Emblica officinalis mitigates intestinal toxicity of mice by modulating gut microbiota in lead exposure.

Lead (Pb) contamination has been affecting public health for decades. As a plant-derived medicine, the safety and effectiveness of Emblica officinalis (E. officinalis) fruit extract has been emphasized. The current study focused on mitigating the adverse effects of lead (Pb) exposure in reducing its toxicity worldwide. According to our findings, E. officinalis significantly improved weight loss and colon length shortening (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). The data of colon histopathology and serum levels of inflammatory cytokines indicated a positive impact to the colonic tissue and inflammatory cell infiltration in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, we confirmed the expression level improvement of tight junction proteins (TJPs), including ZO-1, Claudin-1, and Occludin. Furthermore, we found that the abundance of some commensal species necessary for maintaining homeostasis and other beneficial function decreased in Pb exposure model, while a remarkable reversion impact was noticed on the intestinal microbiome composition in the treatment group. These findings were consistent with our speculations that E. officinalis could mitigate the adverse effects caused by Pb in alleviating intestinal tissue damage, intestinal barrier disruption, and inflammation. Meanwhile, the variations in gut microbiota might drive the fulfilling current impact. Hence, the present study could provide the theoretical basis for mitigating intestinal toxicity induced by Pb exposure with the help of E. officinalis.

Insight into the Heterogeneity of Longitudinal Plasmonic Field in a Nanocavity Using an Intercalated Two-Dimensional Atomic Crystal Probe with a ∼7 ŠResolution.

Quantitative measurement of the plasmonic field distribution is of great significance for optimizing highly efficient optical nanodevices. However, the quantitative and precise measurement of the plasmonic field distribution is still an enormous challenge. In this work, we design a unique nanoruler with a ∼7 Šspatial resolution, which is based on a two-dimensional atomic crystal where the intercalated monolayer WS2 is a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) probe and four layers of MoS2 are a reference layer in a nanoparticle-on-mirror (NPoM) structure to quantitatively and directionally probe the longitudinal plasmonic field distribution at high permittivity by the quantitative SERS intensity of WS2 located in different layers. A subnanometer two-dimensional atomic crystal was used as a spacer layer to overcome the randomness of the molecular adsorption and Raman vibration direction. Combined with comprehensive theoretical derivation, numerical calculations, and spectroscopic measurements, it is shown that the longitudinal plasmonic field in an individual nanocavity is heterogeneously distributed with an unexpectedly large intensity gradient. We analyze the SERS enhancement factor on the horizontal component, which shows a great attenuation trend in the nanocavity and further provides precise insight into the horizontal component distribution of the longitudinal plasmonic field. We also provide a direct experimental verification that the longitudinal plasmonic field decays more slowly in high dielectric constant materials. These precise experimental insights into the plasmonic field using a two-dimensional atomic crystal itself as a Raman probe may propel understanding of the nanostructure optical response and applications based on the plasmonic field distribution.

Controlling the Shrinkage of 3D Hot Spot Droplets as a Microreactor for Quantitative SERS Detection of Anticancer Drugs in Serum Using a Handheld Raman Spectrometer.

Quantitative measurement is one of the ultimate targets for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), but it suffers from difficulties in controlling the uniformity of hot spots and placing the target molecules in the hot spot space. Here, a convenient approach of three-phase equilibrium controlling the shrinkage of three-dimensional (3D) hot spot droplets has been demonstrated for the quantitative detection of the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in serum using a handheld Raman spectrometer. Droplet shrinkage, triggered by the shaking of aqueous nanoparticle (NP) colloids with immiscible oil chloroform (CHCl3) after the addition of negative ions and acetone, not only brings the nanoparticles in close proximity but can also act as a microreactor to enhance the spatial enrichment capability of the analyte in plasmonic sites and thereby realize simultaneously controlling 3D hot spots and placing target molecules in hot spots. Moreover, the shrinking process of Ag colloid droplets has been investigated using a high-speed camera, an in situ transmission electron microscope (in situ TEM), and a dark-field microscope (DFM), demonstrating the high stability and uniformity of nanoparticles in droplets. The shrunk Ag NP droplets exhibit excellent SERS sensitivity and reproducibility for the quantitative analysis of 5-FU over a large range of 50-1000 ppb. Hence, it is promising for quantitative analysis of complex systems and long-term monitoring of bioreactions.

Modulating oxidative stress counteracts specific antigen-induced regulatory T-cell apoptosis in mice.

Treg are known to have a central role in orchestrating immune responses, but less is known about the destiny of Treg after being activated by specific Ags. This study aimed to investigate the role of superoxide dismutase, an active molecule in the regulation of oxidative stress in the body, in the prevention of Treg apoptosis induced by specific Ags. Ag-specific Tregs were isolated from the DO11.10 mouse intestine. A food allergy mouse model was developed with ovalbumin as the specific Ag and here, we observed that exposure to specific Ag induced Treg apoptosis through converting the precursor of TGF-ß to its mature form inside the Tregs. Oxidative stress was induced in Tregs upon exposure to specific Ags, in which Smad3 bound the latency-associated peptide to induce its degradation, converting the TGF-ß precursor to its mature form, TGF-ß. Suppressing oxidative stress in Tregs alleviated the specific Ag-induced Treg apoptosis in in vitro experiments and suppressed experimental food allergy by preventing the specific Ag-induced Treg apoptosis in the intestine. In conclusion, exposure to specific Ags induces Treg apoptosis and it can be prevented by upregulating superoxide dismutase or suppressing reactive oxidative species in Tregs.

First Clinical Study on Long-Acting Growth Hormone Therapy in Children with Turner Sydrome.

Study on long-acting growth hormone (LAGH) therapy in Turner syndrome (TS) is a 2-year retrospective study including patients diagnosed with TS from 2018-2021. Patients were divided into four groups: Group 1 to 4 were low dose (0.1 mg/kg/ w), high-dose (0.2 mg/kg/w) LAGH, daily GH (0.38 mg/kg/w), and untreated control. The efficacy and safety data were analyzed. Seventy-five TS cases with the age 7.9±2.9 years and the bone age 6.8±2.8 years were recruited. In year 1: The change of height standard deviation score (ΔHtSDS) and height velocity (HV) in Group 2 were comparable to Group 3, both two groups were higher than Group 1. ΔHtSDS and HV in all GH treatment group were higher than untreated group. IGF1 increased in all treatment groups, only 4 cases had IGF1>3 SD. In year 2: ΔHtSDS and HV in Group 2 and 3 were comparable. Five cases had IGF1>3 SD. Correlation analysis for LAGH efficacy at year 1 indicated that baseline variables correlated with ΔHtSDS include: GH dose, CA (chronological age), and bone age (BA). The HV was positively correlated with baseline GH dose, HtSDS, IGF-1SDS and negatively correlated with baseline CA, BA, and BMI. No GH-related serious adverse effects were observed. The high-dose LAGH treatment in TS patients is effective and safe as daily GH for 2 years. The favorable prognosis factors include sufficient GH dose and early treatment. IGF1 monitoring and weight control are important.

Polyethylene glycol recombinant human growth hormone in Chinese prepubertal slow-growing short children: doses reported in a multicenter real-world study.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the effectiveness of individualized-dose polyethylene glycol recombinant human growth hormone (PEG-rhGH) for short stature. METHODS: This real-world study enrolled children with short stature in 19 hospitals throughout China. They were treated with PEG-rhGH for 6 months. The starting dosage ranged from 0.10 to 0.20 mg/kg/week. The primary outcome was the change in height standard deviation score (ΔHt SDS). RESULTS: Five hundred and ten patients were included and grouped based on dosage as A (0.10-0.14 mg/kg/week), B (0.15-0.16 mg/kg/week), C (0.17-0.19 mg/kg/week), and D (0.20 mg/kg/week). The mean 6-month ΔHt SDS for the total cohort was 0.49 ± 0.27, and the means differed among the four dose groups (P = 0.002). The ΔHt SDS was lower in group A than in groups B (LSM difference [95%CI], -0.09 [-0.17, -0.01]), C (LSM difference [95%CI], -0.10 [-0.18, -0.02]), and D (LSM difference [95%CI], -0.13 [-0.21, -0.05]) after adjusting baseline covariates. There were no significant differences among groups B, C, and D. When the baseline IGF-1 was < -2 SDS or > 0 SDS, the △Ht SDS was not different among the four groups (P = 0.931 and P = 0.400). In children with baseline IGF-1 SDS of -2 ~ 0 SDS, a higher dosage was associated with a better treatment effect (P = 0.003), and the △Ht SDS was lower in older children than in younger ones (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: PEG-rhGH could effectively increase height in prepubertal short children. When the baseline IGF-1 was < -2 SDS, 0.10 mg/kg/week could be a starting dose. In other IGF-1 statuses, 0.15-0.20 mg/kg/week might be preferred. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03249480 , retrospectively registered.

General Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Method for Actively Capturing Target Molecules in Small Gaps.

Over the past decade, many efforts have been devoted to designing and fabricating substrates for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) with abundant hot spots to improve the sensitivity of detection. However, there have been many difficulties involved in causing molecules to enter hot spots actively or effectively. Here, we report a general SERS method for actively capturing target molecules in small gaps (hot spots) by constructing a nanocapillary pumping model. The ubiquity of hot spots and the inevitability of molecules entering them lights up all the hot spots and makes them effective. This general method can realize the highly sensitive detection of different types of molecules, including organic pollutants, drugs, poisons, toxins, pesticide residues, dyes, antibiotics, amino acids, antitumor drugs, explosives, and plasticizers. Additionally, in the dynamic detection process, an efficient and stable signal can be maintained for 1-2 min, which increases the practicality and operability of this method. Moreover, a dynamic detection process like this corresponds to the processes of material transformation in some organisms, so the method can be used to monitor transformation processes such as the death of a single cell caused by photothermal stimulation. Our method provides a novel pathway for generating hot spots that actively attract target molecules, and it can achieve general ultratrace detection of diverse substances and be applied to the study of cell behaviors in biological systems.

Construction of Optimal SERS Hotspots Based on Capturing the Spike Receptor-Binding Domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 for Highly Sensitive and Specific Detection by a Fish Model.

It is highly challenging to construct the best SERS hotspots for the detection of proteins by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Using its own characteristics to construct hotspots can achieve the effect of sensitivity and specificity. In this study, we built a fishing mode device to detect the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at low concentrations in different detection environments and obtained a sensitive SERS signal response. Based on the spatial resolution of proteins and their protein-specific recognition functions, SERS hotspots were constructed using aptamers and small molecules that can specifically bind to RBD and cooperate with Au nanoparticles (NPs) to detect RBD in the environment using SERS signals of beacon molecules. Therefore, two kinds of AuNPs modified with aptamers and small molecules were used in the fishing mode device, which can specifically recognize and bind RBD to form a stable hotspot to achieve high sensitivity and specificity for RBD detection. The fishing mode device can detect the presence of RBD at concentrations as low as 0.625 ng/mL and can produce a good SERS signal response within 15 min. Meanwhile, we can detect an RBD of 0.625 ng/mL in the mixed solution with various proteins, and the concentration of RBD in the complex environment of urine and blood can be as low as 1.25 ng/mL. This provides a research basis for SERS in practical applications for protein detection work.

An Improved Total Uncertainty Measure in the Evidence Theory and Its Application in Decision Making.

Dempster-Shafer evidence theory (DS theory) has some superiorities in uncertain information processing for a large variety of applications. However, the problem of how to quantify the uncertainty of basic probability assignment (BPA) in DS theory framework remain unresolved. The goal of this paper is to define a new belief entropy for measuring uncertainty of BPA with desirable properties. The new entropy can be helpful for uncertainty management in practical applications such as decision making. The proposed uncertainty measure has two components. The first component is an improved version of Dubois-Prade entropy, which aims to capture the non-specificity portion of uncertainty with a consideration of the element number in frame of discernment (FOD). The second component is adopted from Nguyen entropy, which captures conflict in BPA. We prove that the proposed entropy satisfies some desired properties proposed in the literature. In addition, the proposed entropy can be reduced to Shannon entropy if the BPA is a probability distribution. Numerical examples are presented to show the efficiency and superiority of the proposed measure as well as an application in decision making.

A cross-sectional survey of adrenal steroid hormones among overweight/obese boys according to puberty stage.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is associated with many chronic diseases including cortisol rhythm disorder and low testosterone. Furthermore, studies on obese children are quite limited and no concordance results have been obtained, especially for boys in puberty. Moreover, the sample sizes of previous studies were small, and were not representative. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional survey including 1148 boys aged 6-14 years, they were divided into overweight/obesity (OW/OB) group and normal weight (NW) group. Puberty status was assessed according to Tanner scale and testicular volume. Serum levels of pregnenolone, 17-OH progesterone, corticosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and androstenedione were detected by LC-MS. Serum free testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels were measured by chemiluminescence immunoassay. RESULTS: The 17-OH progesterone, DHEA, androstenedione and free testosterone levels of OW/OB boys at prepubertal stage or at the age 6 = < 10 years group were higher than those of the NW boys (all the P values were < 0.01). Furthermore, androstenedione and free testosterone levels were lower in OW/OB boys at late puberty, and the trend continued at the post pubertal stage for FT (P < 0.01-0.05). DHEA, androstenedione, and FT levels persisted to be higher at the 10~ < 12 years in OW/OB boys but not for 17-OH progesterone. FT level was lower in the OW/OB group at the 12~ < 15 years group. The SHBG levels in the OW/OB boys were lower than those in the NW ones at the 6~12 years group, and prepubertal to early pubertal stage. CONCLUSIONS: Premature adrenarche is more likely in OW/OB boys. More attention should be given to the lower androgen levels of OW/OB boys at late pubertal and post pubertal stages.

Clinical and genetic features of 64 young male paediatric patients with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.

CONTEXT: The diagnosis of congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) in prepuberty has always been challenging. Here, we aimed at studying the clinical and genetic features of paediatric CHH, especially the phenotype of hypospadias and dual defects (patients showing hypothalamic and/or pituitary defects and testicular hypoplasia), so as to have a better understanding of CHH. DESIGN: The clinical and genetic features of patients with CHH were analysed, and the relationships between hypospadias, dual defects and genetics were investigated. PATIENTS: Patients who visited Beijing Children's Hospital and were positively diagnosed with CHH. MEASUREMENTS: The collected data included sex hormones, MRI of the olfactory bulb, human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) test and genetic testing. We analysed clinical features and genetic results, especially hypospadias and dual defects, and compared the stimulated testosterone (T) levels in patients with and without cryptorchidism. RESULTS: Sixty-four patients were positively diagnosed, and forty-seven (73.4%) had Kallmann syndrome (KS). Four patients (6.3%) had hypospadias, including 2 KS. Micropenis combined with cryptorchidism was the most common phenotype (39%). Approximately two-third of patients showed a poor response to hCG; 15 cases were diagnosed with dual defects, and there were no significant differences between those with and without cryptorchidism. Twenty-six cases (51%) of 51 patients were identified as having classical HH mutations, affecting 10 different genes, with oligogenic mutations in 5 cases (9.8%). The most common mutations were in PROKR2 (17.6%), FGFR1 (13.7%) and CHD7 (7.8%). The frequency of PROKR2 mutations was higher in dual HH when compared to other HH cases (6/15 vs 3/36, P = .021). CONCLUSIONS: Micropenis and/or cryptorchidism can serve as important signs for the diagnosis of HH in paediatrics, and the coexistence of hypospadias does not exclude the diagnosis of CHH, including KS or normosmic isolated HH (nHH). Testicular function may be impaired earlier than expected, and PROKR2 mutations need to be evaluated to identify presumed dual defects.

Ab initio potential energy surface and microwave spectra for the H2-HCCCN complex.

We present a four-dimensional ab initio potential energy surface of the H2-HCCCN complex at the coupled-cluster singles and doubles with noniterative inclusion of connected triples [CCSD(T)]-F12 level with a large basis set including an additional set of bond functions. The artificial neural networks method was extended to fit the intermolecular potential energy surface. The complex has a planar linear global minimum with the well depth of 199.366 cm-1 located at R = 5.09 Å, φ = 0°, θ1 = 0°, and θ2 = 180°. An additional planar local minimum is also found with a depth of 175.579 cm-1 that is located at R = 3.37 Å, φ = 0°, θ1 = 110°, and θ2 = 104°. The radial discrete variable representation/angular finite basis representation and the Lanczos algorithm were employed to calculate the rovibrational energy levels for four species of H2-HCCCN (pH2-HCCCN, oH2-HCCCN, pD2-HCCCN, and oD2-HCCCN). The rotational frequencies and spectroscopic parameters were also determined for four complexes, which agree well with the experimental values.

[Study on Variety Test of Salvia miltiorrhiza New Variety "Zhongdan 1"].

Objective: The new varieties of Salvia miltiorrhiza were bred by the variety comparison test. Methods: Taking these varieties of CDS1,CDS2,CDS3,CDS4,CDS5 as the test varieties, which bred by system seletion from abundant germplasm resources,the conventional variety as the control, the test were arranged in Ximeishan, Linjiagou, Shiya, Hexing Village of Zhongjiang county in 2010 and 2011. And the new varieties from the growth cycle,line of characters,yield, quality and other aspects of Salvia miltiorrhiza were evaluated. Results: CDS2 had the highest yield which was significantly higher than the control group. The growth period were 250 ~ 270 days,the seed germination were early,and the plants were taller. And the medicine merchandise traits were better, the salvianolic acid and the tanshinone were significantly higher. CDS2 was named as the "Zhongdan 1"by crop variety Committee of Sichuan province in2012,which identified by technology field in 2011. Conclusion: "Zhongdan 1"is a new variety through the certification authority validation,which has a great popularization value in the production.

Risk factors for colorectal neoplasms based on colonoscopy and pathological diagnoses of Chinese citizens: a multicenter, case-control study.

PURPOSE: Since observational data in the urban residents are required to better assess the risk factors of colorectal neoplasm occurrence and the effectiveness of colonoscopy screening and surveillance, we conducted a case-control study at multicenters in China to identify patient characteristics and neoplasm features of colorectal adenoma (CRA) and colorectal carcinoma (CRC). METHODS: A total of 4089 patients who had undergone a colonoscopy from 19 hospitals were enrolled, of which 1106 had CRA and 466 had CRC. They were compared with controls. The analysis provides features and risk factors of colorectal neoplasm using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Increasing age, a family history of colorectal cancer or previous cases of colorectal adenoma or hypertension disease, gastrointestinal surgery, regular intake of pickled food (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.42, 95 % confidence interval [CI], 1.048-1.924), consumption of alcohol, and a positive result of fecal occult blood testing (FOBT; aOR 2.509, 95 % CI 1.485-4.237) were associated with an increased risk of CRA. In the CRC group, increasing age, regular intake of pickled foods, and a positive FOBT result were risk factors. In addition, a positive abdominal computed tomography (CT) before a colonoscopy and physical signs of emaciation were also significantly associated with an increasing risk of colorectal carcinoma. Regular intake of vegetables decreased the risk of both CRA and CRC. CONCLUSIONS: Age, pickled foods, and a positive FOBT are risk factors for colorectal neoplasm. Vegetable intake was associated with a decreased risk of CRA and CRC.

The interactions of ι-carrageenan with cationic surfactants in aqueous solutions.

The interactions between the anionic polymer ι-carrageenan (IC) and the cationic surfactants 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (C12mimBr), dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) and ethyl-α,ω-bis(dodecyldimethylammonium)dibromide (12-2-12) have been studied by fluorimetry and isothermal titration calorimetry. Our experimental results showed that at a low surfactant concentration, the monomers adsorbed on the IC chains through the electrostatic attraction, followed by the formation of induced micelles on the IC chains through the hydrophobic interaction until the IC chains are saturated by surfactant molecules; after that the added surfactant formed free micelles in the solution. A pseudo-phase-equilibrium thermodynamic model was proposed to explain the experimental results and to understand the mechanisms of the interactions in these three systems. Moreover, the salt effect on the interactions was investigated and found that it changed the critical concentrations but not the interaction mechanism.

Achieving Clearance of Drug-Resistant Bacterial Infection and Rapid Cutaneous Wound Regeneration Using an ROS-Balancing-Engineered Heterojunction.

Intractable infected microenvironments caused by drug-resistant bacteria stalls the normal course of wound healing. Sono-piezodynamic therapy (SPT) is harnessed to combat pathogenic bacteria, but the superabundant reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during SPT inevitably provoke severe inflammatory response, hindering tissue regeneration. Consequently, an intelligent nanocatalytic membrane composed of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and black phosphorus /V2C MXene bio-heterojunctions (2D2-bioHJs) is devised. Under ultrasonication, 2D2-bioHJs effectively eliminate drug-resistant bacteria by disrupting metabolism and electron transport chain (ETC). When ultrasonication ceases, they enable the elimination of SPT-generated ROS. The 2D2-bioHJs act as a "lever" that effectively achieves a balance between ROS generation and annihilation, delivering both antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties to the engineered membrane. More importantly, in vivo assays corroborate that the nanocatalytic membranes transform the stalled chronic wound environment into a regenerative one by eradicating the bacterial population, dampening the NF-κB inflammatory pathway and promoting angiogenesis. As envisaged, this work demonstrates a novel tactic to arm membranes with programmed antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects to remedy refractory infected wounds from drug-fast bacteria.

A comparison study on polysaccharides extracted from banana flower using different methods: Physicochemical characterization, and antioxidant and antihyperglycemic activities.

This work investigated and compared the physicochemical characteristics, and antioxidant and antihyperglycemic properties in vitro of polysaccharides from a single banana flower variety (BFPs) extracted by different methods. BFPs extracted using hot water (HWE), acidic (CAE), alkaline (AAE), enzymatic (EAE), ultrasonic (UAE) and hot water-alkaline (HAE) methods showed different chemical composition, monosaccharide composition, molecular weight, chain conformation and surface morphology, but similar infrared spectra characteristic, main glycosidic residues, crystalline internal and thermal stability, suggesting that six methods have diverse impacts on the degradation of BFPs without changing the main structure. Then, among six BFPs, the stronger antioxidant activity in vitro was found in BFP extracted by HAE, which was attributed to its maximum uronic acid content (21.67 %) and phenolic content (0.73 %), and moderate molecular weight (158.48 kDa). The highest arabinose and guluronic acid contents (18.59 % and 1.31 % in molar ratios, respectively) and the lowest uronic acid content (14.30 %) in BFP extracted by HWE contributed to its better α-glucosidase inhibitory activity in vitro (66.55 %). The data offered theoretical evidence for choosing suitable extraction methods to acquire BFPs with targeted biological activities for applications, in which HAE and HWE could serve as beneficial methods for preparing antioxidant BFP and antihyperglycemic BFP, respectively.

Engineered Probiotic Bio-heterojunction with Robust Antibiofilm Modality via "Eating" Extracellular Polymeric Substances for Wound Regeneration.

The compact three-dimensional structure of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) within biofilms significantly hinders the penetration of antimicrobial agents, making biofilm eradication challenging and resulting in persistent biofilm-associated infections. To address this challenge, we propose a solution: a probiotic bio-heterojunction (P-bioHJ) combining Lactobacillus rhamnosus with MXene (Ti3C2) quantum dots (MQDs)/FeS heterojunction. This innovation aims to break down the saccharides in EPS, enabling effective combat against biofilm-associated infections. Initially, the P-bioHJ targets saccharides through metabolic processes, causing the collapse of EPS and allowing infiltration into bacterial colonies. Simultaneously, upon exposure to near-infrared irradiation, the P-bioHJ produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thermal energy, deploying physical mechanisms to combat bacterial biofilms effectively. Following antibiofilm treatment, the P-bioHJ adjusts the oxidative environment, reduces wound inflammation by scavenging ROS, boosts antioxidant enzyme activity, and mitigates the NF-κB inflammatory pathway, thereby accelerating wound healing. In vitro and in vivo experiments confirm the exceptional antibiofilm, antioxidant/anti-inflammatory, and wound-regeneration properties of P-bioHJ. In conclusion, this study provides a promising approach for treating biofilm-related infections. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Solvent-driven biotoxin into nano-units as a versatile and sensitive SERS strategy.

In recent years, marine biotoxins have posed a great threat to fishermen, human security and military prevention and control due to their diverse, complex, toxic and widespread nature, and the development of rapid and sensitive methods is essential. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a promising technique for the rapid and sensitive in situ detection of marine biotoxins due to its advantages of rapid, high sensitivity, and fingerprinting information. However, the complex structure of toxin molecules, small Raman scattering cross-section and low affinity to conventional substrates make it difficult to achieve direct and sensitive SERS detection. Here, we generate a large number of active hotspot structures by constructing monolayer nanoparticle films with high density hotspots, which have good target molecules that can actively access the hotspot structures using nanocapillaries. In addition, the efficient and stable signal can be achieved during dynamic detection, increasing the practicality and operability of the method. This versatile SERS method achieves highly sensitive detection of marine biotoxins GTX and NOD, providing good prospects for convenient, rapid and sensitive SERS detection of marine biotoxins.