológicas como el estrés emocional. el objetivo es determinar la frecuencia de los síntomas de trastornos temporomandibulares y de hábitos parafuncionales y su asociación con el estrés percibido en estudiantes de una universidad pública de la ciudad de Salvador (Brasil). Los datos primarios se recolectaron de un cuestionario sociodemográfico, del cuestionario anamnésico de Fonseca, de la Lista de Comportamientos Orales y de la Escala de Estrés Percibido. Los datos se analizaron de forma descriptiva, y el análisis estadístico se realizó mediante la prueba de chi-cuadrado de Pearson y la prueba exacta de Fisher. Participaron en el estudio 149 estudiantes de fisioterapia. La frecuencia de los síntomas de trastornos temporomandibulares fue alta (83,9%), así como una mayor práctica de hábitos parafuncionales (55,0%). Se observó una asociación positiva entre hábitos parafuncionales y síntomas temporomandibulares. Se encontró un alto nivel de estrés en el 92,8% de los estudiantes con presencia de disfunción y en el 71,0% de los estudiantes con mayor práctica de hábitos parafuncionales, y ambas asociaciones fueron estadísticamente significativas. La frecuencia de los síntomas de trastornos temporomandibulares y de los hábitos parafuncionales fue alta, y estuvo asociada con el estrés percibido en estudiantes universitarios. Se sugiere realizar estudios con muestras más robustas para establecer relaciones causales entre las variables estudiadas.

Frequência de cervicalgia, dependência de smartphone e incapacidade cervical em graduandos de fisioterapia / Frequency of neck pain, smartphone dependence and neck disability in physiotherapy undergraduates / Frecuencia de dolor de cuello, dependencia de teléfono inteligente y discapacidad cervical en estudiantes de fisioterapia

O objetivo deste estudo é investigar a frequência de cervicalgia e a associação com dependência do uso de smartphone e incapacidade cervical em graduandos de fisioterapia. Trata-se de um estudo observacional de corte transversal realizado com estudantes de fisioterapia de uma universidade pública do estado da Bahia, entre novembro de 2019 e fevereiro de 2020. Foram utilizados uma ficha de avaliação com dados sociodemográficos, o questionário Neck Disability Index (NDI) para avaliação da incapacidade cervical e o questionário Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI-BR) para rastreio de comportamento dependente de smartphone. As análises foram conduzidas no pacote estatístico Epi-Info (V.3.5.2), sendo estabelecido nível de significância com valor de p < 0,05. A amostra foi composta por 150 estudantes de fisioterapia, sendo a maioria mulheres, com idade média de 22,0 ± 3,0 anos. A frequência de dor cervical no último ano ocorreu em 66% dos entrevistados, com associação estatisticamente significativa apenas para a variável de dor no último ano, em 97% dos estudantes, com o posicionamento cervical em flexão durante o uso de smartphone (p = 0,003). A frequência de cervicalgia nos últimos 12 meses foi elevada nessa população. Este estudo não encontrou associação entre essas variáveis com dependência do uso smartphone e incapacidade cervical em estudantes universitários, entretanto, revelou uma associação entre a frequência de cervicalgia no último ano e o posicionamento em flexão da coluna cervical durante o uso de smartphone.

This study sought to investigate the frequency of neck pain and its association with smartphone dependence and neck disability in physiotherapy undergraduates. An observational cross-sectional study was conducted with physiotherapy students from a public university in the state of Bahia, Brazil, between November 2019 and February 2020. Data were collected by means of an evaluation form with sociodemographic data, the Neck Disability Index (NDI) questionnaire for assessing neck disability, and the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI-BR) questionnaire for screening smartphone-dependent behavior. Analyses were performed using the Epi-Info statistical package (V.3.5.2), and a significance level of p-value < 0.05. The study sample consisted of 150 physiotherapy students, mostly women, with a mean age of 22.0 ± 3.0 years. Frequency of neck pain in the last year occurred in 66% of respondents, with a statistically significant association only for the variable pain in the last year in 97% of students with neck flexion positioning while using a smartphone (p = 0.003). Frequency of neck pain in the past 12 months was high in this population. This study found no association between these variables with smartphone dependence and cervical disability in university students; however, it did reveal an association between frequency of neck pain in the past year and flexion positioning of the cervical spine during smartphone use.

El objetivo de este estudio es investigar la frecuencia del dolor de cuello y su asociación con la dependencia del uso de teléfonos inteligentes y la discapacidad cervical en estudiantes de pregrado de fisioterapia. Este es un estudio observacional, transversal, realizado con estudiantes de fisioterapia de una universidad pública del estado de Bahía (Brasil), entre noviembre de 2019 y febrero de 2020. Se utilizó un formulario de evaluación con datos sociodemográficos, el cuestionario Neck Disability Index (NDI) para evaluar la discapacidad cervical, y el cuestionario Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI-BR) para evaluar el comportamiento dependiente de los teléfonos inteligentes. Los análisis se realizaron utilizando el paquete estadístico Epi-Info (V.3.5.2), con un nivel de significancia de p < 0,05. La muestra estuvo formada por 150 estudiantes de fisioterapia, la mayoría mujeres, con una edad media de 22,0 ± 3,0 años. La frecuencia de dolor cervical en el último año ocurrió en el 66% de los encuestados, con una asociación estadísticamente significativa solo para la variable dolor en el último año en el 97% de los estudiantes, con el posicionamiento en flexión cervical al usar un teléfono inteligente (p = 0,003). La frecuencia de dolor de cuello en los últimos 12 meses fue alta en esta población. Este estudio no encontró asociación entre estas variables con la dependencia del uso de teléfonos inteligentes y la discapacidad cervical en estudiantes universitarios, sin embargo, sí reveló una asociación entre la frecuencia de dolor de cuello en el último año y la posición en flexión de la columna cervical durante el uso de teléfono inteligente.

Heavy physical work and low back pain: the reality in urban cleaning.

Low back pain (LBP) is a major public health issue. There is lack of research on this disorder affecting urban cleaning workers. A cross-sectional study was conducted to describe the prevalence of LBP, occupational and extra-occupational characteristics, as well as associated factors in these workers. A census was performed with 624 workers in Salvador, Brazil, using a questionnaire administered by an interviewer in 2010. Cases of LBP were defined by reported symptoms of pain in the previous 12 months, lasting more than a week or with monthly minimum frequency, which led to restrictions at work or to seeking medical attention, or in cases when respondents had a severity score > 3 on a numerical scale from 0 to 5. Physical demands at work were measured on a numerical 6-point scale with 14 variables. Psychosocial demands were measured using the Job Content Questionnaire. Sociodemographic factors, lifestyle habits and domestic work were evaluated. Multiple logistic regression (LR) was used to identify factors associated with LBP, for which the prevalence was 37.0%. Among them, 62.8% of workers felt pain in the last 7 days. LBP was associated with longer working hours, flexion and trunk rotation, psychosocial demands, working directly in collection and low schooling. Dynamic work (walking, running) served as a protective factor. It was concluded that many workers develop their activity at the presence of pain. The results emphasize the need for preventive measures through multifactorial approach encompassing adaptations in physical environment and changes in work organization.

Eficácia da reeducação postural global na dor de indivíduos com disfunção temporomandibular: uma revisão sistemática / Efficacy of global postural reeducation in pain of individuals with temporomandibular dysfunction: a systematic review

INTRODUÇÃO: Disfunção temporomandibular (DTM) é caracterizada por um conjunto de alterações funcionais, que envolvem fatores predisponentes, iniciantes e perpetuantes. Considerando que os desvios posturais desorganizam a harmonia corporal entre a postura da mandíbula e todo o sistema esquelético, várias modalidades fisioterapêuticas foram propostas no tratamento da DTM, incluindo a Reeducação Postura Global (RPG). OBJETIVO: Avaliar sistematicamente as evidências sobre a eficácia da RPG no tratamento da dor em indivíduos com DTM. MÉTODOS: Revisão sistemática realizada pesquisa nas bases de dados, maio a setembro 2017, Pubmed, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (Lilacs, Scielo e Medline), PEDro e Cochrane Library. Os critérios de inclusão: Ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECR) e Ensaios clínicos controlados (ECC); artigos publicados em língua inglesa, portuguesa e espanhola; que abordavam sobre o tratamento com RPG; com indivíduos adultos > 18 e ≤60 anos; diagnosticados com DTM; que continham avaliação da dor. Excluídos: estudos duplicados; que utilizaram exercícios para pacientes pós-cirúrgico e que apresentassem doenças sistêmicas ou qualquer afecção que afetasse o sistema osteomioarticular; que avaliaram pacientes com histórico de trauma facial ou cervical e em uso de medicamentos. RESULTADOS: Um total de 349 artigos foram encontrados, que após a eliminação de duplicatas, filtragem de títulos, resumos e leitura de texto completo foram incluídos na pesquisa três estudos, o que evidenciou a eficácia da RPG na redução da dor. CONCLUSÃO: Considerando os resultados obtidos neste estudo, foi possível concluir que a RPG demonstra ser eficaz na redução da dor presente na DTM. Porém, faz-se necessários mais ensaios clínicos randomizados com maior rigor metodológico, protocolos mais bem definidos, que possam auxiliar na tomada de decisão clínica e que contemplem também a comparação do tratamento entre homens e mulheres. [AU]

INTRODUCTION: Temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) is characterized by a set of functional alterations, which involves predisposing, initiative and perpetuating factors. Considering that postural deviations disorganize the body arrangement between the jaw posture and the entire skeletal system, several physical therapy modalities have been proposed in the treatment of TMD, including Global Postural Reeducation (GPR). OBJECTIVES: To evaluate systematically the evidence of the efficacy of GPR in the treatment of pain in individuals with TMD. METHODS: Systematic review conducted in the databases, May to September 2017, Pubmed, Virtual Health Library (Lilacs, Scielo and Medline), PEDro and Cochrane Library. Inclusion criteria: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (RCTs); articles published in English, Portuguese and Spanish; which dealt with RPG treatment; with adult individuals> 18 and ≤60 years; diagnosed with TMD; which contained pain assessment. Excluded: duplicate studies; who used exercises for post-surgical patients and who presented with systemic diseases or any affection that affected the osteomioarticular system; who evaluated patients with a history of facial or cervical trauma and using medications. RESULTS: 349 articles were found. After the elimination of duplicates, title filtering, abstracts and full text reading we included three studies, which evidenced the efficacy of GPR in reducing pain. CONCLUSION: Considering the results obtained in this study, it was possible to conclude that the GPR demonstrates to be efficacy in the pain reduction present in TMD. However, more randomized clinical trials with more methodological rigor, better defined protocols, that can aid in clinical decision-making and that also contemplate the comparison of treatment between men and women. [AU]

Heavy physical work under time pressure: the garbage collection service--a case study.

The increased generation of garbage has become a problem in large cities, with greater demand for collection services. The collector is subjected to high workload. This study describes the work in garbage collection service, highlighting the requirements of time, resulting in physical and psychosocial demands to collectors. Ergonomic Work Analysis (EWA) - a method focused on the study of work in real situations was used. Initially, technical visits, global observations and unstructured interviews with different subjects of a garbage collection company were conducted. The following step of the systematic observations was accompanied by interviews conducted during the execution of tasks, inquiring about the actions taken, and also interviews about the actions, but conducted after the development of the tasks, photographic records and audiovisual recordings, of workers from two garbage collection teams. Contradictions between the prescribed work and activities (actual work) were identified, as well as the variability present in this process, and strategies adopted by these workers to regulate the workload. It was concluded that the insufficiency of means and the organizational structure of management ensue a situation where the collection process is maintained at the expense of hyper-requesting these workers, both physically and psychosocially.

Heavy physical work and low back pain: the reality in urban cleaning / Trabalho físico pesado e dor lombar: a realidade na limpeza urbana

Low back pain (LBP) is a major public health issue. There is lack of research on this disorder affecting urban cleaning workers. A cross-sectional study was conducted to describe the prevalence of LBP, occupational and extra-occupational characteristics, as well as associated factors in these workers. A census was performed with 624 workers in Salvador, Brazil, using a questionnaire administered by an interviewer in 2010. Cases of LBP were defined by reported symptoms of pain in the previous 12 months, lasting more than a week or with monthly minimum frequency, which led to restrictions at work or to seeking medical attention, or in cases when respondents had a severity score > 3 on a numerical scale from 0 to 5. Physical demands at work were measured on a numerical 6-point scale with 14 variables. Psychosocial demands were measured using the Job Content Questionnaire. Sociodemographic factors, lifestyle habits and domestic work were evaluated. Multiple logistic regression (LR) was used to identify factors associated with LBP, for which the prevalence was 37.0%. Among them, 62.8% of workers felt pain in the last 7 days. LBP was associated with longer working hours, flexion and trunk rotation, psychosocial demands, working directly in collection and low schooling. Dynamic work (walking, running) served as a protective factor. It was concluded that many workers develop their activity at the presence of pain. The results emphasize the need for preventive measures through multifactorial approach encompassing adaptations in physical environment and changes in work organization.

Lombalgia é um dos maiores problemas de saúde pública. Existe uma lacuna nos estudos sobre este agravo em trabalhadores de limpeza urbana (TLU). Estudo de corte transversal foi realizado para descrever prevalência de lombalgia, características ocupacionais, extra-ocupacionais e fatores associados a este agravo em TLU. Foi feito censo com 624 trabalhadores, em Salvador, utilizando questionário aplicado por entrevistador, em 2010. Casos de lombalgia foram definidos como dor lombar referida nos últimos 12 meses, durando mais que 1 semana ou tendo frequência mínima mensal, que determinou restrição ao trabalho ou busca por atenção médica ou apresentou intensidade > 3 em escala de 0 a 5. Demandas físicas no trabalho foram medidas em escala numérica de 6 pontos para 14 variáveis. Demandas psicossociais foram medidas utilizando o Job Content Questionnaire. Fatores sociodemográficos, de hábitos de vida e trabalho doméstico foram avaliados. Regressão logística múltipla (RL) foi utilizada para identificar fatores associados à lombalgia, cuja prevalência foi de 37,0%, e entre os casos, 62,8% cursavam com dor nos últimos 7 dias. A lombalgia se associou ao maior tempo de trabalho, à flexão e rotação do tronco, às demandas psicossociais, ao trabalho direto na coleta e à baixa escolaridade. O trabalho dinâmico (andando, correndo) atuou como fator de proteção. Concluiu-se que muitos trabalhadores desenvolvem sua atividade na presença de dor. Os resultados apontam para necessidade de medidas de prevenção através de abordagem multifatorial que inclua adequações no ambiente físico e modificações na organização do trabalho.