RESUMO
Low doses of mercury (Hg) promote deleterious effects on cardiovascular system, but the mechanisms implicated remain unclear. This study analyzed whether angiotensin II AT-1 receptors are involved in the vascular dysfunction caused by chronic exposure to low HgCl2 doses. For this, rats were divided into four groups and untreated (saline by im injections and tap water by gavage) or treated for 30 days as follows: Mercury (HgCl2im, first dose of 4.6⯵gâ¯kg-1 and subsequent doses of 0.07⯵gâ¯kg-1 day-1, and tap water by gavage); Losartan (saline im and losartan, 15â¯mgâ¯kg-1 day-1, by gavage); Losartan-Mercury (HgCl2im and Losartan by gavage). Systolic blood pressure was measured by tail plethysmography, vascular reactivity in aorta by isolated organ bath, oxidative stress by measuring the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant capacity (FRAP) and protein expression of AT-1 receptors by Western Blot. As results, co-treatment with losartan prevented the increased aortic vasoconstrictor responses to phenylephrine (Phe), the involvement of ROS and prostanoids on the response to Phe and the reduced negative endothelial modulation by nitric oxide on these responses. Moreover, this co-treatment avoided the increase in plasmatic and vascular oxidative stress and AT-1 protein expression in aorta. In conclusion, these results suggest that AT-1 receptors upregulation might play a key role in the vascular damage induced by Hg exposure by increasing oxidative stress and probably by reducing NO bioavailability.
Assuntos
Angiotensina II , Mercúrio , Estresse Oxidativo , Receptor Tipo 1 de Angiotensina , Receptores de Angiotensina , Angiotensina II/efeitos dos fármacos , Angiotensina II/metabolismo , Animais , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Endotélio Vascular , Mercúrio/toxicidade , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Receptor Tipo 1 de Angiotensina/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptor Tipo 1 de Angiotensina/metabolismo , Receptores de Angiotensina/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores de Angiotensina/metabolismo , Regulação para Cima , VasoconstriçãoRESUMO
Aim: We investigated the antioxidant protective power of egg white hydrolysate (EWH) against the vascular damage induced by mercury chloride (HgCl2) exposure in resistance arteries. Methods: Male Wistar rats received for 60 days: (I) intramuscular injections (i.m.) of saline and tap water by gavage - Untreated group; (II) 4.6 µg/kg of HgCl2 i.m. for the first dose and subsequent doses of 0.07 µg/kg/day and tap water by gavage - HgCl2 group; (III) saline i.m. and 1 g/kg/day of EWH by gavage - EWH group, or (IV) the combination of the HgCl2 i.m. and EWH by gavage - EWH + HgCl2 group. Blood pressure (BP) was indirectly measured and dose-response curves to acetylcholine (ACh), sodium nitroprusside (SNP), and noradrenaline (NE) were assessed in mesenteric resistance arteries (MRA), as in situ production of superoxide anion, nitric oxide (NO) release, vascular reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant status. Results: Egg white hydrolysate prevented the elevation in BP and the vascular dysfunction after HgCl2 exposure; restored the NO-mediated endothelial modulation and inhibited the oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways induced by HgCl2. Conclusion: Egg white hydrolysate seems to be a useful functional food to prevent HgCl2-induced vascular toxic effects in MRA.
RESUMO
Aluminum (Al) is toxic for humans and animals. Here, we have tested the potential for Egg White Hydrolysate (EWH) to protect against cardiovascular changes in rats exposed to both high and low dietary levels of Al. Indeed, EWH has been previously shown to improve cardio metabolic dysfunctions induced by chronic exposure to heavy metals. Male Wistar rats received orally: Group 1) Low aluminum level (AlCl3 at a dose of 8.3â¯mg/kg b.w. during 60 days) with or without EWH treatment (1â¯g/kg/day); Group 2) High aluminum level (AlCl3 at a dose of 100â¯mg/kg b.w. during 42 days) with or without EWH treatment. After Al treatment, rats co-treated with EWH did not show vascular dysfunction or increased blood pressure as was observed in non EWH-cotreated animals. Indeed, co-treatment with EWH prevented the following effects observed in both aorta and mesenteric arteries: the increased vascular responses to phenylephrine (Phe), the decreased ACh-induced relaxation, the reduction on endothelial modulation of vasoconstrictor responses and the nitric oxide bioavailability, as well as the increased reactive oxygen species production from NAD(P)H oxidase. Altogether, our results suggest that EWH could be used as a protective agent against the harmful vascular effects after long term exposure to Al.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Proteínas do Ovo/farmacologia , Clara de Ovo/química , Hidrolisados de Proteína/farmacologia , Doenças Vasculares/prevenção & controle , Alumínio , Animais , Antioxidantes/química , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/metabolismo , Proteínas do Ovo/química , Endotélio Vascular/efeitos dos fármacos , Hidrólise , Masculino , NADPH Oxidases/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos Wistar , Tromboxano-A Sintase/metabolismo , Doenças Vasculares/induzido quimicamente , Vasoconstrição/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The toxic effects of mercury (Hg) are involved in homeostasis of energy systems such as lipid and glucose metabolism, and white adipose tissue dysfunction is considered as a central mechanism leading to metabolic disorders. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of chronic inorganic Hg exposure at low doses on the lipid and glycemic metabolism. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were divided into two groups and treated for 60 days with: saline solution, i.m. (Untreated) and mercury chloride, i.m. - 1st dose 4.6 µg/kg, subsequent doses 0.07 µg/kg/day - (Mercury). Histological analyses, Hg levels measurement and GRP78, CHOP, PPARα, PPARγ, leptin, adiponectin and CD11 mRNA expressions were performed in epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT). Glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol and insulin plasma levels were also measured. RESULTS: Hg exposure reduced the absolute and relative eWAT weights, adipocyte size, plasma insulin levels, glucose tolerance, antioxidant defenses and increased plasma glucose and triglyceride levels. In addition, CHOP, GRP78, PPARα, PPARγ, leptin and adiponectin mRNA expressions were increased in Hg-treated animals. No differences in Hg concentration were found in eWAT between the untreated and Hg groups. These results suggest that the reduction in adipocyte size is related to the impaired antioxidant defenses, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, the disrupted PPARs and adipokines mRNA expression induced by the metal in eWAT. These disturbances possibly induced a decrease in circulating insulin levels, an imbalance between lipolysis and lipogenesis mechanisms in eWAT, with an increase in fatty acids mobilization, a reduction in glucose uptake and an activation of pro-apoptotic pathways, leading to hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. CONCLUSIONS: Hg is a powerful environmental WAT disruptor that influences signaling events and impairs metabolic activity and hormonal balance of adipocytes.
Assuntos
Adipócitos Brancos/efeitos dos fármacos , Tecido Adiposo Branco/efeitos dos fármacos , Plasticidade Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Metabolismo Energético/efeitos dos fármacos , Cloreto de Mercúrio/toxicidade , Adipócitos Brancos/metabolismo , Adipócitos Brancos/patologia , Tecido Adiposo Branco/metabolismo , Tecido Adiposo Branco/patologia , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Glicemia/metabolismo , Metabolismo Energético/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Insulina/sangue , Lipídeos/sangue , Lipogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Lipólise/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Ratos Wistar , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
Aluminum (Al) is a non-essential metal and a significant environmental contaminant and is associated with a number of human diseases including cardiovascular disease. We investigated the effects of Al exposure at doses similar to human dietary levels on the cardiovascular system over a 60day period. Wistar male rats were divided into two major groups and received orally: 1) Low aluminum level - rats were subdivided and treated for 60days as follows: a) Untreated - ultrapure water; b) AlCl3 at a dose of 8.3mg/kg bw for 60days, representing human Al exposure by diet; and 2) High aluminum level - rats were subdivided and treated for 42days as follows: C) Untreated - ultrapure water; d) AlCl3 at 100mg/kg bw for 42days, representing a high level of human exposure to Al. Effects on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and vascular function of aortic and mesenteric resistance arteries (MRA) were studied. Endothelium and smooth muscle integrity were evaluated by concentration-response curves to acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside. Vasoconstrictor responses to phenylephrine (Phe) in the presence and absence of endothelium and in the presence of the NOS inhibitor L-NAME, the potassium channels blocker TEA, the NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor apocynin, superoxide dismutase (SOD), the non-selective COX inhibitor indomethacin and the selective COX-2 inhibitor NS 398 were analyzed. Vascular reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant capacity, were measured. The mRNA expressions of eNOS, NAD(P)H oxidase 1 and 2, SOD1, COX-2 and thromboxane A2 receptor (TXA-2 R) were also investigated. Al exposure at human dietary levels impaired the cardiovascular system and these effects were almost the same as Al exposure at much higher levels. Al increased SBP, decreased ACh-induced relaxation, increased response to Phe, decreased endothelial modulation of vasoconstrictor responses, the bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO), the involvement of potassium channels on vascular responses, as well as increased ROS production from NAD(P)H oxidase and contractile prostanoids mainly from COX-2 in both aorta and mesenteric arteries. Al exposure increased vascular ROS production and lipid peroxidation as well as altered the antioxidant status in aorta and MRA. Al decreased vascular eNOS and SOD1 mRNA levels and increased the NAD(P)H oxidase 1, COX-2 and TXA-2 R mRNA levels. Our results point to an excess of ROS mainly from NAD(P)H oxidase after Al exposure and the increased vascular prostanoids from COX-2 acting in concert to decrease NO bioavailability, thus inducing vascular dysfunction and increasing blood pressure. Therefore, 60-day chronic exposure to Al, which reflects common human dietary Al intake, appears to pose a risk for the cardiovascular system.