Adiponectin is independently associated with NT-proBNP: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: To investigate the associations between selected adipokines and the N-terminal prohormone of B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). METHODS AND RESULTS: As many as 1489 individuals enrolled in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis were evaluated at 4 clinic visits about every 2 years. The evaluation included fasting venous blood, which was analyzed for NT-proBNP (at visits 1 and 3) and the adipokines adiponectin and leptin (at visits 2 and 3). The mean age was 64.8 ± 9.6 years and 48% were female. After multivariable adjustment, a 1-SD increment in adiponectin was associated with a 14 pg/ml higher NT-proBNP level (p < 0.01), while, compared to the 1st quartile of adiponectin, the 2nd, 3rd and 4th quartiles had 28, 45 and 67% higher NT-proBNP levels (p < 0.01 for all). For changes in NT-proBNP over the follow-up period, and after multivariable adjustment including baseline NT-proBNP, a 1-SD increment in adiponectin was associated with a 25 pg/ml absolute increase in NT-proBNP (p < 0.01), while those in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th quartiles of adiponectin were associated with increases of 5, 28 and 65 pg/ml (p = 0.74, 0.09 and <0.01, respectively). There was a significant interaction between adiponectin and sex for visit 3 NT-proBNP (p-interaction < 0.01), with significantly stronger associations in men. Leptin was not associated with NT-proBNP. CONCLUSION: Higher adiponectin, but not leptin, is significantly associated with higher levels of NT-proBNP, as well as with greater longitudinal increases in NT-proBNP. The associations were stronger in men.

Common carotid intima-media thickness does not add to Framingham risk score in individuals with diabetes mellitus: the USE-IMT initiative.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The aim of this work was to investigate whether measurement of the mean common carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) improves cardiovascular risk prediction in individuals with diabetes. METHODS: We performed a subanalysis among 4,220 individuals with diabetes in a large ongoing individual participant data meta-analysis involving 56,194 subjects from 17 population-based cohorts worldwide. We first refitted the risk factors of the Framingham heart risk score on the individuals without previous cardiovascular disease (baseline model) and then expanded this model with the mean common CIMT (CIMT model). The absolute 10 year risk for developing a myocardial infarction or stroke was estimated from both models. In individuals with diabetes we compared discrimination and calibration of the two models. Reclassification of individuals with diabetes was based on allocation to another cardiovascular risk category when mean common CIMT was added. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 8.7 years, 684 first-time cardiovascular events occurred among the population with diabetes. The C statistic was 0.67 for the Framingham model and 0.68 for the CIMT model. The absolute 10 year risk for developing a myocardial infarction or stroke was 16% in both models. There was no net reclassification improvement with the addition of mean common CIMT (1.7%; 95% CI -1.8, 3.8). There were no differences in the results between men and women. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: There is no improvement in risk prediction in individuals with diabetes when measurement of the mean common CIMT is added to the Framingham risk score. Therefore, this measurement is not recommended for improving individual cardiovascular risk stratification in individuals with diabetes.

Pericardial fat is associated with carotid stiffness in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Arterial stiffness is a prominent feature of vascular aging and a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Fat around the heart and blood vessels (i.e. pericardial fat, Pfat) may contribute to arterial stiffness via a local paracrine effect of adipose tissue on the surrounding vasculature. Thus, we determined the association between Pfat and carotid stiffness in 5770 participants (mean age 62 years, 53% female, 25% African American, 24% Hispanic, and 13% Chinese) from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Pfat was measured by computed tomography, and ultrasonography of the common carotid artery was used to calculate the distensibility coefficient (DC) and Young's modulus (YM). Lower DC and higher YM values indicate stiffer arteries. Pfat quartile was highly associated with demographic, behavioral, anthropometric, hemodynamic, metabolic, and disease variables in both men and women. After adjusting for height, clinical site, CVD risk factors, and medications, a 1 standard deviation (41.91 cm(3)) increment in Pfat was associated with a 0.00007±0.00002 1/mm Hg lower DC (p=0.0002) in men and a 48.1±15.1 mm Hg/mm higher YM in women (p=0.002). Additional adjustment for C-reactive protein, coronary artery calcification, and carotid intima-media thickness had only modest effects. More importantly, adjusting for body mass index and waist circumference did not significantly change the overall results. CONCLUSION: Higher Pfat is associated with higher carotid stiffness, independent of traditional CVD risk factors and obesity.

Is intracranial atherosclerosis an independent risk factor for cerebral atrophy? A retrospective evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Our purpose was to study the association between the intracranial atherosclerosis as measured by cavernous carotid artery calcification (ICAC) observed on head CT and atrophic changes of supra-tentorial brain demonstrated by MRI. METHODS: Institutional review board approval was obtained for this retrospective study incorporating 65 consecutive patients presenting acutely who had both head CT and MRI. Arterial calcifications of the intracranial cavernous carotids (ICAC) were assigned a number (1 to 4) in the bone window images from CT scans. These 4 groups were then combined into high (grades 3 and 4) and low calcium (grades 1 and 2) subgroups. Brain MRI was independently evaluated to identify cortical and central atrophy. Demographics and cardiovascular risk factors were evaluated in subjects with high and low ICAC. Relationship between CT demonstrated ICAC and brain atrophy patterns were evaluated both without and with adjustment for cerebral ischemic scores and cardiovascular risk factors. RESULTS: Forty-six of the 65 (71%) patients had high ICAC on head CT. Subjects with high ICAC were older, and had higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, coronary artery disease (CAD), atrial fibrillation and history of previous stroke (CVA) compared to those with low ICAC. Age demonstrated strong correlation with both supratentorial atrophy patterns. There was no correlation between ICAC and cortical atrophy. There was correlation however between central atrophy and ICAC. This persisted even after adjustment for age. CONCLUSION: Age is the most important determinant of atrophic cerebral changes. However, high ICAC demonstrated age independent association with central atrophy.

Vascular age to determine cardiovascular disease risk: A systematic review of its concepts, definitions, and clinical applications.

BACKGROUND: Vascular age is an alternate means of representing an individual's cardiovascular risk. Little consensus exists on what vascular age represents and its clinical utility has not been determined. We systematically reviewed the literature to provide a comprehensive overview of different methods that have been used to define vascular age, and to examine its potential clinical value in patient communication and risk prediction. DESIGN: This was a systematic review with data sources of PubMed and Embase. RESULTS: We identified 39 articles on vascular age, 20 proposed to use vascular age as a communication tool and 19 proposed to use vascular age as a means to improve cardiovascular risk prediction. Eight papers were methodological and 31 papers reported on vascular age in study populations. Of these 31 papers, vascular age was a direct translation of the absolute risk estimated by existing cardiovascular risk prediction models in 15 papers, 12 derived vascular age from the reference values of an additional test, and in three papers vascular age was defined as the age at which the estimated cardiovascular risk equals the risk from non-invasive imaging observed degree of atherosclerosis. One trial found a small effect on risk factor levels when vascular age was communicated instead of cardiovascular risk. CONCLUSION: Despite sharing a common name, various studies have proposed distinct ways to define and measure vascular age. Studies into the effects of vascular age as a tool to improve cardiovascular risk prediction or patient communication are scarce but will be required before its clinical use can be justified.

Right ventricular ejection fraction: an indicator of increased mortality in patients with congestive heart failure associated with coronary artery disease.

The predictive value of radionuclide ventriculography was studied in 34 patients with depressed left ventricular ejection fraction (less than 40%) and clinically evident congestive heart failure secondary to atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. In addition to left ventricular ejection fraction, right ventricular ejection fraction and extent of left ventricular paradox were obtained in an attempt to identify a subgroup at increased risk of mortality during the ensuing months. The 16 patients who were alive after a 2 year follow-up period had a higher right ventricular ejection fraction and less extensive left ventricular dyskinesia. When a right ventricular ejection fraction of less than 35% was used as a discriminant, mortality was significantly greater among the 21 patients with a depressed right ventricular ejection fraction (71 versus 23%), a finding confirmed by a life table analysis. Depressed right ventricular function was further linked to more severely compromised left ventricular function, as confirmed by a greater reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction and by an increased extent of left ventricular dyskinesia. These patients had a greater prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and previous inferior myocardial infarction but the differences between groups were not statistically significant. It appears that the multiple factors contributing to the reduction in right ventricular ejection fraction make it a useful index not only for assessing biventricular function, but also for predicting patient outcome.

Predictors of congestive heart failure in the elderly: the Cardiovascular Health Study.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to characterize the predictors of incident congestive heart failure (CHF), as determined by central adjudication, in a community-based elderly population. BACKGROUND: The elderly constitute a growing proportion of patients admitted to the hospital with CHF, and CHF is a leading source of morbidity and mortality in this group. Elderly patients differ from younger individuals diagnosed with CHF in terms of biologic characteristics. METHODS: We analyzed data from the Cardiovascular Health Study, a prospective population-based study of 5,888 elderly people >65 years old (average 73 +/- 5, range 65 to 100) at four locations. Multiple laboratory measures of cardiovascular structure and function, blood chemistries and functional assessments were obtained. RESULTS: During an average follow-up of 5.5 years (median 6.3), 597 participants developed incident CHF (rate 19.3/1,000 person-years). The incidence of CHF increased progressively across age groups and was greater in men than in women. On multivariate analysis, other independent predictors included prevalent coronary heart disease, stroke or transient ischemic attack at baseline, diabetes, systolic blood pressure (BP), forced expiratory volume 1 s, creatinine >1.4 mg/dl, C-reactive protein, ankle-arm index <0.9, atrial fibrillation, electrocardiographic (ECG) left ventricular (LV) mass, ECG ST-T segment abnormality, internal carotid artery wall thickness and decreased LV systolic function. Population-attributable risk, determined from predictors of risk and prevalence, was relatively high for prevalent coronary heart disease (13.1%), systolic BP > or =140 mm Hg (12.8%) and a high level of C-reactive protein (9.7%), but was low for subnormal LV function (4.1%) and atrial fibrillation (2.2%). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of CHF is high in the elderly and is related mainly to age, gender, clinical and subclinical coronary heart disease, systolic BP and inflammation. Despite the high relative risk of subnormal systolic LV function and atrial fibrillation, the actual population risk of these for CHF is small because of their relatively low prevalence in community-dwelling elderly people.

Traditional risk factors and subclinical disease measures as predictors of first myocardial infarction in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study.

BACKGROUND: Risk factors for myocardial infarction (MI) have not been well characterized in older adults, and in estimating risk, we sought to assess the individual and joint contributions made by both traditional risk factors and measures of subclinical disease. METHODS: In the Cardiovascular Health Study, we recruited 5888 adults aged 65 years and older from 4 US centers. At baseline in 1989-1990, participants underwent an extensive examination that included traditional risk factors such as blood pressure and fasting glucose level and measures of subclinical disease as assessed by electrocardiography, carotid ultrasonography, echocardiography, pulmonary function, and ankle-arm index. Participants were followed up with semiannual contacts, and all cardiovascular events were classified by the Morbidity and Mortality Committee. The main analytic technique was the Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: At baseline, 1967 men and 2979 women had no history of an MI. After follow-up for an average of 4.8 years, there were 302 coronary events, which included 263 patients with MI and 39 with definite fatal coronary disease. The incidence was higher in men (20.7 per 1000 person-years) than women (7.9 per 1000 person-years). In all subjects, the incidence was strongly associated with age, increasing from 7.8 per 1000 person-years in subjects aged 65 to 69 years to 25.6 per 1000 person-years in subjects aged 85 years and older. Glucose level and systolic blood pressure were associated with the incidence of MI, but smoking and lipid measures were not. After adjustment for age and sex, the significant subclinical disease predictors of MI were borderline or abnormal ejection fraction by echocardiography, high levels of intimal-medial thickness of the internal carotid artery, and a low ankle-arm index. Forced vital capacity and electrocardiographic left ventricular mass did not enter the stepwise model. Excluding subjects with clinical cardiovascular diseases such as prior angina or congestive heart failure at baseline had little effect on these results. Risk factors were generally similar in men and women. CONCLUSIONS: After follow-up of 4.8 years, systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose level, and selected subclinical disease measures were important predictors of the incidence of MI in older adults. Uncontrolled high blood pressure may explain about one quarter of the coronary events in this population.

Correlates of blood pressure in community-dwelling older adults. The Cardiovascular Health Study. Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) Collaborative Research Group.

Although elevated blood pressure is an important predictor of cardiovascular disease and stroke in the elderly, little information exists on the distribution and risk factor correlates of blood pressure in this group. As part of the Cardiovascular Health Study, a population-based cohort study of 5201 men and women aged 65 to 101 years, we investigated correlates of systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Multiple regression analyses were conducted for all participants and a subgroup of 2482 without coronary heart disease and not on antihypertensive therapy (the "healthier" subgroup). In the total group, independent predictors of diastolic blood pressure included heart rate, aortic root dimension, creatinine, hematocrit, alcohol use, and black race (positive associations) and internal carotid artery wall thickness, mitral early/late peak flow velocity, white blood cell count, cigarette smoking, and age (negative associations). Positive predictors of systolic blood pressure included mitral late peak flow velocity, left ventricular mass, common carotid artery wall thickness, serum albumin, factor VII, diabetes, alcohol use, and age; negative predictors were coronary heart disease, uric acid, height, and smoking. In the healthier subgroup, positive predictors of diastolic blood pressure included heart rate, hematocrit, serum albumin, creatinine, and body weight, whereas mitral early/late peak flow velocity, serum potassium, smoking, and age inversely related to diastolic pressure. For the same group, common carotid artery wall thickness, left ventricular mass, serum albumin, factor VII, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and age were directly related to systolic blood pressure, whereas serum potassium was inversely related. Both systolic and diastolic pressures varied considerably by geographic site.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cerebral perfusion imaging with iodine 123-labeled amines.

Two amines, N-isopropyl p-iodoamphetamine and N,N,N'-trimethyl-N'-[2-hydroxyl-3-methyl-5-iodobenzyl]-1,3-prop anediamine, have been labeled with iodine 123. The brain uptake of these radioactive tracers is proportional to cerebral blood flow. These tracers are retained in the brain for a sufficiently long time so that imaging can be performed with standard, readily available instrumentation. Transaxial tomography with amines is useful in acute cerebral infarction, in which the x-ray computed tomographic scan may be normal for several days after onset of symptoms while the uptake of radioisotope-labeled amines will be altered immediately after the onset of the stroke. It is also useful in examining patients with cerebral vascular disease and in the preoperative examination of patients with partial epilepsy.

New indices to classify location, severity and progression of calcific lesions in the abdominal aorta: a 25-year follow-up study.

The purpose of the present study was to assess the location, severity and progression of radiopaque lumbar aortic calcifications and to evaluate the utility of summary scores of lumbar calcification in a population-based cohort. Lateral lumbar films, obtained in 617 Framingham heart study participants, were analysed for the presence of abdominal aortic wall calcification in the region corresponding to the first through fourth lumbar vertebrae. The severity of the anterior and posterior aortic calcification were graded individually on a 0-3 scale for each lumbar segment and the results were summarized to develop four different composite scores: (1) affected segments score (range 0-4); (2) anterior and posterior affected score (range 0-8); and (3) antero-posterior severity score (range 0-24). The prevalence of aortic calcification was 37% in men and 27% in women at baseline and 86% in both genders at the follow-up exam 25 years later. During the follow-up interval, the mean of the affected segments score increased from 0.7 in men (0.5 in women) to 2.7 (2.8 in women), the mean of the anterior and posterior affected score from 1.2 (0.8 in women) (P = 0.012 for difference between genders) and the mean of the antero-posterior severity score increased from 1.5 (1.3 in women) to 9.3 (10.3 in women). The antero-posterior severity score offered a slight advantage over other composite scores and had the highest inter-rater intra-class correlations. In summary, lumbar aortic calcification can be graded and composite summary scores are reproducible. This technique appears to provide a simple, low cost assessment of subclinical vascular disease.

Utility of leg ultrasonography in suspected symptomatic isolated calf deep venous thrombosis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the utility of duplex ultrasonography in patients with suspected symptomatic, isolated calf deep venous thrombosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty patients with clinically suspected isolated calf deep venous thrombosis were examined with both duplex ultrasonography and contrast venography and the results were compared. RESULTS: Venography detected 7 cases of isolated calf deep venous thrombosis, all of which were also detected by ultrasonography. Ultrasound identified an additional 3 cases of soleal vein thrombosis, but venography did not visualize these veins. Of the 20 negative ultrasound studies, 11 were technically inadequate; however, no false-negative ultrasound studies were noted. CONCLUSIONS: Compression ultrasonography may be reliable for the evaluation of patients with suspected symptomatic infrapopliteal deep venous thrombosis. Its apparent superiority to contrast venography in visualizing muscular calf veins warrants further study; however, the high rate of technical inadequacy in ultrasound studies observed here, if confirmed in larger studies, may limit the usefulness of ultrasound in this setting.

Performance of collimators used for tomographic imaging of I-123 contaminated with I-124.

Iodine-123 prepared from the 124Te(p,2n)123I reaction is contaminated with between 3% to 5% I-124 when imaging is performed. The effects of such a mixture were evaluated for medium-energy and low energy general-purpose collimators on a commercially available rotating gamma camera equipped to perform tomography. The planar sensitivity for I-123 was less for the general-purpose collimator, varying between 0.84 and 0.85 in water relative to that measured for the medium energy-collimator. Counts due to scattering or septal penetration of I-124 photons were greater for the general-purpose collimator (36%) than for the medium-energy collimator (15%). Evaluation of the higher-frequency components of the modulation transfer functions confirmed that the low-energy general-purpose collimator is expected to offer significantly more contrast information at frequencies above 0.21 cycles/cm. This is expected to contribute to image quality when studies are performed with collimators of similar design.

Resting early peak diastolic filling rate: a sensitive index of myocardial dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease.

Resting first-pass radionuclide angiocardiography (RNA) was used to derive left-ventricular (LV) peak diastolic filling rates (PFR) in normals (Group 1:N = 12) and in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), both without (Group 2:N = 27) and with previous myocardial infarction (Group 3:N = 23). Resting peak filling rates were significantly depressed in both Group 2 (1.61 +/- 0.36; p less than 0.01) and Group 3 (1:35 +/- 0.26; p less than 0.001) patients when compared with Group 1, normals (2.14 +/- 0.63). Even though LV systolic function of Group 2 patients was normal and comparable to that in Group 1 (EF = 0.55 +/- 0.06 against EF 0.55 +/- 0.06 NS), diastolic dysfunction [PFR less than 1.61 end diastolic volume/sec (EDV/sec)] was present at rest in 14 of 27 (52%). Depressed PFR values was also seen in 20 of 23 Group 3 patients (87%). It appears that (a) resting PFR is a sensitive and easily obtainable parameter of the diastolic dysfunction associated with CAD; (b) abnormal PFR values are seen in almost all patients with previous myocardial damage, and (c) a significant proportion of CAD patients without any evidence of abnormal systolic function have depressed resting PFR of the LV.

Collimator selection for SPECT brain imaging: the advantage of high resolution.

We compared a prototype long-bore (LB) high-resolution collimator with a low-energy, general-purpose collimator (LEGP) using 99mTc and 123I. The LB collimator provided a 56% improvement in tomographic resolution (autocorrelation width) over the LEGP for 99mTc; for 123I, the gain was 79%, providing substantially improved contrast for small structures. The sensitivity of the LB collimator, however, is only 32% of that of the LEGP. The imaging tasks to be performed on [123I]IMP brain scans involve localization and discrimination of small, high-contrast brain structures and detection of abnormalities in shape, size, or uptake, rather than simple detection of lesions. Observer performance in such higher-order imaging tasks is known to depend on high spatial resolution, even at the cost of sensitivity. Patient studies confirmed that, for resolution-limited tasks, the increase in resolution outweighs the increased noise due to a loss in sensitivity. When the tomographic resolution of the LB collimator was degraded by smoothing to that of the LEGP, the noise in the LB images was lower than that of the LEGP by a factor of 2.9 for the same imaging time, demonstrating the advantage of high-resolution detectors and a smooth reconstruction filter over low-resolution detectors without smoothing. Therefore, collimators designed for high resolution, even at substantial cost in sensitivity, are expected to yield significant improvements for brain SPECT. Geometric calculations show that commercially available low-energy, high-resolution cast collimators promise to meet these requirements.

I-123 HIPDM brain imaging with a rotating gamma camera and slant-hole collimator.

The performance of a slant-hole collimator was compared with that of a standard straight-bore, low-energy collimator for tomographic imaging of I-123-iodinated amine brain agents. Improved in-slice resolution was due to the greater proximity between collimator and the subjects' heads. We conclude that high quality tomographic images of the brain can be obtained from rotating cameras equipped with slant-hole collimators.

Efficacy and safety of repeated boluses of urokinase in the treatment of deep venous thrombosis.

The only Food and Drug Administration-approved thrombolytic regimen for treatment of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is a 24- to 72-hour continuous infusion of intravenous streptokinase. This approach to DVT thrombolysis is not entirely satisfactory because of the bleeding complications that may accompany this therapy. In the current study, we treated 27 patients with DVT with a novel dosing regimen of urokinase: 1,000,000 U administered as a 10-minute bolus, with a total of 3 boluses given over approximately 24 hours. Patients were given heparin overnight between bolus urokinase doses. Efficacy was assessed by comparing baseline and prehospital discharge vascular imaging studies, which constituted either venous ultrasound or contrast venography. A vascular-imaging panel of physicians, unaware of the sequence of paired studies, found that 14 patients (52%) had clot lysis (6 slight, 6 moderate and 2 marked), 9 (33%) had no change, and 4 (15%) had more extensive thrombosis after treatment (1 slight, 2 moderate and 1 marked). There were no bleeding complications. At 48 hours after starting urokinase, mean plasma fibrinogen levels had decreased 61% from baseline, and the mean bleeding time had increased 28% from baseline (but remained within the normal range). Because of the promising efficacy and safety that were found in this case series, it is concluded that further testing of bolus urokinase is warranted against anticoagulation alone.

Carotid artery measures are strongly associated with left ventricular mass in older adults (a report from the Cardiovascular Health Study).

Associations of carotid artery diameter and intimal-medial thickness by ultrasound with echocardiographic left ventricular (LV) structure were examined in 3,409 participants in the Cardiovascular Health Study, a population-based study of risk factors for coronary heart disease and stroke in men and women aged > or = 65 years. At baseline, sector-guided M-mode echocardiography and B-mode ultrasound were used to evaluate the left ventricle and carotid arteries, respectively. Common carotid artery diameter and intimal-medial thickness were significantly related to LV mass in correlational analysis (r=0.40 and 0.20, respectively, p<0.01), and each was independently associated with LV mass after adjustment for age, gender, weight, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, antihypertensive medication use, prior coronary heart disease, electrocardiographic abnormalities, high-density lipoprotein, and factor VII. We speculate that changes in the arterial wall affect impedance to LV ejection leading to increases in LV mass. Further follow-up of this cohort is in progress and will help to determine whether such carotid artery measures could, by exacerbating LV hypertrophy, constitute another important risk factor for adverse cardiovascular outcomes.

Carotid arterial compliance in patients with congestive heart failure secondary to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.

Conduit artery distensibility affects the pulsatile component of afterload and may contribute to impaired left ventricular function in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). The objectives of this study were to (1) determine whether arterial distensibility is reduced in patients with CHF, and (2) determine whether decreased arterial compliance is related to an abnormality in vascular wall structure (i.e., wall thickness or excessive levels of circulating neurohumoral vasoconstrictors, or both). The study participants included 40 patients with CHF secondary to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and 33 age-matched healthy volunteers. High-resolution ultrasonography was performed to directly visualize the common carotid artery and measure its diameter and wall thickness. Its elastic properties were determined by relating changes in arterial diameter to changes in pressure generated with each heart beat. Carotid artery distensibility was less (14.1 +/- 1.1 vs 25.3 +/- 1.6 10(-6).N-1.m2, p < 0.001) and Young's modulus of elasticity was greater (3.99 +/- 0.51 vs 2.29 +/- 0.23 10(5).N.m-2, p < 0.005) in patients with CHF than in normal subjects. Also, carotid artery wall thickness was increased in patients with CHF. When the entire population was considered, age, wall thickness, and plasma norepinephrine and aldosterone concentrations correlated inversely with distensibility, whereas age and plasma norepinephrine concentration correlated directly with elasticity. Among normal subjects, only age correlated inversely with distensibility; among patients with CHF, only plasma norepinephrine concentration correlated with elasticity. It is concluded that carotid artery distensibility is reduced in patients with CHF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Measurement of infarct size using single photon emission computed tomography and technetium-99m pyrophosphate: a description of the method and comparison with patient prognosis.

The application of dual tracer transaxial emission computed tomography of the heart was studied with use of technetium-99m pyrophosphate and technetium-99m-labeled red blood cells for measuring infarct size in 20 patients with acute myocardial infarction and 10 without infarction. Imaging was performed with a standard gamma camera and with a multidetector transaxial emission computed tomographic body scanner 3 hours after injection of technetium-99m pyrophosphate. Immediately after the scanning procedure, technetium-99m pertechnetate was injected to label red blood cells, and the scanning protocol was repeated. Technetium-99m pyrophosphate was detected in the anterior wall with involvement of the interventricular septum or lateral wall in patients with electrocardiographic criteria for anterior infarction, whereas uptake was detected in the diaphragmatic left ventricular wall with involvement of the posterior, posteroseptal or posterolateral left ventricle or of the right ventricle in patients with electrocardiographic criteria for inferior or posterior infarction. Infarct size measured from transaxial images ranged from 14.0 to 117.0 g in weight. There was a direct relation between infarct size and patient prognosis in that, of the 13 patients with infarct greater than 40 g, 11 (85 percent) had complications, whereas only 2 (29 percent) of 7 patients with an infarct less than 40 g had complications during a follow-up period averaging 17.8 months (p less than 0.05).