Histopathological pattern of thyroid diseases in Zaria: A 10-year review.

CONTEXT: Majority of the previous studies on thyroid diseases in Northern Nigeria focussed mainly on neoplastic lesions. The non-neoplastic lesions are more common and constitute more public health burdens. AIM: To determine the histopathological pattern of thyroid diseases in our region and compare our findings with similar studies in Nigeria and elsewhere. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: This is a retrospective study carried out at the Department of Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, from January 2005 to December 2014 using specified criteria. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: All cases of thyroid diseases diagnosed histologically within the study period had their histology reports as well as their haematoxylin and eosin-stained slides reviewed and analysed. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) software for windows version 20.0 (IBM SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL) was used. RESULTS: There were 302 thyroid diseases diagnosed during the study period. Only 297 cases fulfilled the study inclusion criteria. There were 255 females and 42 males with a male-to-female ratio 1:6. Ages ranged from 4 months to 80 years, with peak age incidence between 31 and 50 years. Thyroglossal cysts accounted for 17 (5.7%) cases. Non-neoplastic diseases composed of colloid goitre, Graves' disease, Hashimoto thyroiditis and lymphocytic thyroiditis. They accounted for 214 (72.1%), 12 (4.0%), 3 (1.0%) and 1 (0.3%) cases, respectively. The neoplastic diseases comprised 36 (12.1%) adenoma cases and 14 (4.7%) carcinomas, with papillary carcinoma being the most common (71.4%) thyroid cancer. CONCLUSION: This study showed that thyroid diseases in Zaria had a female predominance with a peak age frequency between 30 and 50 years of age. The most common diseases were colloid goitre, follicular adenoma and papillary carcinoma. These findings are comparable with several studies on thyroid diseases in Nigeria and globally.

Heterogeneity in head and neck cancer incidence among black populations from Africa, the Caribbean and the USA: Analysis of cancer registry data by the AC3.

BACKGROUND: Africa and the Caribbean are projected to have greater increases in Head and neck cancer (HNC) burden in comparison to North America and Europe. The knowledge needed to reinforce prevention in these populations is limited. We compared for the first time, incidence rates of HNC in black populations from African, the Caribbean and USA. METHODS: Annual age-standardized incidence rates (IR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) per 100,000 were calculated for 2013-2015 using population-based cancer registry data for 14,911 HNC cases from the Caribbean (Barbados, Guadeloupe, Trinidad & Tobago, N = 443), Africa (Kenya, Nigeria, N = 772) and the United States (SEER, Florida, N = 13,696). We compared rates by sub-sites and sex among countries using data from registries with high quality and completeness. RESULTS: In 2013-2015, compared to other countries, HNC incidence was highest among SEER states (IR: 18.2, 95%CI = 17.6-18.8) among men, and highest in Kenya (IR: 7.5, 95%CI = 6.3-8.7) among women. Nasopharyngeal cancer IR was higher in Kenya for men (IR: 3.1, 95%CI = 2.5-3.7) and women (IR: 1.5, 95%CI = 1.0-1.9). Female oral cavity cancer was also notably higher in Kenya (IR = 3.9, 95%CI = 3.0-4.9). Blacks from SEER states had higher incidence of laryngeal cancer (IR: 5.5, 95%CI = 5.2-5.8) compared to other countries and even Florida blacks (IR: 4.4, 95%CI = 3.9-5.0). CONCLUSION: We found heterogeneity in IRs for HNC among these diverse black populations; notably, Kenya which had distinctively higher incidence of nasopharyngeal and female oral cavity cancer. Targeted etiological investigations are warranted considering the low consumption of tobacco and alcohol among Kenyan women. Overall, our findings suggest that behavioral and environmental factors are more important determinants of HNC than race.

Isolated testicular metastasis from prostatic adenocarcinoma.

Metastatic carcinomas to the testes are rare with prostate adenocarcinoma being the most common. Reported cases of metastatic carcinoma to the testes are usually associated with metastasis to other sites. Metastasis to the testis alone without associated secondaries to other sites can occur and so far, few cases have been reported globally. Due to the rarity of such presentation and the need for proper evaluation of orchiectomy specimens for prostatic adenocarcinoma, we report a case of an 84-year-old with isolated metastasis to the left testes. This was discovered incidentally the following orchiectomy as a form of hormonal therapy for prostatic adenocarcinoma.

Résumé Metastatic carcinomas to the testes are rare with prostate adenocarcinoma being the most common. Reported cases of metastatic carcinoma to the testes are usually associated with metastasis to other sites. Metastasis to the testis alone without associated secondaries to other sites can occur and so far, few cases have been reported globally. Due to the rarity of such presentation and the need for proper evaluation of orchiectomy specimens for prostatic adenocarcinoma, we report a case of an 84-year-old with isolated metastasis to the left testes. This was discovered incidentally the following orchiectomy as a form of hormonal therapy for prostatic adenocarcinoma.