Rapid ethnographic assessment for potential anti-malarial mass drug administration in an outbreak area of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.

BACKGROUND: In the Dominican Republic, a recent outbreak of malaria in the capital, Santo Domingo, threatens efforts to eliminate the disease. Mass drug administration (MDA) has been proposed as one strategy to reduce transmission. The success of MDA is contingent upon high levels of acceptance among the target population. To inform the design of future MDA campaigns, this rapid ethnographic assessment examined malaria-related knowledge and attitudes toward malaria MDA among residents of a transmission focus in Santo Domingo. METHODS: In October 2019, a rapid ethnographic assessment was conducted in the Los Tres Brazos transmission focus, which had not previously received MDA. National malaria programme staff conducted 61 structured interviews with key informants, recorded observations, and held 72 informal conversations. Using a grounded theory approach, data were analysed during three workshop sessions with research team members. RESULTS: Among those who had heard of malaria in the structured interviews (n = 39/61; 64%), understanding of the disease was largely based on personal experience from past outbreaks or through word-of-mouth. Community health workers (promotores) were trusted for health information and malaria diagnosis more so than professional clinicians. No participant (0%) was familiar with malaria MDA. After learning about MDA, almost all study participants (92%) said that they would participate, seeing it as a way to care for their community. Reasons for not participating in future MDA included not trusting drug administrators, feeling reluctant to take unprescribed medicine, and fear of missing work. Additional identified challenges to MDA included reaching specific demographic groups, disseminating effective MDA campaign messages, and managing misinformation and political influence. CONCLUSION: Residents appear accepting of MDA despite a lack of prior familiarity. Successful MDA will depend on several factors: fostering relationships among community-based health workers, clinicians, community leaders, and others; developing clear health messages that use local terms and spreading them through a variety of media and social networks; and contextualizing MDA as part of a broader effort to promote community health.

Malaria outbreak response in urban Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic: lessons learned for community engagement.

Community engagement is crucial for public health initiatives, yet it remains an under-studied process within national disease elimination programs. This report shares key lessons learned for community engagement practices during a malaria outbreak response in the Los Tres Brazos neighborhood of urban Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic from 2015-2016. In this two-year period, 233 cases of malaria were reported-more than seven times the number of cases (31) reported in the previous two years. The initial outbreak response by the national malaria program emphasized "top-down" interventions such as active surveillance, vector control, and educative talks within the community. Despite a transient reduction in reported cases in mid-2015, transmission resurged at the end of 2015. The program responded by introducing active roles for trained community members that included door-to-door fever screening, testing with rapid diagnostic tests and treatment. Malaria cases declined significantly throughout 2016 and community-based active surveillance infrastructure helped to detect and limit a small episode of transmission in 2017. Results from qualitative research among community members revealed two key factors that facilitated their cooperation with community-based surveillance activities: motivation to help one's community; and trust among stakeholders (community health workers, their neighbors and other key figures in the community, and malaria program staff and leadership). This experience suggests that community-led interventions and the program's willingness to learn and adapt under changing circumstances can help control malaria transmission and pave the way for elimination.

La participación de la comunidad es crucial para las iniciativas de salud pública, pero sigue siendo un proceso poco estudiado dentro de los programas nacionales de eliminación de enfermedades. En este informe se presentan las principales lecciones aprendidas respecto de las prácticas de participación comunitaria durante la respuesta al brote de malaria en el barrio Los Tres Brazos de la zona urbana de Santo Domingo, República Dominicana, de 2015 a 2016. En este período de dos años se notificaron 233 casos de malaria, más de siete veces el número de casos (31) notificados en los dos años anteriores. La respuesta inicial al brote por parte del programa nacional de malaria hizo hincapié en intervenciones "de arriba abajo" como la vigilancia activa, el control de vectores y las charlas educativas dentro de la comunidad. A pesar de la reducción transitoria de los casos notificados hacia mediados de 2015, la transmisión resurgió a finales de ese año. El programa respondió introduciendo funciones activas para miembros de la comunidad capacitados que incluían la detección de fiebre de casa en casa, pruebas de diagnóstico rápido y tratamiento. Los casos de malaria disminuyeron significativamente durante 2016 y la infraestructura de vigilancia activa basada en la comunidad ayudó a detectar y contener un episodio pequeño de transmisión en 2017. Los resultados de la investigación cualitativa entre los miembros de la comunidad revelaron dos factores clave que facilitaron su cooperación con las actividades de vigilancia basadas en la comunidad: la motivación para ayudar a la propia comunidad y la confianza entre las partes interesadas (los trabajadores sanitarios de la comunidad, los vecinos y otros actores clave de la comunidad, y el personal y la dirección del programa de lucha contra la malaria). Esta experiencia indica que las intervenciones dirigidas por la comunidad y la voluntad del programa de aprender y adaptarse a las circunstancias cambiantes pueden ayudar a controlar la transmisión de la malaria y facilitar el camino para su eliminación.

[Chikungunya: a challenge for the Dominican Republic's health services]. / Chikungunya: un reto para los servicios de salud de la República Dominicana.

The Region of the Americas has been affected since December 2013 by a chikungunya epidemic for the first time. Although the first cases were recorded in the French Caribbean, the epidemic quickly spread to the Dominican Republic due to trade and people movements. The Dominican Republic, which shares the island of Hispaniola with Haiti, has a population of 10 million. This article contains information from a range of different publications and official documents about the chikungunya virus infection and epidemic. These papers were extremely helpful for guiding the response to the epidemic in the Dominican Republic and may also be useful for enhancing knowledge of the virus and responses among health workers elsewhere in the region. Particular attention is drawn to the important research undertaken in countries and territories affected by the epidemic in the Indian Ocean area. This is the case, for example, of the island of La Réunion, where the epidemic had an attack rate of more than 30% between 2005 and 2007. Researchers were able to identify risk groups, severe and atypical forms of the infection, cases of vertical transmission, chronic disease causing recurrent pain over three years, and directly- or indirectly-related deaths from the virus. Given its high attack rate, the chikungunya virus has emerged as an exceptional challenge for health ministries and calls for appropriate organized responses from the health services, prioritization of care for risk groups and patients exhibiting severe forms of the disease, and effective social communication and intersectoral actions.

Chikungunya: un reto para los servicios de salud de la República Dominicana / Chikungunya: a challenge for the Dominican Republic's health services

Desde diciembre de 2013, la Región de las Américas se enfrenta por primera vez a una epidemia de chikungunya. Los casos iniciales se registraron en el Caribe francés y, debido al comercio y la movilización de personas, esta epidemia no tardó en llegar a la República Dominicana, cuya población es de 10 millones de habitantes y comparte con Haití la isla La Española. En este artículo se difunde información extraída de diversos artículos y documentos oficiales sobre el virus, la infección y la epidemia de chikungunya, que han sido de gran ayuda para orientar la respuesta en la República Dominicana y pueden ser útiles para mejorar tanto el conocimiento como las actuaciones frente a la epidemia de los trabajadores del sector salud de la Región. Se destaca la importancia que revisten las investigaciones realizadas en países y territorios afectados del océano Índico, como la isla de Reunión, durante la epidemia declarada entre 2005 y 2007, cuando se registró una tasa de ataque mayor de 30%, se identificaron los grupos de riesgo, las formas graves y atípicas de la infección, la transmisión vertical del virus, las formas crónicas, que pueden provocar dolores recurrentes durante tres años, y las defunciones directa o indirectamente relacionadas con el virus chikungunya. Por su alta tasa de ataque, el virus chikungunya se convierte en un reto sin precedentes para los ministerios de salud, que exige una adecuada organización de los servicios de salud, la priorización de la atención a los grupos de riesgo y a los pacientes con formas graves de la enfermedad, así como una adecuada comunicación social y respuesta intersectorial.

The Region of the Americas has been affected since December 2013 by a chikungunya epidemic for the first time. Although the first cases were recorded in the French Caribbean, the epidemic quickly spread to the Dominican Republic due to trade and people movements. The Dominican Republic, which shares the island of Hispaniola with Haiti, has a population of 10 million. This article contains information from a range of different publications and official documents about the chikungunya virus infection and epidemic. These papers were extremely helpful for guiding the response to the epidemic in the Dominican Republic and may also be useful for enhancing knowledge of the virus and responses among health workers elsewhere in the region. Particular attention is drawn to the important research undertaken in countries and territories affected by the epidemic in the Indian Ocean area. This is the case, for example, of the island of La Réunion, where the epidemic had an attack rate of more than 30% between 2005 and 2007. Researchers were able to identify risk groups, severe and atypical forms of the infection, cases of vertical transmission, chronic disease causing recurrent pain over three years, and directly- or indirectly-related deaths from the virus. Given its high attack rate, the chikungunya virus has emerged as an exceptional challenge for health ministries and calls for appropriate organized responses from the health services, prioritization of care for risk groups and patients exhibiting severe forms of the disease, and effective social communication and intersectoral actions.

Cumplimiento de la prescripción médica en los Barrios de la Zona Norte de Santo Domingo, 1995 / Medical prescription compliance in the Northun neighforhood of Santo Domingo, 1885

Mediante un diseño descriptivo transversal estudiamos la prevalencia de incumplimiento de la prescripción médica en los barrios de la parte norte de la ciudad de Santo Domingo, encontrando una prevalencia global de incumplimiento de la prescripción médica del orden de 421/1000, principalmente en las edades de 35 a 44 años y de 55 y más (495/1000 y 494/1000 respectivamente). Los de origen urbano, los analfabetos, educación intermedia y primaria, los chiriperos y desempleados también obtuvieron una mayor tasa de prevalencia. Concluyendo que las causas más frecuentes del incumplimiento de la prescripción fueron: la falta de recursos económicos, rápida recuperación y alivio de síntomas, pérdida de fe en el tratamiento, entre otras