RESUMO
It is estimated that about 1 712 000 people are suffering from disability in Switzerland, and that 1 to 3% of them present a severe form of disability associated with intellectual deficiency. Management of such patients is complex and faces various challenges. Communication and collaboration with the patients and among all stakeholders are key. In this review, we highlight the value of creating a network supporting people with disabilities. We also present the network available for in- and outpatients in Geneva, which offers consultations and training courses for healthcare workers, and encourages coordination between institutions and network collaboration.
Le nombre de personnes en situation de handicap en Suisse est estimé à 1 712 000, et 1 à 3 % d'entre elles présentent un handicap sévère avec retard mental. Ce dernier complexifie significativement les prises en charge en raison des difficultés de communication, d'interprétation des plaintes et des symptômes. De plus, le retard mental requiert un soutien psychosocial non négligeable. Cet article propose une réponse possible à cette problématique grâce à la création d'un réseau de soins intra- et extrahospitalier à Genève, qui inclut consultations, formations spécialisées, coordinations interinstitutionnelles et collaboration en réseau.
Assuntos
Pessoas com Deficiência , Deficiência Intelectual , Adulto , Pessoal de Saúde , Humanos , Comportamento Social , SuíçaRESUMO
AIMS: The activation of cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB(2))-mediated pathways might represent a promising anti-atherosclerotic treatment. Here, we investigated the expression of the endocannabinoid system in human carotid plaques and the impact of CB(2) pharmacological activation on markers of plaque vulnerability in vivo and in vitro. METHODS AND RESULTS: The study was conducted using all available residual human carotid tissues (upstream and downstream the blood flow) from our cohort of patients symptomatic (n = 13) or asymptomatic (n = 27) for ischaemic stroke. Intraplaque levels of 2-arachidonoylglycerol, anandamide N-arachidonoylethanolamine, N-palmitoylethanolamine, N-oleoylethanolamine, and their degrading enzymes (fatty acid amide hydrolase and monoacylglycerol lipase) were not different in human plaque portions. In the majority of human samples, CB(1) (both mRNA and protein levels) was undetectable. In downstream symptomatic plaques, CB(2) protein expression was reduced when compared with asymptomatic patients. In these portions, CB(2) levels were inversely correlated (r = -0.4008, P = 0.0170) with matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-9 content and positively (r = 0.3997, P = 0.0174) with collagen. In mouse plaques, CB(2) co-localized with neutrophils and MMP-9. Treatment with the selective CB(2) agonist JWH-133 was associated with the reduction in MMP-9 content in aortic root and carotid plaques. In vitro, pre-incubation with JWH-133 reduced tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α-mediated release of MMP-9. This effect was associated with the reduction in TNF-α-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation in human neutrophils. CONCLUSION: Cannabinoid receptor type 2 receptor is down-regulated in unstable human carotid plaques. Since CB(2) activation prevents neutrophil release of MMP-9 in vivo and in vitro, this treatment strategy might selectively reduce carotid vulnerability in humans.