[The structure of opportunistic microbiota of nasopharynx and vaginal tract in women with reproduction disorders and chronic endometritis.]

The study was carried out to investigate microbiocenosis of nasopharynx and vaginal tract in women with reproductive disorders and chronic endometritis. The females were separated on two groups. The first group included females with morphologically verified chronic endometritis (n=32). The second group included females without chronic endometritis (n=32). The chronic tonsillitis was established in 21 out of 65 females from first group and in comparison group only in 9 females. In the analyzed biotypes resemblance of main infection agents (staphylococcus,enterococсus, colibacillus) was established. In nasopharynx biotope normocenosis was established in first and second groups in 33.3% and 45% of cases correspondingly. The first degree of dysbiosis was determined in both groups with equal rate (55,5%), second degree of dysbiosis was established only in women with chronic endometritis and chronic tonsillitis (11.1%).

[Detection of recombinations in tick-borne encephalitis virus by using computer analysis of viral genomes].

Computer programs were used to search for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus recombinants among the isolates whose complete nucleotide sequences are deposited in the GenBank database. The application of RDP, Chimaera, Maximum chi2, and TOPAL programs has revealed recombinant sites in a number of sequences, which indicates that TBE virus has recombinations and that the programs are suitable for their detection.

Therapeutic efficacy of a composition of amphotericin B and dialdehyde dextran in kidney damage in mice of various strains with systemic candidiasis.

The therapeutic efficacy of a composition of amphotericin B and dialdehyde dextran was much higher than that of amphotericin B in the therapy for systemic candidiasis. This conclusion was derived from the earlier and progressive decrease in the number and size of candidal granulomas in the kidneys. The composition of amphotericin B and dialdehyde dextran was more potent than amphotericin B in decreasing the nephrotoxic effect of C. albicans. The opposite strains of CBA and C57Bl/6 mice differed in morphological signs of granulomatosis in the kidneys, but not in the nephrotoxic effect of C. albicans metabolites.

[Enzyme regeneration during hydrolysis of steam-pretreated willow and requirement for cellulase complex composition]. / Regeneratsiia fermenta pri gidrolize predobrabotannoi parovmy vzyvom drevesiny ivy i trebovaniia k sostavu tselliulaznogo kompleksa.

In order to reduce the total enzyme consumption in high-solids static hydrolysis of nonwashed steam-exploded willow Salix caprea by mixed cellulase of Trichoderma reesei + Aspergillus foetidus, two different approaches were proposed. In the first case, the enzyme activity adsorbed on residual solids after extended hydrolysis was used for hydrolysis of the newly added substrate. The initial mixing of fresh and hydrolyzed substrates was sufficient for the adsorbed enzyme redistribution and conversion of the new substrate portion, and permanent mechanical stirring was not required. Feeding of two additional portions of the exploded hardwood adjusted to pH 4 with dry caustic into the reactor with simultaneous replacement of accumulated sugars with fresh buffer (pH 4.5) resulted, on average, in a 90% conversion of cellulose at the final enzyme loading 8 IFPU per g ODM substrate, an average sugar concentration of 12%, and a glucose/xylose ratio of 5:1. In the second approach, weakly adsorbed cellulase fractions were used for static high-solids hydrolysis followed by their ultrafiltration recovery from the resultant sugar syrup. In contrast to the initial cellulase mixture whose residual activity in a syrup did not exceed 5-10% at the end of hydrolysis (48 h), up to 60% of weakly adsorbed enzyme fraction could be separated from sugar syrups by ultrafiltration and then reused. Weakly adsorbed enzymes displayed a hydrolysis efficiency of not less than 80% per IFPU enzyme consumed in extended hydrolysis of pretreated willow as compared to the original enzyme mixture. An electrophoretic study of the weakly adsorbed enzyme fraction identified T. reesei cellobiohydrolase II as the predominant component, whereas clear domination of T. reesei cellobiohydrolase I was found by electrophoresis of proteins tightly bound to hydrolysis residual solids.

[Enzymatic hydrolysis of willow treated with a steam burst without preliminary water extraction with a high concentration of substrate]. / Fermentativnyi gidroliz obrabotannoi parovym vzryvom drevesiny ivy bez predvaritel'noi vodnoi ékstraktsii pri vysokoi kontsentratsii substrata.

A laboratory reactor equipped with a screw press was used for hydrolysis of steam-SO2 exploded willow Salix caprea by a composition of Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus foetidus enzyme preparations at high substrate concentrations. Optimal conditions providing the maximal volume of hydrolysis syrup with maximal sugar concentrations were determined. Two different hydrolysis procedures were developed in order to exclude initial washing of steam-pretreated plant raw material by large volumes of water, which is necessary to eliminate the inhibitory effect of explosion by-products on enzymatic hydrolysis. The first procedure included a one-hour-long enzymatic prehydrolysis of the substrate, then separation of sugar syrup containing 40-60 g/l of glucose, 20-25 g/l of xylose, and up to 10% of disaccharides, as well as up to 35% of the initial enzymatic activity, then addition of a diluted acetate buffer (pH 4.5), and subsequent hydrolysis of the substrate by the adsorbed enzymes leading to the final accumulation of up to 140 g/l glucose and up to 15 g/l xylose. In the second scenario, the exploded willow was initially adjusted by alkali to pH 4.5 and then hydrolyzed directly by added enzymes for 24 hours. This procedure resulted in a nearly total polysaccharide hydrolysis and accumulation of up to 170 g/l glucose and 20 g/l xylose. The reasons of inhibition of enzymatic hydrolysis are discussed.