Self-conducted sonographic monitoring of the knee in patients with haemophilia-A feasibility study.

INTRODUCTION/AIM: To evaluate whether patients with haemophilia (PwH) can be enabled to perform ultrasonography (US) of their knees without supervision according to the Haemophilia Early Arthropathy Detection with Ultrasound (HEAD-US) protocol and whether they would be able to recognize pathologies. METHODS: Five PwH (mean age 29.6 years, range 20-48 years) were taught the use of a portable US device and the HEAD-US protocol. Subsequently, the patients performed US unsupervised at home three times a week for a total of 6 weeks with a reteaching after 2 weeks. All images were checked for mapping of the landmarks defined in the HEAD-US protocol by a radiologist. In a final test after the completion of the self-sonography period, participants were asked to identify scanning plane and potential pathology from US images of other PwH. RESULTS: On the images of the self-performed scans, 82.7% of the possible anatomic landmarks could be identified and 67.5% of the requested images were unobjectionable, depicting 100% of the required landmarks. There was a highly significant improvement in image quality following reteaching after 2 weeks (74.80 ± 36.88% vs. 88.31 ± 19.87%, p < .001). In the final test, the participants identified the right scanning plane in 85.0% and they correctly identified pathology in 90.0% of images. CONCLUSION: Appropriately trained PwH can perform the HEAD-US protocol of their knee with high quality and are capable to identify pathologic findings on these standardized images. Asynchronous tele-sonography could enable early therapy adjustment and thereby possibly reduce costs.

MRI proton density fat fraction for estimation of tumor grade in steatotic hepatocellular carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: Image-based detection of intralesional fat in focal liver lesions has been established in diagnostic guidelines as a feature indicative of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and associated with a favorable prognosis. Given recent advances in MRI-based fat quantification techniques, we investigated a possible relationship between intralesional fat content and histologic tumor grade in steatotic HCCs. METHODS: Patients with histopathologically confirmed HCC and prior MRI with proton density fat fraction (PDFF) mapping were retrospectively identified. Intralesional fat of HCCs was assessed using an ROI-based analysis and the median fat fraction of steatotic HCCs was compared between tumor grades G1-3 with non-parametric testing. ROC analysis was performed in case of statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). Subgroup analyses were conducted for patients with/without liver steatosis and with/without liver cirrhosis. RESULTS: A total of 57 patients with steatotic HCCs (62 lesions) were eligible for analysis. The median fat fraction was significantly higher for G1 lesions (median [interquartile range], 7.9% [6.0─10.7%]) than for G2 (4.4% [3.2─6.6%]; p = .001) and G3 lesions (4.7% [2.8─7.8%]; p = .036). PDFF was a good discriminator between G1 and G2/3 lesions (AUC .81; cut-off 5.8%, sensitivity 83%, specificity 68%) with comparable results in patients with liver cirrhosis. In patients with liver steatosis, intralesional fat content was higher than in the overall sample, with PDFF performing better in distinguishing between G1 and G2/3 lesions (AUC .92; cut-off 8.8%, sensitivity 83%, specificity 91%). CONCLUSIONS: Quantification of intralesional fat using MRI PDFF mapping allows distinction between well- and less-differentiated steatotic HCCs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: PDFF mapping may help optimize precision medicine as a tool for tumor grade assessment in steatotic HCCs. Further investigation of intratumoral fat content as a potential prognostic indicator of treatment response is encouraged. KEY POINTS: • MRI proton density fat fraction mapping enables distinction between well- (G1) and less- (G2 and G3) differentiated steatotic hepatocellular carcinomas. • In a retrospective single-center study with 62 histologically proven steatotic hepatocellular carcinomas, G1 tumors showed a higher intralesional fat content than G2 and G3 tumors (7.9% vs. 4.4% and 4.7%; p = .004). • In liver steatosis, MRI proton density fat fraction mapping was an even better discriminator between G1 and G2/G3 steatotic hepatocellular carcinomas.

A novel and simple cardiac magnetic resonance score (PE2RT) predicts outcome in takotsubo syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: To find simple imaging-based features on cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) that are associated with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in takotsubo syndrome (TTS). METHODS: Patients with TTS referred for CMR between 2007 and 2021 were retrospectively evaluated. Besides standard CMR analysis, commonly known complications of TTS based on expert knowledge were assessed and summarised via a newly developed PE2RT score (one point each for pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, right ventricular involvement, and ventricular thrombus). Clinical follow-up data was reviewed up to three years after discharge. The relationship between PE2RT features and the occurrence of MACE (cardiovascular death or new hospitalisation due to acute myocardial injury, arrhythmia, or chronic heart failure) was examined using Cox regression analysis and Kaplan-Meier estimator. RESULTS: Seventy-nine patients (mean age, 68 ± 14 years; 72 women) with TTS were included. CMR was performed in a median of 4 days (IQR, 2-6) after symptom onset. Over a median follow-up of 13.3 months (IQR, 0.4-36.0), MACE occurred in 14/79 (18%) patients: re-hospitalisation due to acute symptoms (9/79, 11%) or chronic heart failure symptoms (4/79, 5%), and cardiac death (1/79, 1%). Patients with MACE had a higher PE2RT score (median [IQR], 2 [2-3] vs 1 [0-1]; p < 0.001). PE2RT score was associated with MACE on Cox regression analysis (hazard ratio per PE2RT feature, 2.44; 95%CI: 1.62-3.68; p < 0.001). Two or more PE2RT complications were strongly associated with the occurrence of MACE (log-rank p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The introduced PE2RT complication score might enable an easy-to-assess outcome evaluation of TTS patients by CMR. KEY POINTS: • Complications like pericardial effusion, pleural effusion, right ventricular involvement, and ventricular thrombus (summarised as PE2RT features) are relatively common in takotsubo syndrome. • The proposed PE2RT score (one point per complication) was associated with the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events on follow-up. • Complications easily detected by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging can help clinicians derive long-term prognostic information on patients with takotsubo syndrome.

Where Have All the Punctures Gone? An Analysis of Thoracic Duct Embolizations.

PURPOSE: To determine how frequently and how severely intra-abdominal structures are affected by transabdominal thoracic duct embolization (TDE). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-five TDE procedures in 35 patients (22 male; mean age, 57 y; age range, 10-79 y) with therapy-refractory chylous effusions were evaluated in which radiopaque embolization material outlined the access route on postinterventional CT. CT data were analyzed by 2 TDE-experienced radiologists. Abdominal structures and organs transgressed by the access route were recorded, and findings were correlated with clinical postinterventional course with follow-up of at least 44 days. RESULTS: Intra-abdominal structures/organs transgressed most often by the access route were the liver (n = 28), crus of the diaphragm (n = 25), pancreas (n = 14), portal vein (n = 10), duodenum (n = 7), inferior vena cava (n = 5), colon (n = 3), left renal vein (n = 2), pleura (n = 2), pericardium (n = 2), and gastric sleeve (n = 2). Pancreatitis was observed in 1 of 14 patients after pancreatic transgression. One case of clinically occult pulmonary glue migration occurred on catheter pullback through the left renal vein. Biliary peritonitis was observed after gallbladder puncture, necessitating cholecystectomy in 1 of 2 transbiliary punctures. No other relevant procedure-related complications such as hemorrhages or infectious complications were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Despite transgression of intra-abdominal structures, puncture- and access-related complications of TDE are rare. Transpancreatic manipulations are reasonably well tolerated.

Prospective Evaluation of Passive Expansion of Partially Dilated Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Stent Grafts-A Three-Dimensional Sonography Study.

PURPOSE: To prospectively investigate early expansion kinetics of underdilated self-expanding stent grafts used for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) creation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty patients (7 female; mean age 66 y; range, 31-80 y) with liver cirrhosis undergoing TIPS creation for variceal bleeding (n = 5), refractory ascites (n = 14), or both (n = 1) with underdilation of 10-mm stent grafts received two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) ultrasound (US) examinations immediately after TIPS creation and 1 and 6 weeks later. Orthogonal views of the TIPS within the parenchymal tract were reconstructed from 3-D volume data sets acquired in longitudinal orientation of the stent. 2-D images and reconstructed 3-D images were used for blinded diameter measurements. Measurement technique was validated with intrainterventional plain radiographs with a sizing catheter as the gold standard. Diameter changes over time and interrelations with patient characteristics (null hypothesis: no expansion, no interrelation) were analyzed using a general linear model for repeated measures. RESULTS: After dilation to 8-mm diameter, 2-D and 3-D measurements showed stent recoil (mean diameter 7.7 mm ± 0.21 and 7.6 mm ± 0.17, respectively). Diameter increased significantly from initial measurements to measurements at 1 and 6 weeks (2-D, 8.8 mm ± 0.24 and 9.4 mm ± 0.15, both P < .001; 3-D, 8.7 mm ± 0.27 and 9.4 mm ± 0.11, both P < .001). Validation measurements showed no significant differences between 2-D or 3-D US and gold standard. There were no statistically significant associations between stent expansion and clinical parameters (sex, P = .78; age, P = .82; etiology/grade of cirrhosis, P = .99; indication for TIPS, P = .78, liver stiffness, P = .70). CONCLUSIONS: Underdilated self-expanding stent grafts used for TIPS creation significantly expand within first 6 weeks after intervention. These changes can be noninvasively monitored using 3-D US.

Classification of spondylolytic clefts in patients with spondylolysis or isthmic spondylolisthesis using positional MRI.

Background Posterior instability is a pathologic movement occurring in the spondylolytic cleft. Purpose To present a new classification system for the evaluation of spondylolytic cleft by positional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and determine the prevalence of the different types. Material and Methods A total of 176 segments of the lumbar spine with spondylolysis or isthmic spondylolisthesis were examined using positional MRI. Scans were obtained in neutral sitting, flexion, and extension positions. No visible movement in the cleft was defined as type A, fluid displaced into the cleft as type BI, displacement of the flava ligaments at the level of the cleft as type BII, and intraspinal cysts arising from the spondylolytic cleft as type BIII. The movements were characterized by a radiologist and a neurosurgeon experienced in positional MRI. Clinical findings were correlated with the different types of instability. Results A high agreement was found between the two observers. In total, 131 segments were characterized as type A, six as type BI, 24 as type BII, and 10 as type BIII. In five segments, the type differed between the right and the left side. Two patients had a mixed type BI/II, another two patients had a mixed type BII/III, and one patient had a mixed type BI/III. Patients with type BII and BIII instabilities suffered more often from radicular symptoms compared to patients without any instability. Conclusion The presented classification might help to better understand and study changes encountered in the spondylolytic cleft in patients with spondylolysis and isthmic spondylolisthesis using positional MRI.

[Interventional Radiological Treatment of Intercostal Artery Bleedings - a Retrospective Analysis]. / Interventionell-radiologische Behandlung von Interkostalarterienblutungen ­ eine retrospektive Analyse.

Background Intercostal artery bleedings are potentially fatal injuries. Apart from conservative and surgical treatment options, emergency interventional radiological treatment can also be performed. We report our experience with emergency intercostal artery embolisation. Materials and Methods Patients with acute arterial bleedings from the intercostal artery who were treated interventionally over a period of 7 years were identified retrospectively. Technical and clinical success, clinical and procedural parameters as well as overall survival were analysed. Results Between 2010 and 2017, a total of 27 embolisation procedures was performed in 24 patients (14 male, mean age 65.7 ± 13.9 years). The majority of patients suffered from iatrogenic intercostal artery bleedings (n = 17; 70.1%; especially after thoracocentesis). In five cases, thoracoscopic surgery was attempted prior to intervention but was unsuccessful. Primary technical success was obtained in 25/27 interventions. In two cases, there was re-bleeding via collateral arteries so that re-intervention became necessary (secondary technical success). In 15 cases, secondary surgery after successful interventional treatment was necessary to evacuate the haematoma/haemothorax. Intercostal artery embolisation was clinically successful in 23/24 patients. One patient died despite technically successful embolisation, due to extensive haemothorax. One case of spinal ischaemia was observed as a major complication. Conclusion Intercostal artery embolisation is an effective interventional radiological emergency measure in patients with acute bleeding and is an alternative to surgical treatment even after attempted, unsuccessful surgery. Because of potentially severe complications, the interventional procedure should be performed by an experienced interventionalist.

Incidence and risk factors of early arterial blood flow stasis during first radioembolization of primary and secondary liver malignancy using resin microspheres: an initial single-center analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To retrospectively determine incidence of early arterial blood flow stasis and its influencing factors during resin-based radioembolization (RE) of liver tumours. METHODS: Data of patients undergoing resin-based RE from 06/2006-12/2013 were reviewed. Second RE procedures of the same liver lobe were excluded. 90-yttrium dose was calculated according to the body surface area method. Data were categorized according to RE without full dose application because of early stasis and with full dose application. Clinical/procedural characteristics were recorded. Logistic regression was performed to identify associations between clinical/procedural characteristics and early stasis. RESULTS: 362 patients [220 male; mean age 62 years (range 26-90)] underwent 416 RE sessions with early stasis occurring in 103 REs (24.8 %). Highest incidence and degree of stasis were observed in breast cancer metastases [42.6 % (20/47); 55.8 % of mean intended dose administered]. Independent risk factors were: metastasized breast cancer (odds ratio [OR] 2.18, p = 0.02), liver tumour-burden <25 % and 25-50 % (ORs 5.33, 15.64; p < 0.0001), tumour hypovascularity (OR 2.70, p = 0.04), previous bevacizumab therapy (OR 2.79, p = 0.0009) and concurrent chemotherapy (OR 8.69, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Early stasis was observed in 24.8 % of resin-based REs. In the presence of the identified risk factors, extra care should be taken during microsphere administration. KEY POINTS: • Early arterial blood flow stasis is a known problem of resin-based RE. • The study showed that early stasis occurs in 25 % of REs. • Several clinical and procedural factors are associated with early stasis. • In patients at risk extra care should be taken during RE.

Yttrium-90 Radioembolization of Advanced, Unresectable Breast Cancer Liver Metastases-A Single-Center Experience.

PURPOSE: To determine value of transarterial radioembolization (TARE) for palliative treatment of unresectable liver-dominant breast metastases (LdBM) and to determine prognostic parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Records of patients undergoing TARE for progressing LdBM between June 2006 and March 2015 were retrospectively reviewed; 44 female patients (mean age 56.1 y; range, 34.9-85.3 y) underwent 69 TAREs (56 resin-based, 13 glass-based). Of 44 patients, 42 had bilobar disease. Mean administered activity was 1.35 GBq ± 0.71. Median clinical and imaging follow-up times were 121 days (range, 26-870 d; n = 42 patients) and 93 days (range, 26-2,037 d; n = 38 patients). Clinical and biochemical toxicities, imaging response (according to Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors), time to progression, and overall survival (OS) were evaluated. Data were analyzed with stratification according to clinical and procedural parameters. RESULTS: Toxicities included 1 cholecystitis (grade 2) and 1 duodenal ulceration (grade 3); no grade ≥ 4 clinical toxicities were noted. Objective response rate (complete + partial response) was 28.9% (11/38); disease control rate (response + stable disease) was 71.1% (27/38). Median time to progression of treated liver lobe was 101 days (range, 30-2,037 d). During follow-up, 34/42 patients died (median OS after first TARE: 184 d [range 29-2,331 d]). On multivariate analysis, baseline Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) status of 0 (P < .0001, hazard ratio [HR] = 0.146) and low baseline γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) levels (P = .0146, HR = 0.999) were predictors of longer OS. CONCLUSIONS: TARE can successfully delay progression of therapy-refractory LdBM with low complication rate. Nonelevated baseline ECOG status and low GGT levels were identified as prognostic factors.

Intravoxel Incoherent Motion Diffusion-Weighted MR Imaging for Prediction of Early Arterial Blood Flow Stasis in Radioembolization of Breast Cancer Liver Metastases.

PURPOSE: To retrospectively evaluate predictive value of intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) for early arterial blood flow stasis during transarterial radioembolization (TARE) of liver dominant breast metastases (LdBM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Preinterventional 1.5T DWI (b0, b1, b2 = 0, 50, 800 s/mm(2)) data for 28 liver lobes of 18 female patients treated by resin-based radioembolization (10 bilobar and 8 unilobar treatments) were analyzed. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) (0, 800) and an estimation of the true diffusion coefficient D' and of the perfusion fraction f' were calculated for the 2 largest metastases. Response rate at 3 months and survival were analyzed. Procedures without full dose application because of early stasis were assigned to group A (n = 15), and procedures with full dose application were assigned to group B (n = 13). RESULTS: Metastases in group A showed significantly lower f' (0.035 ± 0.018 vs 0.076 ± 0.015, P < .0001) and a trend toward lower ADC(0, 800) with values given in 10(-6) mm(2)/s (1,066 ± 141 vs 1,189 ± 176, P = .051); no group difference was shown for D'. Groups were best discriminated by weighted mean f' values of the 2 largest metastases with accuracy of 100%. Mean tumor diameter before and after TARE was 51 mm ± 18 and 50 mm ± 24 in group A and 47 mm ± 27 and 48 mm ± 32 for group B. Imaging response did not differ between groups (P = .545). Overall survival did not differ significantly between group A (230 d) and B (155 d) (P = .124). CONCLUSIONS: Perfusion-sensitive IVIM parameter f' may predict early blood flow stasis in patients undergoing TARE for LdBM. Determination of this parameter before intervention may increase awareness of the interventionalist and increase safety of microsphere administration.

Postinterventional passive expansion of partially dilated transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt stents.

PURPOSE: To investigate passive transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) stent expansion in patients with intentional "underdilation" (eg, 10-mm stent, 8-mm balloon) during TIPS creation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Custom in-house software was developed for objective quantification of cross-sectional stent area from computed tomography (CT) data. The technique was validated by in vitro experiments. The study included 39 patients (22 men; mean age, 59.2 y) who underwent TIPS creation (VIATORR stent graft [W. L. Gore & Associates, Flagstaff, Arizona]; n = 29; WALLSTENT endoprosthesis [Boston Scientific, Marlborough, Massachusetts], n = 10) with stent underdilation. Follow-up CT data of the patients were used to quantify in vivo stent area changes. Data were analyzed by variance analysis and entered into a general linear model to test for interrelations between stent area changes and clinical (eg, cirrhosis grade) and procedural parameters. RESULTS: In vitro validation of the in-house software showed good agreement and reproducibility without overestimation of stent area. Mean clinical follow-up time in patients was 787 days (range, 7-2,450 d). At the time of intervention, VIATORR stent grafts and WALLSTENT endoprostheses were dilated to an average of 64.4% ± 2.3% and 65.63% ± 8.52% of nominal area, respectively. At the last imaging follow-up evaluation, this value had increased in all stents to a mean of 87.8% ± 7.9% (VIATORR) and 82.34% ± 19.6% (WALLSTENT) in the TIPS tract (P < .05). Multivariate analysis revealed the time after intervention to be the only predictor of stent area in the TIPS tract. There was no significant association between stent expansion and clinical or procedure-related parameters. CONCLUSIONS: The area of self-expanding stents implanted in the liver for TIPS creation with dilation to less than nominal diameter significantly increases over time. This increase has to be considered as an additional factor influencing the long-term portosystemic gradient.

Feasibility of temporary protective embolization of normal liver tissue using degradable starch microspheres during radioembolization of liver tumours.

PURPOSE: To describe a new approach to protect nontarget healthy liver tissue using degradable starch microspheres (DSM) as a short-term embolizate during radioembolization of liver tumours with (90)Y microspheres. METHODS: Between December 2011 and July 2012 radioembolization was performed in 54 patients. Five of these patients (three women, two men; mean age 67 years) underwent protective temporary embolization using DSM (EmboCept® S) of normal liver tissue that could not be excluded from the area treated by radioembolization through catheter repositioning. Clinical symptoms, laboratory findings, preinterventional imaging, and (99m)Tc-MAA and bremsstrahlung SPECT/CT, as well as baseline and follow-up imaging with (18)F-FDG PET/CT and MRI, were evaluated in relation to the technical and clinical success of the protective embolization. RESULTS: Temporary embolization of arteries supplying normal liver tissue using DSM was technically successful in all five patients. (99m)Tc-MAA SPECT/CT performed in the first two patients after DSM injection showed no increased pulmonary shunting compared to the MAA test injection without DSM. Bremsstrahlung SPECT/CT after radioembolization demonstrated satisfactory irradiation of the tumour and successful protection of normal liver tissue. There were only mild hepatotoxic effects (grade 1) on laboratory follow-up examinations, and no adverse events associated with DSM embolization or radioembolization were recorded. CONCLUSION: Temporary embolization with DSM before radioembolization is feasible and can effectively protect areas of normal liver tissue from irradiation and avoid permanent embolization if other methods such as catheter repositioning are not possible due to the location of the metastases.

Radiographic evaluation of ventral instability in lumbar spondylolisthesis: do we need extension radiographs in routine exams?

PURPOSE: To determine the usefulness of acquiring extension radiographs for the evaluation of the degree of spondylolisthesis. METHODS: Routine radiographs of the lumbar spine were retrospectively evaluated in 87 patients (mean-age 63, range 32-86) by two independent radiologists. All patients received radiographs in standing neutral, flexion and extension position. Vertebral body depth, sagittal translational displacement and lordosis angle were measured and slip percentage (SP) was calculated on standing neutral, flexion and extension radiographs. Statistical analysis was performed with a two-sided t test. Inter- and intraobserver reliability was assessed using the kappa-coefficient. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant SP-difference between neutral standing and extension images. Ventral instability was diagnosed in 25-34 % (cut-off >8 % SP-difference) for neutral versus flexion comparison. The detection rate of flexion-extension radiographs representing the extremes of motion was lower with 15-22 %. Inter- and intraobserver reliability was good to excellent. CONCLUSION: Slip percentage in routine standing extension radiography ultimately does not differ from that obtained in a static neutral standing view. Extension radiography may therefore be omitted in a routine work-up of ventral instability in lumbar spondylolisthesis.

Interventional treatment of refractory non-traumatic chylous effusions in patients with lymphoproliferative disorders.

To report results of interventional treatment of refractory non-traumatic abdomino-thoracic chylous effusions in patients with lymphoproliferative disorders. 17 patients (10 male; mean age 66.7 years) with lymphoproliferative disorders suffered from non-traumatic chylous effusions (chylothorax n = 11, chylous ascites n = 3, combined abdomino-thoracic effusion n = 3) refractory to chemotherapy and conservative therapy. All underwent x-ray lymphangiography with iodized-oil to evaluate for and at the same time treat lymphatic abnormalities (leakage, chylo-lymphatic reflux with/without obstruction of central drainage). In patients with identifiable active leakage additional lymph-vessel embolization was performed. Resolution of effusions was deemed as clinical success. Lymphangiography showed reflux in 8/17 (47%), leakage in 2/17 (11.8%), combined leakage and reflux in 3/17 (17.6%), lymphatic obstruction in 2/17 (11.8%) and normal findings in 2/17 cases (11.8%). 12/17 patients (70.6%) were treated by lymphangiography alone; 5/17 (29.4%) with leakage received additional embolization (all technically successful). Effusions resolved in 15/17 cases (88.2%); 10/12 (83.3%) resolved after lymphangiography alone and in 5/5 patients (100%) after embolization. Time-to-resolution of leakage was significantly shorter after embolization (within one day in all cases) than lymphangiography (median 9 [range 4-30] days; p = 0.001). There was no recurrence of symptoms or post-interventional complications during follow-up (median 445 [40-1555] days). Interventional-radiological treatment of refractory, non-traumatic lymphoma-induced chylous effusions is safe and effective. Lymphangiography identifies lymphatic abnormalities in the majority of patients and leads to resolution of effusions in > 80% of cases. Active leakage is found in only a third of patients and can be managed by additional embolization.

Outcome of transarterial radioembolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma as a first-line interventional therapy and after a previous transarterial chemoembolization.

Purpose: Due to a lack of data, there is an ongoing debate regarding the optimal frontline interventional therapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of the study is to compare the results of transarterial radioembolization (TARE) as the first-line therapy and as a subsequent therapy following prior transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) in these patients. Methods: A total of 83 patients were evaluated, with 38 patients having undergone at least one TACE session prior to TARE [27 male; mean age 67.2 years; 68.4% stage Barcelona clinic liver cancer (BCLC) B, 31.6% BCLC C]; 45 patients underwent primary TARE (33 male; mean age 69.9 years; 40% BCLC B, 58% BCLC C). Clinical [age, gender, BCLC stage, activity in gigabecquerel (GBq), Child-Pugh status, portal vein thrombosis, tumor volume] and procedural [overall survival (OS), local tumor control (LTC), and progression-free survival (PFS)] data were compared. A regression analysis was performed to evaluate OS, LTC, and PFS. Results: No differences were found in OS (95% CI: 1.12, P = 0.289), LTC (95% CI: 0.003, P = 0.95), and PFS (95% CI: 0.4, P = 0.525). The regression analysis revealed a relationship between Child-Pugh score (P = 0.005), size of HCC lesions (>10 cm) (P = 0.022), and OS; neither prior TACE (Child-Pugh B patients; 95% CI: 0.120, P = 0.729) nor number of lesions (>10; 95% CI: 2.930, P = 0.087) correlated with OS. Conclusion: Prior TACE does not affect the outcome of TARE in unresectable HCC.

Robotic-assisted Lymphovenous Anastomosis of the Central Lymphatic System.

Background: Recent advances in robotic microsurgery have enabled the application of robotic technology in central lymphatic reconstruction. Although the use of microsurgical robots demands careful consideration of associated costs and potentially prolonged operating times, it may offer improved surgical approaches and enhanced accessibility to deeper anatomical structures such as the thoracic duct (TD). Methods: We report on successful reconstruction of the central lymphatic system using the Symani Surgical System in four patients with lesions of the central lymphatic system. The patients were of different age (range: 8 mo-60 y) and had variable conditions, including central conducting lymphatic anomaly and other rare anomalies of the central lymphatic pathways. Results: Depending on the underlying pathology, a cervical access (n = 1) or median laparotomy (n = 3) was chosen to access the TD and perform anastomosis with a nearby vein. In all patients, anastomoses were patent, and chyle leakage decreased postoperatively. From a surgical perspective, the Symani Surgical System improved the precision of the microsurgeon and accessibility to the deep-lying TD. Conclusion: Considering the high morbidity and rarity of pathologies of the central lymphatic system, robotic-assisted microsurgery holds substantial promise in expanding and improving the microsurgical treatment for central lymphatic anomalies.

Microsurgical central lymphatic reconstruction-the role of thoracic duct lymphovenous anastomoses at different anatomical levels.

Introduction: In recent years advances have been made in the microsurgical treatment of congenital or acquired central lymphatic lesions. While acquired lesions can result from any surgery or trauma of the central lymphatic system, congenital lymphatic lesions can have a variety of manifestations, ranging from singular thoracic duct abnormalities to complex multifocal malformations. Both conditions may cause recurrent chylous effusions and downstream lymphatic congestion depending on the anatomical location of the thoracic duct lesion and are associated with an increased mortality due to the permanent loss of protein and fluid. Methods: We present a case series of eleven patients undergoing central lymphatic reconstruction, consisting of one patient with a cervical iatrogenic thoracic duct lesion and eleven patients with different congenital thoracic duct lesions or thrombotic occlusions. Results: Anastomosis of the thoracic duct and a nearby vein was performed on different anatomical levels depending on the underlying central lymphatic pathology. Cervical (n = 4), thoracic (n = 1) or abdominal access (n = 5) was used for central lymphatic reconstruction with promising results. In 9 patients a postoperative benefit with varying degrees of symptom regression was reported. Conclusion: The presented case series illustrates the current rapid advances in the field of central microsurgical reconstruction of lymphatic lesions alongside the relevant literature.

Post-interventional infectious complications in percutaneous transabdominal lymphatic interventions: an observational study.

The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the occurrence of infectious complications and inflammatory reactions after transabdominal lymphatic-interventions. 63 lymphatic-interventions were performed in 60 patients (male/female: 35/25; mean age 56 [9-85] years) [chylothorax n = 48, chylous ascites n = 7, combined chylothorax/chylous ascites n = 5]. Post-interventional clinical course and laboratory findings were analyzed in the whole cohort as well as subgroups without (group A; n = 35) and with peri-interventional antibiotics (group B; n = 25) (pneumonia n = 16, drainage-catheter inflammation n = 5, colitis n = 1, cystitis n = 1, transcolonic-access n = 2). No septic complications associated with the intervention occurred. Leucocytes increased significantly, peaking on post-interventional day-1 (8.6 ± 3.9 × 106 cells/mL vs. 9.8 ± 4.7 × 106 cells/mL; p = 0.009) and decreased thereafter (day-10: 7.3 ± 2.7 × 106 cells/mL, p = 0.005). CRP-values were pathological in 89.5% of patients already at baseline (40.1 ± 63.9 mg/L) and increased significant on day-3 (77.0 ± 78.8 mg/L, p < 0.001). Values decreased thereafter (day-15: 25.3 ± 34.4 mg/L, p = 0.04). In subgroup B, 13/25 patients had febrile episodes post-interventionally (pneumonia n = 11, cystitis n = 1, drainage-catheter inflammation n = 1). One patient developed biliary peritonitis despite continued antibiotics and underwent cholecystectomy. Baseline leucocytes and CRP-levels were higher in group B than A, but with comparable post-interventional profiles. Clinically relevant infectious complications associated with transabdominal lymphatic-interventions are rare irrespective of peri-interventional antibiotic use. Post-interventional elevation of leucocytes and CRP are observed with normalization over 10-15 days.