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1.
Biometrics ; 79(1): 264-279, 2023 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34658017

RESUMO

This paper is concerned with using multivariate binary observations to estimate the probabilities of unobserved classes with scientific meanings. We focus on the setting where additional information about sample similarities is available and represented by a rooted weighted tree. Every leaf in the given tree contains multiple samples. Shorter distances over the tree between the leaves indicate a priori higher similarity in class probability vectors. We propose a novel data integrative extension to classical latent class models with tree-structured shrinkage. The proposed approach enables (1) borrowing of information across leaves, (2) estimating data-driven leaf groups with distinct vectors of class probabilities, and (3) individual-level probabilistic class assignment given the observed multivariate binary measurements. We derive and implement a scalable posterior inference algorithm in a variational Bayes framework. Extensive simulations show more accurate estimation of class probabilities than alternatives that suboptimally use the additional sample similarity information. A zoonotic infectious disease application is used to illustrate the proposed approach. The paper concludes by a brief discussion on model limitations and extensions.


Assuntos
Algoritmos , Teorema de Bayes , Probabilidade
2.
Front Ecol Environ ; 21(9): 428-434, 2023 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38464945

RESUMO

Antibiotic resistance is one of the greatest public health challenges of our time. International efforts to curb resistance have largely focused on drug development and limiting unnecessary antibiotic use. However, in areas where water, sanitation, and hygiene infrastructure is lacking, we propose that bacterial flow between humans and animals can exacerbate the emergence and spread of resistant pathogens. Here, we describe the consequences of poor environmental controls by comparing mobile resistance elements among Escherichia coli recovered from humans and meat in Cambodia, a middle-income country with substantial human-animal connectivity and unregulated antibiotic use. We identified identical mobile resistance elements and a conserved transposon region that were widely dispersed in both humans and animals, a phenomenon rarely observed in high-income settings. Our findings indicate that plugging leaks at human-animal interfaces should be a critical part of addressing antibiotic resistance in low- and especially middle-income countries.

3.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 27(3): 740-748, 2021 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33622471

RESUMO

Transmission of livestock-associated Staphylococcus aureus clonal complex 9 (LA-SA CC9) between pigs raised on industrial hog operations (IHOs) and humans in the United States is poorly understood. We analyzed whole-genome sequences from 32 international S. aureus CC9 isolates and 49 LA-SA CC9 isolates from IHO pigs and humans who work on or live near IHOs in 10 pig-producing counties in North Carolina, USA. Bioinformatic analysis of sequence data from the 81 isolates demonstrated 3 major LA-SA CC9 clades. North Carolina isolates all fell within a single clade (C3). High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of C3 revealed 2 subclades of intermingled IHO pig and human isolates differing by 0-34 single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Our findings suggest that LA-SA CC9 from pigs and humans share a common source and provide evidence of transmission of antimicrobial-resistant LA-SA CC9 between IHO pigs and humans who work on or live near IHOs in North Carolina.


Assuntos
Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina , Infecções Estafilocócicas , Criação de Animais Domésticos , Animais , Antibacterianos , Humanos , Gado , North Carolina , Filogenia , Staphylococcus aureus , Suínos , Estados Unidos
4.
Environ Res ; 196: 110954, 2021 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33676950

RESUMO

Antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus, an opportunistic bacterial pathogen, have emerged in industrial livestock operations and agricultural settings. In the United States, there is limited access to industrial livestock operations and farm-level antibiotic use data. As a result, studies often rely on retail meat as a proxy for direct animal sampling. To move beyond this limitation and assess S. aureus colonization in hogs, we purchased the heads of recently-slaughtered hogs and compared S. aureus populations in those raised on industrial hog operations versus those raised without antibiotics. S. aureus isolates were analyzed for antibiotic resistance and putative genotypic markers of livestock adaptation. Although methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was not detected in this study, all of the hogs from industrial hog operations (n = 9/9) carried multidrug-resistant S. aureus (MDRSA) with two livestock-adaptation markers (scn-negative and clonal complex (CC) 9 or 398) compared to 11% of hogs raised without antibiotics (n = 1/9). Hogs from industrial operations were 9.0 times (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.4-57.1) as likely to carry livestock-adapted S. aureus and 4.5 times (95% CI: 1.3-15.3) as likely to carry MDRSA as hogs raised without antibiotics. In contrast, the majority of antibiotic-free hogs (67%, n = 6/9) contained human-adapted S. aureus (i.e. scn-positive, CC1) compared to 11% (n = 1/9) of IHO hogs. These results indicate that antibiotic use in IHO hogs may make them more conducive hosts to antibiotic-resistant, livestock-adapted S. aureus strains when compared to hogs raised without antibiotics. Our results are important, as they provide strong evidence that antibiotic use practices influence the S. aureus populations carried by U.S. hogs, supporting the need for increased access to routine monitoring of hog operations for antibiotic resistance management using a One Health framework.


Assuntos
Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina , Infecções Estafilocócicas , Animais , Antibacterianos , Humanos , Gado , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/genética , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Staphylococcus aureus/genética , Estados Unidos
5.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 26(11)2020 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33079052

RESUMO

Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) can acquire phage-encoded immune modulators, such as the immune evasion cluster (IEC), which protects bacteria from components of the human innate immune system, and the enzyme TarP, which protects against antibody-mediated immune recognition. We used whole-genome sequencing and epidemiologic investigations to study the effects of IEC- and tarP-harboring phages on household transmission of LA-MRSA in North Denmark Region during 2004-2011. We reviewed information about all patients throughout Denmark who experienced LA-MRSA infection during 2007-2018 to determine whether IEC is associated with increased spread into the general population. Horizontal acquisition of IEC in the human host was associated with increased household transmission of LA-MRSA and spillover into the community and healthcare settings, whereas we found no evidence to suggest that IEC-positive LA-MRSA isolates have become self-sustainable in the general population. By contrast, TarP did not seem to influence household transmission of LA-MRSA.


Assuntos
Bacteriófagos , Evasão da Resposta Imune , Gado/microbiologia , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina , Infecções Estafilocócicas , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Bacteriófagos/genética , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Dinamarca , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/genética , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/transmissão , Adulto Jovem
6.
Annu Rev Public Health ; 41: 141-157, 2020 04 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31910712

RESUMO

Antimicrobial use (AMU) in animal agriculture contributes to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in humans, which imposes significant health and economic costs on society. Economists call these costs negative externalities, societal costs that are not properly reflected in market prices. We review the relevant literature and develop a model to quantify the external costs of AMU in animal agriculture on AMR in humans. Parameters required for this estimate include (a) the health and economic burden of AMR in humans,(b) the impact of AMU in animal agriculture on AMR in animals, (c) the fraction of AMR in humans attributable to animal agriculture, and (d) AMU in animals. We use a well-documented historic case to estimate an externality cost of about US$1,500 per kilogram of fluoroquinolones administered in US broiler chicken production. Enhanced data collection, particularly on the third and fourth parameters, is urgently needed to quantify more fully the externalities of AMU in animal agriculture.


Assuntos
Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Custos e Análise de Custo/estatística & dados numéricos , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/efeitos dos fármacos , Gado/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Galinhas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fluoroquinolonas/administração & dosagem , Humanos
7.
J Infect Dis ; 219(1): 121-132, 2019 01 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30085181

RESUMO

Background: The distinguishing characteristics of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) strains are incompletely defined. Methods: We characterized 292 diverse-source human Escherichia coli isolates (116 from fecal specimens, 79 from urine specimens [of which 39 were from patients with cystitis and 40 were from patients with pyelonephritis], and 97 from blood specimens) for phylogenetic group, sequence type complex (STc), and 49 putative extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC)-associated virulence genes. We then assessed these traits and ecological source as predictors of illness severity in a murine sepsis model. Results: The study isolates exhibited a broad range of virulence in mice. Most of the studied bacterial characteristics corresponded significantly with experimental virulence, as did ecological source and established molecular definitions of ExPEC and uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC). Multivariable modeling identified the following bacterial traits as independent predictors of illness severity both overall and among the fecal and clinical (ie, urine and blood) isolates separately: fyuA (yersiniabactin receptor), kpsM K1 (K1 capsule), and kpsM II (group 2 capsules). Molecular UPEC status predicted virulence independently only among fecal isolates. Neither ecological source (ie, clinical vs fecal) nor molecular ExPEC status added predictive power to these traits, which accounted collectively for up to 49% of the observed variation in virulence. Conclusions: Among human-source E. coli isolates, specific accessory traits and phylogenetic/clonal backgrounds predict experimental virulence in a murine sepsis model better than does ecological source.


Assuntos
Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Escherichia coli/classificação , Escherichia coli/genética , Filogenia , Fatores de Virulência/genética , Animais , Antígenos de Bactérias/genética , Sangue/microbiologia , Cistite/microbiologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Escherichia coli/patogenicidade , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Fezes/microbiologia , Feminino , Genes Bacterianos/genética , Técnicas de Genotipagem , Humanos , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/genética , Camundongos , Tipagem de Sequências Multilocus , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Polissacarídeos Bacterianos/genética , Pielonefrite/microbiologia , Receptores de Superfície Celular/genética , Sepse/microbiologia , Urina/microbiologia , Escherichia coli Uropatogênica/classificação , Escherichia coli Uropatogênica/genética , Virulência/genética
8.
Clin Infect Dis ; 66(6): 963-969, 2018 03 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29346620

RESUMO

Antibiotic misuse in lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs) contributes to the development of antibiotic resistance that can disseminate globally. Strategies specific to LMICs that seek to reduce antibiotic misuse by humans, but simultaneously improve antibiotic access, have been proposed. However, most approaches to date have not considered the growing impact of animal and environmental reservoirs of antibiotic resistance, which threaten to exacerbate the antibiotic resistance crisis in LMICs. In particular, current strategies do not prioritize the impacts of increased antibiotic use for terrestrial food-animal and aquaculture production, inadequate food safety, and widespread environmental pollution. Here, we propose new approaches that address emerging, One Health challenges.


Assuntos
Países em Desenvolvimento/estatística & dados numéricos , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Saúde Única , Pobreza , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Uso Indevido de Medicamentos/prevenção & controle , Poluição Ambiental , Humanos , Renda
9.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 24(1): 153-154, 2018 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29260680

RESUMO

Staphylococcus aureus strain sequence type (ST) 398 has emerged during the last decade, largely among persons who have contact with swine or other livestock. Although colonization with ST398 is common in livestock workers, infections are not frequently documented. We report recurrent ST398-IIa infection in an Iowa farmer in contact with swine and cattle.


Assuntos
Fazendeiros , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Staphylococcus aureus , Animais , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Portador Sadio , Bovinos , Humanos , Iowa/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Exposição Ocupacional , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Suínos
10.
BMC Microbiol ; 18(1): 174, 2018 11 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30390618

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: We sought to determine if the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli differed across retail poultry products and among major production categories, including organic, "raised without antibiotics", and conventional. RESULTS: We collected all available brands of retail chicken and turkey-including conventional, "raised without antibiotic", and organic products-every two weeks from January to December 2012. In total, E. coli was recovered from 91% of 546 turkey products tested and 88% of 1367 chicken products tested. The proportion of samples contaminated with E. coli was similar across all three production categories. Resistance prevalence varied by meat type and was highest among E. coli isolates from turkey for the majority of antibiotics tested. In general, production category had little effect on resistance prevalence among E. coli isolates from chicken, although resistance to gentamicin and multidrug resistance did vary. In contrast, resistance prevalence was significantly higher for 6 of the antibiotics tested-and multidrug resistance-among isolates from conventional turkey products when compared to those labelled organic or "raised without antibiotics". E. coli isolates from chicken varied strongly in resistance prevalence among different brands within each production category. CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of resistance among E. coli isolates from conventionally-raised turkey meat suggests greater antimicrobial use in conventional turkey production as compared to "raised without antibiotics" and organic systems. However, among E. coli from chicken meat, resistance prevalence was more strongly linked to brand than to production category, which could be caused by brand-level differences during production and/or processing, including variations in antimicrobial use.


Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Alimentos Orgânicos/microbiologia , Aves Domésticas/microbiologia , Animais , Galinhas/microbiologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla/genética , Escherichia coli/genética , Contaminação de Alimentos , Genes Bacterianos/genética , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Perus/microbiologia
11.
J Bacteriol ; 199(13)2017 07 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28439032

RESUMO

We analyzed the within-household evolution of two household-associated Escherichia coli strains from pandemic clonal group ST131-H30, using isolates recovered from five individuals within two families, each of which had a distinct strain. Family 1's strain was represented by a urine isolate from the index patient (older sister) with recurrent cystitis and a blood isolate from her younger sister with fatal urosepsis. Family 2's strain was represented by a urine isolate from the index patient (father) with pyelonephritis and renal abscesses, blood and kidney drainage isolates from the daughter with emphysematous pyelonephritis, and urine and fecal isolates from the mother with cystitis. Collectively, the several variants of each family's strain had accumulated a total of 8 (family 1) and 39 (family 2) point mutations; no two isolates were identical. Of the 47 total mutations, 36 resulted in amino acid changes or truncation of coded proteins. Fourteen such mutations (39%) targeted genes encoding transcriptional regulators, and 9 (25%) involved DNA-binding transcription factors (TFs), which significantly exceeded the relative contribution of TF genes to the isolates' genomes (∼6%). At least one-half of the transcriptional regulator mutations were inactivating, based on phenotypic and/or transcriptional analysis. In particular, inactivating mutations in the global regulator LrhA (repressor of type 1 fimbriae and flagella) occurred in the blood isolates from both households and increased the virulence of E. coli strains in a murine sepsis model. The results indicate that E. coli undergoes adaptive evolution between and/or within hosts, generating subpopulations with distinctive phenotypes and virulence potential.IMPORTANCE The clonal evolution of bacterial strains associated with interhost transmission is poorly understood. We characterized the genome sequences of clonal descendants of two Escherichia coli strains, recovered at different time points from multiple individuals within two households who had different types of urinary tract infection. We found evidence that the E. coli strains underwent extensive mutational diversification between and within these individuals, driven disproportionately by inactivation of transcriptional regulators. In urosepsis isolates, the mutations observed in the global regulator LrhA increased bacterial virulence in a murine sepsis model. Our findings help in understanding the adaptive dynamics and strategies of E. coli during short-term natural evolution.


Assuntos
Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Evolução Molecular , Regulação Bacteriana da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Elementos Reguladores de Transcrição/fisiologia , Clonagem Molecular , Escherichia coli/genética , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Genoma Bacteriano , Humanos , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Elementos Reguladores de Transcrição/genética
12.
Clin Infect Dis ; 65(7): 1072-1076, 2017 10 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28575216

RESUMO

Background: Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clonal complex 398 (LA-MRSA CC398) is causing an increasing number of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) in Denmark and other European countries with industrial pig production. Yet, its impact on MRSA bloodstream infections (BSIs) has not been well studied. Methods: We investigated the clinical epidemiology of all human cases of LA-MRSA CC398 BSI during 2010-2015. Cases of LA-MRSA CC398 BSI were compared to cases of BSI caused by other types of MRSA and cases of SSTI caused by LA-MRSA CC398. Whole-genome sequence analysis was used to assess the phylogenetic relationship among LA-MRSA CC398 isolates from Danish pigs and cases of BSI and SSTI. Results: The number of LA-MRSA CC398 BSIs and SSTIs increased over the years, peaking in 2014, when LA-MRSA CC398 accounted for 16% (7/44) and 21% (211/985) of all MRSA BSIs and SSTIs, corresponding to 1.2 and 37.4 cases of BSI and SSTI per 1000000 person-years, respectively. Most patients with LA-MRSA CC398 BSI had no contact to livestock, although they tended to live in rural areas. LA-MRSA CC398 caused 24.3 BSIs per 1000 SSTIs among people with no livestock contact, which is similar to the ratio observed for other types of MRSA. Whole-genome sequence analysis showed that most of the BSI and SSTI isolates were closely related to Danish pig isolates. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the increasing number of LA-MRSA CC398 BSIs occurred in parallel with a much larger wave of LA-MRSA CC398 SSTIs and an expanding pig reservoir.


Assuntos
Bacteriemia/epidemiologia , Bacteriemia/microbiologia , Gado/microbiologia , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/genética , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Criança , Dinamarca/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Filogenia , Infecções dos Tecidos Moles/epidemiologia , Infecções dos Tecidos Moles/microbiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Infecções Cutâneas Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Cutâneas Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Suínos , Sequenciamento Completo do Genoma/métodos , Zoonoses/epidemiologia , Zoonoses/microbiologia
13.
J Infect Dis ; 214(4): 595-8, 2016 08 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27190185

RESUMO

The PrePex circumcision device causes ischemic necrosis of the foreskin, raising concerns of anaerobic overgrowth. We compared the subpreputial microbiome of 2 men 7 days after PrePex device placement to that of 145 uncircumcised men in Rakai, Uganda, using 16S ribosomal (rRNA) RNA gene-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis and sequencing. PrePex users had higher absolute abundance of all bacteria than uncircumcised men (P = .001), largely due to increased numbers of the following anaerobes: Porphyromonas (5.2 × 10(7) 16S rRNA gene copies/swab in the PrePex group and 1.1 × 10(6) 16S rRNA gene copies/swab in uncircumcised men; P = .002), Peptoniphilus (1.0 × 10(7) and 1.8 × 10(6) 16S rRNA gene copies/swab, respectively; P < .05), Anaerococcus (1.0 × 10(7) and 1.1 × 10(6) 16S rRNA gene copies/swab, respectively; P < .001), and Campylobacter ureolyticus (1.7 × 10(5) and 1.6 × 10(7)16S rRNA gene copies/swab, respectively; P < .001). The PrePex-associated increase in anaerobes may account for unpleasant odor and a possible heightened risk of tetanus.


Assuntos
Bactérias Anaeróbias/classificação , Bactérias Anaeróbias/isolamento & purificação , Circuncisão Masculina/efeitos adversos , Equipamentos e Provisões , Microbiota , Pênis/microbiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Carga Bacteriana , DNA Bacteriano/química , DNA Bacteriano/genética , DNA Ribossômico/química , DNA Ribossômico/genética , Humanos , Masculino , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Uganda , Adulto Jovem
14.
Clin Infect Dis ; 63(10): 1349-1352, 2016 Nov 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27655995

RESUMO

We investigated the evolution and epidemiology of a novel livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain, which colonizes and infects urban-dwelling Danes even without a Danish animal reservoir. Genetic evidence suggests both poultry and human adaptation, with poultry meat implicated as a probable source.


Assuntos
Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/microbiologia , Gado/microbiologia , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/genética , Infecções Estafilocócicas , Adulto , Idoso , Animais , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Dinamarca , Feminino , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Vison/microbiologia , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Aves Domésticas/microbiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/transmissão , Infecções Estafilocócicas/veterinária
15.
PLoS Pathog ; 10(7): e1004262, 2014 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25058515

RESUMO

Semen is a major vector for HIV transmission, but the semen HIV RNA viral load (VL) only correlates moderately with the blood VL. Viral shedding can be enhanced by genital infections and associated inflammation, but it can also occur in the absence of classical pathogens. Thus, we hypothesized that a dysregulated semen microbiome correlates with local HIV shedding. We analyzed semen samples from 49 men who have sex with men (MSM), including 22 HIV-uninfected and 27 HIV-infected men, at baseline and after starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) using 16S rRNA gene-based pyrosequencing and quantitative PCR. We studied the relationship of semen bacteria with HIV infection, semen cytokine levels, and semen VL by linear regression, non-metric multidimensional scaling, and goodness-of-fit test. Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, and Staphylococcus were common semen bacteria, irrespective of HIV status. While Ureaplasma was the more abundant Mollicutes in HIV-uninfected men, Mycoplasma dominated after HIV infection. HIV infection was associated with decreased semen microbiome diversity and richness, which were restored after six months of ART. In HIV-infected men, semen bacterial load correlated with seven pro-inflammatory semen cytokines, including IL-6 (p = 0.024), TNF-α (p = 0.009), and IL-1b (p = 0.002). IL-1b in particular was associated with semen VL (r(2)  = 0.18, p = 0.02). Semen bacterial load was also directly linked to the semen HIV VL (r(2) = 0.15, p = 0.02). HIV infection reshapes the relationship between semen bacteria and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and both are linked to semen VL, which supports a role of the semen microbiome in HIV sexual transmission.


Assuntos
Bactérias , Infecções por HIV/microbiologia , HIV-1 , Microbiota , Infecções do Sistema Genital/microbiologia , Sêmen/microbiologia , Carga Viral , Adulto , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Masculino , Infecções do Sistema Genital/virologia
16.
Microb Ecol ; 71(4): 825-34, 2016 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26879940

RESUMO

Foliar chemistry influences leaf decomposition, but little is known about how litter chemistry affects the assemblage of bacterial communities during decomposition. Here we examined relationships between initial litter chemistry and the composition of the bacterial community in a stream ecosystem. We incubated replicated genotypes of Populus fremontii and P. angustifolia leaf litter that differ in percent tannin and lignin, then followed changes in bacterial community composition during 28 days of decomposition using 16S rRNA gene-based pyrosequencing. Using a nested experimental design, the majority of variation in bacterial community composition was explained by time (i.e., harvest day) (R(2) = 0.50). Plant species, nested within harvest date, explained a significant but smaller proportion of the variation (R(2) = 0.03). Significant differences in community composition between leaf species were apparent at day 14, but no significant differences existed among genotypes. Foliar chemistry correlated significantly with community composition at day 14 (r = 0.46) indicating that leaf litter with more similar phytochemistry harbor bacterial communities that are alike. Bacteroidetes and ß-proteobacteria dominated the bacterial assemblage on decomposing leaves, and Verrucomicrobia and α- and δ-proteobacteria became more abundant over time. After 14 days, bacterial diversity diverged significantly between leaf litter types with fast-decomposing P. fremontii hosting greater richness than slowly decomposing P. angustifolia; however, differences were no longer present after 28 days in the stream. Leaf litter tannin, lignin, and lignin: N ratios all correlated negatively with diversity. This work shows that the bacterial community on decomposing leaves in streams changes rapidly over time, influenced by leaf species via differences in genotype-level foliar chemistry.


Assuntos
Bactérias/classificação , Ecossistema , Plantas/química , Plantas/microbiologia , Rios/química , Rios/microbiologia , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Biodiversidade , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Lignina/química , Consórcios Microbianos , Filogenia , Folhas de Planta/química , Folhas de Planta/microbiologia , Microbiologia do Solo , Árvores , Utah , Microbiologia da Água
17.
Clin Infect Dis ; 61(6): 892-9, 2015 Sep 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26206847

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Klebsiella pneumoniae is a common colonizer of the gastrointestinal tract of humans, companion animals, and livestock. To better understand potential contributions of foodborne K. pneumoniae to human clinical infections, we compared K. pneumoniae isolates from retail meat products and human clinical specimens to assess their similarity based on antibiotic resistance, genetic relatedness, and virulence. METHODS: Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated from retail meats from Flagstaff grocery stores in 2012 and from urine and blood specimens from Flagstaff Medical Center in 2011-2012. Isolates underwent antibiotic susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing. Genetic relatedness of the isolates was assessed using multilocus sequence typing and phylogenetic analyses. Extraintestinal virulence of several closely related meat-source and urine isolates was assessed using a murine sepsis model. RESULTS: Meat-source isolates were significantly more likely to be multidrug resistant and resistant to tetracycline and gentamicin than clinical isolates. Four sequence types occurred among both meat-source and clinical isolates. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed close relationships among meat-source and clinical isolates. Isolates from both sources showed similar virulence in the mouse sepsis model. CONCLUSIONS: Meat-source K. pneumoniae isolates were more likely than clinical isolates to be antibiotic resistant, which could reflect selective pressures from antibiotic use in food-animal production. The close genetic relatedness of meat-source and clinical isolates, coupled with similarities in virulence, suggest that the barriers to transmission between these 2 sources are low. Taken together, our results suggest that retail meat is a potential vehicle for transmitting virulent, antibiotic-resistant K. pneumoniae from food animals to humans.


Assuntos
Infecções por Klebsiella/microbiologia , Klebsiella pneumoniae/classificação , Klebsiella pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Carne/microbiologia , Infecções Urinárias/microbiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Transmissão de Doença Infecciosa , Genoma Bacteriano , Genótipo , Humanos , Infecções por Klebsiella/epidemiologia , Camundongos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Epidemiologia Molecular , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Tipagem de Sequências Multilocus , Sepse/epidemiologia , Sepse/microbiologia , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Infecções Urinárias/epidemiologia , Virulência , Adulto Jovem , Zoonoses/transmissão
18.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother ; 59(11): 7132-5, 2015 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26324269

RESUMO

Minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) for ciprofloxacin were significantly higher among 41 members of the H30 subclone within Escherichia coli sequence type 131 than among 48 other fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli isolates. This MBC difference, which was not explained by ciprofloxacin MICs, gyrA, parC, and parE mutations, the presence of aac(6')-Ib-cr, or organic solvent tolerance (a surrogate for efflux pump activity), conceivably could have promoted the pandemic emergence of the H30 sequence type 131 subclone.


Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Ciprofloxacina/farmacologia , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , DNA Girase/genética , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Fluoroquinolonas , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Mutação
19.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother ; 59(12): 7723-34, 2015 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26438492

RESUMO

Carbapenemase-producing, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, or CP-CRE, are an emerging threat to human and animal health, because they are resistant to many of the last-line antimicrobials available for disease treatment. Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacter cloacae harboring blaKPC-3 recently was reported in the upper midwestern United States and implicated in a hospital outbreak in Fargo, North Dakota (L. M. Kiedrowski, D. M. Guerrero, F. Perez, R. A. Viau, L. J. Rojas, M. F. Mojica, S. D. Rudin, A. M. Hujer, S. H. Marshall, and R. A. Bonomo, Emerg Infect Dis 20:1583-1585, 2014, http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2009.140344). In early 2009, the Minnesota Department of Health began collecting and screening CP-CRE from patients throughout Minnesota. Here, we analyzed a retrospective group of CP-E. cloacae isolates (n = 34) collected between 2009 and 2013. Whole-genome sequencing and analysis revealed that 32 of the strains were clonal, belonging to the ST171 clonal complex and differing collectively by 211 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, and it revealed a dynamic clone under positive selection. The phylogeography of these strains suggests that this clone existed in eastern North Dakota and western Minnesota prior to 2009 and subsequently was identified in the Minneapolis and St. Paul metropolitan area. All strains harbored identical IncFIA-like plasmids conferring a CP-CRE phenotype and an additional IncX3 plasmid. In a single patient with multiple isolates submitted over several months, we found evidence that these plasmids had transferred from the E. cloacae clone to an Escherichia coli ST131 bacterium, rendering it as a CP-CRE. The spread of this clone throughout the upper midwestern United States is unprecedented for E. cloacae and highlights the importance of continued surveillance to identify such threats to human health.


Assuntos
Enterobacter cloacae/efeitos dos fármacos , Enterobacter cloacae/genética , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/microbiologia , beta-Lactamases/genética , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/transmissão , Genoma Bacteriano , Geografia , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Meio-Oeste dos Estados Unidos , Minnesota , North Dakota , Plasmídeos/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Estudos Retrospectivos
20.
Appl Environ Microbiol ; 81(21): 7570-81, 2015 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26296731

RESUMO

Bacteria grow and transform elements at different rates, and as yet, quantifying this variation in the environment is difficult. Determining isotope enrichment with fine taxonomic resolution after exposure to isotope tracers could help, but there are few suitable techniques. We propose a modification to stable isotope probing (SIP) that enables the isotopic composition of DNA from individual bacterial taxa after exposure to isotope tracers to be determined. In our modification, after isopycnic centrifugation, DNA is collected in multiple density fractions, and each fraction is sequenced separately. Taxon-specific density curves are produced for labeled and nonlabeled treatments, from which the shift in density for each individual taxon in response to isotope labeling is calculated. Expressing each taxon's density shift relative to that taxon's density measured without isotope enrichment accounts for the influence of nucleic acid composition on density and isolates the influence of isotope tracer assimilation. The shift in density translates quantitatively to isotopic enrichment. Because this revision to SIP allows quantitative measurements of isotope enrichment, we propose to call it quantitative stable isotope probing (qSIP). We demonstrated qSIP using soil incubations, in which soil bacteria exhibited strong taxonomic variations in (18)O and (13)C composition after exposure to [(18)O]water or [(13)C]glucose. The addition of glucose increased the assimilation of (18)O into DNA from [(18)O]water. However, the increase in (18)O assimilation was greater than expected based on utilization of glucose-derived carbon alone, because the addition of glucose indirectly stimulated bacteria to utilize other substrates for growth. This example illustrates the benefit of a quantitative approach to stable isotope probing.


Assuntos
Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/metabolismo , Biota , Microbiologia Ambiental , Marcação por Isótopo/métodos , Bactérias/química , Bactérias/genética , Centrifugação com Gradiente de Concentração , DNA Bacteriano/química , DNA Bacteriano/genética , DNA Bacteriano/isolamento & purificação , Análise de Sequência de DNA
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