A comparative evaluation of the reliability of three methods of assessing gingival biotype in dentate subjects in different age groups: An in vivo study.

INTRODUCTION: In the modern competitive society, a pleasing appearance often dictates the difference between success and failure in both our personal and professional lives. Evaluation of gingival biotype is very important from the start of treatment plan to the final restorative placement to provide excellent esthetics. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY: For the study, subjects were divided into 4 groups of different ages, from 20-30, 31-40, 41-50 and 51-60 years. 30 subjects (15 men and 15 women) were selected in each group for the study. Examination of the thickness of Gingival Biotype was done in 3 different ways; - Direct visual, William's Graduated Probe and Using modified wax caliper. RESULTS: The McNemar test showed statistically significant differences in the way gingival biotype was identified when comparing visual assessment with assessment using direct measurement (P < 0.001). And there was no statistically significant difference when assessment using a periodontal probe was compared to direct measurement (P < 0.676). There is no correlation for the Biotype among the different age groups. CONCLUSION: Gingival biotype identification by visual assessment is statistically significantly different from assessment with direct measurement. Gingival biotype identification by assessment with a periodontal probe is not statistically significantly different from direct measurement.

Knowledge and awareness of polycaprolactone and its applications as provisional material in prosthodontic practice: A questionnaire-based survey.

Aim: The present study was done to evaluate the knowledge and awareness of different provisional materials, especially polycaprolactone (PCL) and their application in prosthodontic practice. Setting and Design: A questionnaire based survey was carried out to assess the knowledge and awareness of PCL and its applications as provisional material in prosthodontic practice. Materials and Method: A questionnaire-based descriptive study consisting of 10 questions related to different provisional materials and their applications in prosthodontic practice was formulated on Google Forms. The link was created and circulated among the prosthodontist faculty members of various dental institutes and private practitioners of India with the use of digital platforms such as E-mail and social media. The data were collected and examined using Microsoft Excel software for statistical evaluation. Statistical Analysis Used: For this descriptive type of study, knowledge and awareness among prosthodontists across India was evaluated using Microsoft Excel software. Results: The use of PCL was known only to 20.75% of prosthodontists. Moreover, its application and indications are known to only <1% of the study participants. Autopolymerizing resin was most commonly used for the custom tray and temporary base fabrication as well as temporization in crown and bridge prosthesis, while muscle deprogrammer and surgical template were commonly fabricated in heat-cure and clear acrylic resin, respectively. Pattern resin was found to be commonly used in splinting implant impression copings. Conclusion: The use of PCL as a temporary denture base, custom tray, muscle deprogrammer, implant impression splinting, and provisional for crown and bridge and templates should be encouraged and incorporated to get benefits of its characteristic properties. Considering the overall performance of PCL, its use should be incorporated into prosthodontic research and practice.

Reconstructing the population history of the largest tribe of India: the Dravidian speaking Gond.

The Gond comprise the largest tribal group of India with a population exceeding 12 million. Linguistically, the Gond belong to the Gondi-Manda subgroup of the South Central branch of the Dravidian language family. Ethnographers, anthropologists and linguists entertain mutually incompatible hypotheses on their origin. Genetic studies of these people have thus far suffered from the low resolution of the genetic data or the limited number of samples. Therefore, to gain a more comprehensive view on ancient ancestry and genetic affinities of the Gond with the neighbouring populations speaking Indo-European, Dravidian and Austroasiatic languages, we have studied four geographically distinct groups of Gond using high-resolution data. All the Gond groups share a common ancestry with a certain degree of isolation and differentiation. Our allele frequency and haplotype-based analyses reveal that the Gond share substantial genetic ancestry with the Indian Austroasiatic (ie, Munda) groups, rather than with the other Dravidian groups to whom they are most closely related linguistically.

Reconstructing the population history of the largest tribe of India: the Dravidian speaking Gond.

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2016.198.

Essix restoration: a novel approach for transitional teeth replacement.

Loss of teeth is a distressing situation. The patient may cultivate feeling of loss of an organ on loss of teeth. Especially when anterior teeth are lost appearance of the patient is compromised with altered pronunciation. This is a really embarrassing situation for people working as news readers, social workers, marketing executives, theatre artists or persons whose presentation in front of people is important as part of their work. Replacement of missing teeth immediately after loss is not possible always due to local and systemic physiological factors, age, pathological factors and unfavourable condition of soft tissue in a particular area. Various means are available for transitional replacement of teeth which may or may not require adjacent teeth preparation. Essix restoration is easy to fabricate and use the restoration option with great aesthetic value.

Anatomical aberrations in root canals of maxillary first and second molar teeth: an endodontic challenge.

Root canal anatomy variations present a constant challenge in successful diagnosis and endodontic treatment, especially the multirooted teeth. Maxillary first molar is the most commonly treated tooth yet with frequent failures because of undetected canals, especially the mesiobuccal second canal (MB2) with more frequency and distobuccal second canal (DB2) with quite a less frequency. Also, there are limited chances to find MB2 in maxillary second molars. We present two such cases, each of maxillary first and second molar with extra distobuccal and mesiobuccal canals, respectively.

Alternatives for restoration of a hemisected mandibular molar.

Hemisection is a common conservative treatment option for periodontally or endodontically compromised teeth. It is most likely to be performed on mandibular molars with class II or III furcation involvement. Their restoration is more critical than implant surgery to ensure the ability to masticate along with the ability to maintain good oral hygiene. There are various alternatives to restore such types of teeth: the remaining root restored as an individual tooth, restoring individual roots with either a molar or premolar morphology using the adjacent tooth as an abutment in a full coverage fixed partial denture, restoring individual roots with either molar or premolar morphology using an inlay type of restoration on the adjacent abutment tooth. This article reports two cases, one treated with molar morphology and an inlay type of restoration and the other with a premolar morphology and a full coverage fixed partial denture.

Prosthesis on prosthesis: three-fourth metal crowns--a novel approach for metallic occlusion.

Single complete denture is a common occurrence which needs special attention in treatment. Denture reinforcement with metallic occlusion is recommended to prevent fracture of denture and wearing of artificial teeth. Various methods have been reported in the literature for metallic occlusion, which either compromise on aesthetics of the premolar teeth or need repeated procedures. This case reports the use of three-fourths metal crowns to achieve metallic occlusions in single complete denture.

Indirect laminate veneer: a conservative novel approach.

Various treatment options and materials are available for restoration of an endodontically treated tooth. Laminate veneer is conservative treatment usually employed for aesthetic correction or improvement. The indirect composite is available in a wide range of shades and specific characterisation is easily performed chair side in the operatory area, which makes it a quick procedure and time saving for both the patient and the dentist. The physical properties and optical properties are good enough to use it as indirect restorative material, so in this particular case it was the material of choice for fabrication of laminate veneer on anterior tooth. In this case, the endodontically treated tooth with a fractured incisal edge was restored with indirect composite material.

Infiltrating angiolipoma of the cheek.

Angiolipoma, spindle cell lipoma, myelolipoma, chondrolipoma and myxolipoma are histological variants of lipomas arising from fat tissue. Although angiolipoma is the most common tumour in the trunk and forearm, it occurs infrequently in the head and neck region. In this report we present a case of angiolipoma occurring in the buccal mucosa of a 33-year-old man. The patient had noticed a painless mass in his buccal mucosa for 2 months. The surgically removed tumour, measuring 4 × 4 cm in diameter was histologically evaluated. The tumour was composed of proliferations of mature fat cells and connective tissue containing many small blood vessels, which were evenly distributed.

Microstomia: entry made easy in no entry (with sectional tray and sectional denture).

Reduced mouth opening or microstomia is a frequently encountered condition in the field of prosthodontics. Microstomia is a challenge for prosthodontics right from impression making till the insertion of the prosthesis. Making impressions in patients with microstomia is often cumbersome for both patient and operator. Standard impression procedures are not of any help due to limited mouth opening, so the modification of standard impression procedure is often necessary while treating such patients. Modification in denture prosthesis in the form of split denture, flexible denture, hinged denture, spring denture etc is needed to fulfil patients' demands. The present case displays the treatment of a patient with microstomia using modified impression tray design and maxillary split denture.

Towards high-throughput metabolomics using ultrahigh-field Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry.

With unmatched mass resolution, mass accuracy, and exceptional detection sensitivity, Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FTICR-MS) has the potential to be a powerful new technique for high-throughput metabolomic analysis. In this study, we examine the properties of an ultrahigh-field 12-Tesla (12T) FTICR-MS for the identification and absolute quantitation of human plasma metabolites, and for the untargeted metabolic fingerprinting of inbred-strain mouse serum by direct infusion (DI). Using internal mass calibration (mass error ≤1 ppm), we determined the rational elemental compositions (incorporating unlimited C, H, N and O, and a maximum of two S, three P, two Na, and one K per formula) of approximately 250 out of 570 metabolite features detected in a 3-min infusion analysis of aqueous extract of human plasma, and were able to identify more than 100 metabolites. Using isotopically-labeled internal standards, we were able to obtain excellent calibration curves for the absolute quantitation of choline with sub-pmol sensitivity, using 500 times less sample than previous LC/MS analyses. Under optimized serum dilution conditions, chemical compounds spiked into mouse serum as metabolite mimics showed a linear response over a 600-fold concentration range. DI/FTICR-MS analysis of serum from 26 mice from 2 inbred strains, with and without acute trichloroethylene (TCE) treatment, gave a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 4.5%. Finally, we extended this method to the metabolomic fingerprinting of serum samples from 49 mice from 5 inbred strains involved in an acute alcohol toxicity study, using both positive and negative electrospray ionization (ESI). Using these samples, we demonstrated the utility of this method for high-throughput metabolomics, with more than 400 metabolites profiled in only 24 h. Our experiments demonstrate that DI/FTICR-MS is well-suited for high-throughput metabolomic analysis.

Ad libitum choline intake in healthy individuals meets or exceeds the proposed adequate intake level.

Choline is an essential nutrient for humans that is used to synthesize membrane phospholipids and the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Betaine, a metabolite of choline, functions as a methyl-group donor in the conversion of homocysteine to methionine, and is important for renal function. Accurate analysis of choline intake was previously not possible because the choline content of most foods was not known. Using new and recently published data on the concentrations of choline in common foods, we measured the choline content of diets consumed ad libitum by healthy adult volunteers housed in a clinical research center and compared these with estimates of choline intake derived from 3-d food records kept by subjects immediately before study enrollment. Mean choline intake in this subject population met or slightly exceeded the current Adequate Intake (AI) of 7 mg/(kg . d) set by the Institute of Medicine. Men and women consumed similar amounts of choline per day (8.4 and. 6.7 mg/kg, respectively; P = 0.11). Choline intakes estimated from the 3-d food records were significantly lower than this (when expressed as mg/kg, or as total mg, but not when normalized to energy intake), suggesting underreporting of food intake. Intake of betaine, which may spare choline utilization as a methyl-group donor, was 5.3 mg/(kg . d) in men and 4.7 mg/(kg . d) in women. Intake of folate, vitamin B-12, and methionine + cysteine, were similar and sufficient in all subjects. The current recommended AI for choline seems to be a good approximation of the actual intake of this nutrient.