Development and Validation of SDBeasy Score as a Predictor of Behavioral Outcomes in Childhood.

Rationale: There are limited tools to identify which children are at greatest risk for developing sleep-disordered breathing (SDB)-associated behavioral morbidity.Objectives: To examine associations between age of onset and duration of parent-reported symptoms of SDB and behavioral problems at the age of 5 years.Methods: Data were collected and analyses were completed for participants in the CHILD (Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development) cohort at the Edmonton and Toronto sites. We generated an SDBeasy score on the basis of the age of onset and duration of SDB symptoms as reported by parents completing the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire. Using CHILD-Edmonton data, we completed multivariate linear regression to determine whether the SDBeasy score was associated with behavioral problems at the age 5 years of age as assessed by using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). We then validated the SDBeasy score using CHILD-Toronto data.Measurements and Main Results: At the 5-year visit, 581 of 716 (81%) CHILD-Edmonton participants still enrolled had CBCL data. Of the 581 children with data, 77% (446 of 581) had an SDBeasy score of 0 (never had SDB symptoms), whereas 20 of 581 children (3.4%) had persistent SDB symptoms from infancy through 5 years of age (SDBeasy score of 24). Children had a 0.35-point-higher CBCL total behavioral score at 5 years for each 1-point increase in their SDBeasy score (95% confidence interval, 0.24-0. 5; P < 0.01). We found consistent results among CHILD-Toronto participants; children had a 0.26-point-higher CBCL total behavioral score at 5 years for each 1-point increase in their SDBeasy score (95% confidence interval, 0.08-0.44; P = 0.005).Conclusions: The SDBeasy score, based on the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire, enables identification of children with higher behavioral-problem scores.

Understanding the needs of justice-involved adults with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in an Indigenous community.

Individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) experience a range of neurodevelopmental challenges, often compounded by social and environmental adversity. One of the most concerning outcomes that can be associated with FASD is involvement in the justice system, where individuals with FASD are vastly over-represented. Individuals with FASD who are both justice-involved and Indigenous experience added layers of marginalization. In this community-based study, we explored the needs of 16 adults who participated in an FASD-informed restorative justice program in an Indigenous community in Alberta, Canada. Clinical record reviews and client interviews were used to gather information. Diverse needs were identified, including pervasive neurodevelopmental difficulties, notable physical and mental health challenges, complex experiences of psychosocial trauma, and varied criminogenic needs. This study increases our understanding of the unique and complex biopsychosocial and criminogenic needs of Indigenous justice-involved adults with FASD. Such an understanding is a first step in developing tailored interventions for individuals with FASD and has important practice and policy implications for supporting positive outcomes. For Indigenous individuals with FASD, intervention efforts should be integrated within the community context to promote collective healing.

Preserved cortical asymmetry despite thinner cortex in children and adolescents with prenatal alcohol exposure and associated conditions.

Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) is associated with reduced overall brain volume. Although this has been reported consistently across studies, the status of cortical thickness after PAE is more variable. The cortex is asymmetric in typical controls, but it is unclear whether the left and right counter parts of the cortical gray matter are unevenly influenced in postpartum brain development after PAE. Brain MRI was acquired in a newly recruited sample of 157 participants (PAE: N = 78, 5.5-18.9 years, 40 females and controls: N = 79, 5.8-18.5 years, 44 females) across four Canadian sites in the NeuroDevNet project. The PAE group had other confounds such as psychiatric co-morbidity, different living environment, and so on, not present in the control group. In agreement with previous studies, the volumes of all brain structures were reduced in PAE compared to controls, including gray and white matter of cerebrum and cerebellum, and all deep gray matter including the hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, caudate, putamen, and pallidum. The PAE group showed reductions in global and regional cortical thickness, while the pattern and degree of cortical thickness asymmetry were preserved in PAE participants with the greatest rightward asymmetry in the lateral parietal lobe and the greatest leftward asymmetry in the lateral frontal cortex. This persistent asymmetry reflects that the homologous left and right cortical regions followed typical relative developmental patterns in the PAE group despite being thinner bilaterally than controls. Hum Brain Mapp 39:72-88, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Age at stroke onset influences the clinical outcome and health-related quality of life in pediatric ischemic stroke survivors.

AIM: Stroke in children occurs across different phases of brain development. Age at onset may affect outcome and health-related quality of life (HRQL). We evaluated the influence of age at stroke onset on the long-term neurological outcomes and HRQL of pediatric stroke survivors. METHOD: Children with ischemic stroke were recruited into three groups according to their age at onset of stroke (presumed perinatal, neonatal, and childhood). Neurological outcomes were assessed using the Pediatric Stroke Recovery and Recurrence Questionnaire. HRQL was evaluated using proxy report versions (2-18y) of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL 4.0). A χ(2) /Fisher's exact test and multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed for the neurological outcomes. HRQL scores from the different age groups were compared using linear regression. RESULTS: Ninety participants (presumed perinatal stroke, n=31; neonatal stroke, n=36; childhood stroke, n=23) were enrolled. Median age at the onset of stroke was 0.5 days and 3.7 years in neonatal and childhood participants respectively. Of the three groups, participants with presumed perinatal stroke demonstrated the worst global (p<0.002) and motor (p<0.001) outcomes and the lowest level of independence in daily activities (p<0.001). Parents reported the best global outcome and overall HRQL (p=0.007) after neonatal stroke. INTERPRETATION: The age at stroke onset has important implications regarding long-term clinical outcomes and HRQL for survivors. Individuals with presumed perinatal stroke should be considered at high-risk for poor outcomes.

Longitudinal MRI reveals altered trajectory of brain development during childhood and adolescence in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of brain development in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) has revealed structural abnormalities, but studies have been limited by the use of cross-sectional designs. Longitudinal scans can provide key insights into trajectories of neurodevelopment within individuals with this common developmental disorder. Here we evaluate serial DTI and T1-weighted volumetric MRI in a human sample of 17 participants with FASD and 27 controls aged 5-15 years who underwent 2-3 scans each, ∼2-4 years apart (92 scans total). Increases of fractional anisotropy and decreases of mean diffusivity (MD) were observed between scans for both groups, in keeping with changes expected of typical development, but mixed-models analysis revealed significant age-by-group interactions for three major white matter tracts: superior longitudinal fasciculus and superior and inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus. These findings indicate altered developmental progression in these frontal-association tracts, with the FASD group notably showing greater reduction of MD between scans. ΔMD is shown to correlate with reading and receptive vocabulary in the FASD group, with steeper decreases of MD in the superior fronto-occipital fasciculus and superior longitudinal fasciculus between scans correlating with greater improvement in language scores. Volumetric analysis revealed reduced total brain, white, cortical gray, and deep gray matter volumes and fewer significant age-related volume increases in the FASD group, although age-by-group interactions were not significant. Longitudinal DTI indicates delayed white matter development during childhood and adolescence in FASD, which may underlie persistent or worsening behavioral and cognitive deficits during this critical period.

Longitudinal MRI reveals impaired cortical thinning in children and adolescents prenatally exposed to alcohol.

Brain imaging studies suggest that cortical thickness decreases during childhood and adolescence, in concert with underlying structural and synaptic changes required for cognitive maturation and regional specialization of function. Abnormalities of this protracted developmental process may provide key insights into the cognitive and behavioral deficits that emerge in individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Several studies have demonstrated cortical thickness differences in children and adolescents who were prenatally exposed to alcohol, though all have been cross sectional, limiting conclusions about cortical development with age. In this study, we analyze serially collected T1 -weighted MRI from 11 children with FASD and 21 controls, scanned twice each ∼2 to 4 years apart. Mixed-models analysis of cortical thickness measurements revealed age-by-group interactions in cortical thinning, with FASD participants undergoing less developmental thinning than controls across many regions of the cortex, particularly in medial frontal and parietal areas. These results provide further longitudinal evidence in humans that prenatal alcohol exposure is associated with altered patterns of brain development that persist during childhood and adolescence.

Characteristics of women who consume alcohol before and after pregnancy recognition in a Canadian sample: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: High levels of alcohol consumption during pregnancy are teratogenic to fetal development, yet less is known about the effects of low levels of consumption. Only a few studies have reported on the predictors and maternal characteristics associated with different alcohol consumption patterns prior to and following pregnancy recognition. METHODS: The All Our Babies longitudinal study in Alberta, Canada was used to analyze the association of maternal characteristics with binge drinking prior to pregnancy recognition and low to moderate levels after pregnancy recognition among 2,246 women who consumed alcohol 1 year prior to pregnancy. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were conducted. RESULTS: Thirteen percent of women reported binge drinking prior to pregnancy recognition. Forty-six percent reported drinking after pregnancy recognition, almost all at low to moderate levels. Significant, independent predictors (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval) of binge drinking in early pregnancy included high school or less education (3.61, 1.81 to 7.19), some or completed university/college (2.23, 1.16 to 4.27), nulliparity (1.62, 1.19, 2.20), not trying to get pregnant (1.92, 1.37 to 2.69), smoked in the year prior to pregnancy (1.98, 1.43 to 2.73), binge drinking in the year prior to pregnancy (10.83, 6.71 to 17.46), and low dispositional optimism (1.73, 1.23 to 2.42). Independent predictors of low to moderate average levels of consumption after pregnancy recognition included not trying to get pregnant (1.91, 1.45 to 2.52), prepregnancy body mass index <25.0 kg/m(2) (1.41, 1.61 to 1.72), smoking in the year before pregnancy (1.90, 1.43 to 2.53), and binge drinking in the year before pregnancy (2.62, 2.16 to 3.18). CONCLUSIONS: Common risk factors for different alcohol consumption patterns are unintended pregnancy and substance use behaviors prior to pregnancy. Other risk factors were specific to the different patterns. Targeted strategies that address the needs of alcohol or nicotine using women and that can reduce the risk of unintended pregnancy may be beneficial.

A working memory intervention for children with prenatal alcohol exposure: Pilot study.

Cogmed© is a computerized working memory training program designed to improve attention and working memory. We examined the short- and long-term impacts of a 25-session Cogmed© intervention on working memory and other cognitive and learning domains in children with prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) and typically developing children. Participants included 38 children (4 - 13 years old) from Alberta, Canada in two groups: PAE (n = 20) and typically developing (n = 18). Significant improvements in areas of working memory and attentional control for both the PAE and the typically developing group were reported immediately after intervention completion (short-term impact). The gains on some measures were retained at five-week follow up (long-term impact). Preliminary findings indicate that computerized interventions may positively impact WM and attention control and that these changes may be maintained after a delay period.

An examination of executive functioning in adolescents with FASD in a self-regulation intervention.

Adolescents with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) often have challenges with executive functioning (EF), which impacts their ability to self-regulate. In this study, 23 adolescents with FASD completed a self-regulation intervention. The intervention was a manualized Teen Adaptation of the Alert Program®. A nonrandomized waitlist control design was used, and participants completed pre- and post-testing using performance-based measures of EF, and rating scales of EF were completed by caregivers. Results were analyzed three ways; 1) intervention and waitlist control group comparison, 2) whole sample pre-and post- test comparison, and 3) using Reliable Change Indexes to examine individual-level clinically relevant changes. No significant intervention effects were found when comparing the intervention and waitlist control groups. A significant difference was found on a measure of verbal inhibition when total sample pre-and post-test scores were compared. Using Reliable Change Index analysis, 30% participants showed reliable change in the direction of improvement on direct measures of EF, and 57% demonstrated reliable change in the direction of improvement on rating scales. This research study underscores the importance of investigating both individual and group level changes when analyzing data, as well as using reliable change to understand clinically meaningful effects that may be otherwise masked. These findings highlight the potential of the SR intervention to positively impact EF in adolescents with FASD. This study contributes to the growing literature that demonstrates the potential of individuals with FASD to benefit from direct intervention.

Math Abilities Among Children with Neurodevelopmental Difficulties: Understanding Cognitive Factors and Evaluating a Pilot Intervention.

Math development in children relies on several underlying cognitive functions, including executive functions (EF), working memory (WM), and visual-motor abilities, such as visual-motor integration (VMI). Understanding how these cognitive factors contribute to children's math performance is critical to supporting math learning and long-term math success. The present quasi-experimental waitlist control study (N = 28) aimed to (a) examine the unique contributions of EF, WM, and VMI to math abilities among children ages 5-8 years old with neurodevelopmental difficulties; (b) determine whether a math intervention (the Mathematics Interactive Learning Experience; MILE) that supports these cognitive processes was effective when modified to be delivered to small groups in a school setting, and (c) examine whether any participant characteristics, such as age or IQ, were correlated with post-intervention math score changes. At baseline, participants' math scores were significantly below the normative mean in all math content areas (ps < .01). EF, WM, and VMI were highly correlated with math ability; however, verbal WM was the only unique predictor of math ability in regressions analysis. Compared to a waitlist control group, children in the immediate MILE intervention group achieved significantly greater math gains overall. When all children who ultimately completed the intervention were considered together, significant improvement was observed in more than half of math content areas. Furthermore, at the individual level, 85.7% of participants showed reliable change in at least one math content area. Implications for supporting math learning in children with neurodevelopmental difficulties are discussed.

Diffusion tensor imaging correlates of saccadic reaction time in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder.

BACKGROUND: Eye movement tasks provide a simple method for inferring structural or functional brain deficits in neurodevelopmental disorders. Oculomotor control is impaired in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), yet the neuroanatomical substrates underlying this are not known. Regions of white matter have been shown by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to be different in FASD and thus may play a role in the delayed saccadic eye movements. The objective of this study was to correlate oculomotor performance with regional measures of DTI-derived white matter anisotropy in children with FASD. METHODS: Fourteen children (8 to 13 years) with FASD were recruited for oculomotor assessment and DTI. Eye movement control was evaluated using the pro- and antisaccade tasks, in which subjects look at (prosaccade) or away from (antisaccade) a peripheral target. Saccadic reaction time (SRT; time for subjects to move their eyes after the target appears) and direction errors (saccades made in the incorrect direction relative to the instruction) were measured and correlated to fractional anisotropy (FA) on a voxel-by-voxel basis across the whole brain white matter. RESULTS: A significant positive correlation was observed between antisaccade SRT and FA in a large cluster containing anterior and posterior sections of the corpus callosum just to the right of the midline; prosaccade SRT and FA correlated positively in the genu of the corpus callosum and the right inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF), and correlated negatively in the left cerebellum. CONCLUSIONS: The negative correlation for prosaccade SRT and cerebellum demonstrated that individuals with slower reaction times had lower FA values relative to their faster responding counterparts, a finding that implicates cerebellar dysfunction as a significant contributor to deficits in oculomotor control. The higher FA in the corpus callosum and ILF corresponding to longer reaction times for both pro- and antisaccade was opposite to what was expected, but nonetheless implies that altered brain structure in these regions underlies deficits in oculomotor control.

Affective decision-making on the Iowa gambling task in children and adolescents with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.

Individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) have difficulties with cognitive-based executive function (EF) tasks. The goal of the present study was to determine if children with FASD have impairments on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), which measures affective EF (i.e., decision-making and risk-taking). Individuals with FASD (n = 31) and healthy controls (n = 31), aged 8-17 completed the IGT. Children with FASD were significantly impaired on the IGT compared to controls. Over the course of the task, control scores improved, whereas children with FASD exhibited an overall decrease in scores. Scores increased significantly with age in the control group but did not differ significantly with age for FASD participants. Children with FASD exhibited decision-making and risk-taking impairments on a hot EF task. Children with FASD did not appear to learn from negative experiences and shift to making more positive decisions over time and their performance did not improve with age. The implications of poor task performance and a lack of age-related findings in children with FASD are discussed.

A review of social skills deficits in individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and prenatal alcohol exposure: profiles, mechanisms, and interventions.

BACKGROUND: Individuals gestationally exposed to alcohol experience a multitude of sociobehavioral impairments, including deficits in adaptive behaviors such as social skills. METHODS: The goal of this report is to critically review research on social skills deficits in individuals with prenatal alcohol exposure, including individuals with and without fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). RESULTS: Social deficits are found in alcohol-exposed children, adults, and adolescents with and without a clinical presentation. These deficits tend to persist across the lifespan and may even worsen with age. Social deficits in this population appear to be independent of facial dysmorphology and IQ and are worse than can be predicted based on atypical behaviors alone. Abnormalities in neurobiology, executive function, sensory processing, and communication likely interact with contextual influences to produce the range of social deficits observed in FASD. CONCLUSIONS: Future investigations should strive to reconcile the relationship between social skills deficits in FASD and variables such as gender, age, cognitive profile, and structural and functional brain impairments to enable better characterization of the deficits observed in this population, which will enhance diagnosis and improve remediation.

Source monitoring in children with and without fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.

OBJECTIVES: Deficits in memory are well-documented in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD); however, one aspect of memory not yet studied in children with FASD is source monitoring. This study examined overall source monitoring ability and performance profiles of children with FASD compared to controls. METHOD: Participants included 19 children with FASD and 38 typically developing children (aged 6-12 years). Children were presented with auditory word lists and were required to recall the source of words for reality, external, and internal source monitoring tasks. RESULTS: Children with FASD showed poorer performance than controls across all three conditions in both recognition memory and memory for source. However, both groups exhibited a comparable pattern of performance across conditions. Specifically, performance was lowest on the internal task and highest on the reality task. CONCLUSIONS: Information about source monitoring deficits further delineates the intricacies of memory deficits in FASD, and has implications for both assessment and intervention.

The impact of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders on families: evaluation of a family intervention program.

The main purpose of the present study was to conduct a preliminary evaluation of the coaching families (CF) program, which aids families and caregivers raising children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Mentors in the program work with families to educate them about FASD, access resources, and advocate on their behalf. Retrospective data from 186 families were analyzed from pre- to post-program. As expected, among caregivers there was a significant decrease in needs and increase in goal attainment from pre- to post-program. Further, there was a significant decrease in caregiver stress from pre- to post-program. Families reported high overall satisfaction with the CF program. The limitations, directions for future research, and implications for service providers were also discussed.

The effectiveness of a community-based intervention program for women at-risk for giving birth to a child with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD).

The goal of this study was to determine whether the First Steps program (modeled after the Parent-Child Assistance Program) resulted in improved outcomes among women at-risk for giving birth to a child with FASD. We conducted a retrospective analysis of data on 70 participants in the First Steps program. Clients were high risk and faced many life challenges, including: being on welfare, substance abuse, physical and sexual abuse as children, mental health issues, criminal activity, and unplanned pregnancies. We found a significant increase in birth control use and decrease in welfare rates from pre- to post-program. At program exit, many participants were abstinent from alcohol and/or drugs and the majority did not experience a subsequent pregnancy. Clients also showed significant increases in goals and decreases in needs from pre-to post-program. The First Steps program demonstrated promising outcomes for women at-risk for giving birth to a child with FASD.

Adaptive behavior, sleep, and physical activity in adolescents with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder.

BACKGROUND: Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is broadly associated with impairments to adaptive behavior and dysfunctional sleep. Associations between sleep, adaptive behavior, and physical activity are frequently drawn in discussions of typical development and other clinical conditions. AIMS: In this study, we sought to characterize patterns of sleep, adaptive behavior, and physical activity in adolescents with FASD. We also investigated the associations between sleep, adaptive behavior, and physical activity within this population. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Twenty-seven adolescents aged 11- to 17-years with a diagnosis of FASD and their caregivers participated in this study. All participants completed parent and youth questionnaires on adaptive behavior, sleep, and physical activity. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: Adolescents with FASD displayed significant impairments to all domains of adaptive behavior and considerable sleep disturbance. Worse sleep was associated with older age and sleep-related breathing disturbances were associated with poorer social adaptive behavior. Participation in physical activity, particularly organized sport, was strongly associated with better adaptive behavior. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Adolescents with FASD experience considerable challenges with regards to sleep and adaptive behavior. Physical activity, particularly organized sport, may provide opportunities for the improvement of adaptive behavior in this population.

Learning and memory profiles in youth with perinatal stroke: a study of the Child and Adolescent Memory Profile (ChAMP).

There is limited understanding of the effect of perinatal stroke on child and adolescent learning and memory abilities. This study sought to evaluate the clinical utility of the Child and Adolescent Memory Profile (ChAMP) in quantifying memory performance in youth with perinatal stroke. Children and adolescents aged 6-16 years old with a history of perinatal stroke (PS; n = 41) completed two subtests from the ChAMP (Lists and Objects). Age, sex, and ethnicity-matched healthy control (HC) data were obtained from the test publisher's standardization data set. Participants with a history of PS performed significantly worse (p < .05) with medium effect size (ƞp2 ≥ .06) than HC on the ChAMP Screening Index and on all ChAMP Lists and Objects scaled scores. Classification accuracy for the ChAMP scores ranged from 57% to 68% with the area under the curve ranging from .62-.75. No significant group differences on ChAMP performance (p > .05) were found for stroke side (left versus right-sided) or for seizure history (present versus absent). This study supports the utility of the ChAMP in perinatal stroke patients by demonstrating significantly worse performance in verbal and visual memory than HC. Classification accuracy is limited, but supportive for the Screening Index and Objects Delayed scores. The ChAMP may be a useful tool for evaluating cognition in this population when taken alongside the context of other tests, background history, and clinical observations.

Effects of Perinatal Stroke on Executive Functioning and Mathematics Performance in Children.

The goal of this study was to examine executive functioning, math performance, and visuospatial processing skills of children with perinatal stroke, which have not been well explored in this population. Participants included 18 children with perinatal stroke (aged 6-16 years old) and their primary caregiver. Each child completed standardized tests of executive function and visuospatial processing skills, Intelligence Quotient (IQ), and math achievement. Performance on executive function, IQ, math, and visuospatial processing tests was significantly lower in children with perinatal stroke when compared to normative means. Poorer inhibitory control was associated with worse math performance. Increased age at testing was associated with better performance on visuospatial ability (using standardized scores), and females performed better than males on a test of inhibitory control. Children with perinatal stroke displayed a range of neuropsychological impairments, and difficulties with executive function (inhibition) may contribute to math difficulties in this population.

Behavior regulation skills are associated with adaptive functioning in children and adolescents with prenatal alcohol exposure.

Children with prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) experience a range of adverse outcomes that impact multiple domains of functioning, including cognitive, physical, mental health, behavioral, social-emotional, communication, and learning. To inform tailored clinical intervention, the current study examined the relation between caregiver-reported cognitive skills (executive function; EF) and adaptive functioning. The study conducted a secondary analyses of data provided by caregivers of 87 children and adolescents (aged 5-18 years, M = 11.7; 52% male) with confirmed PAE, including a subset (n = 70) with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD), who reported on their child's EF (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function) and adaptive function (Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, 2nd Edition) skills. Findings from the current study showed that caregivers reported significantly poorer EF and adaptive functioning skills for children with PAE as compared to normative samples. Poorer behavior regulation skills were associated with all aspects of adaptive functioning (i.e., practical, conceptual, and social skills). Specifically, shifting skills emerged as the best predictor of adaptive functioning among children with PAE. These results highlight the possibility that targeting particular EF domains among individuals with PAE may benefit behavior regulation, which may also extend to adaptive skills. This highlights the need to develop EF interventions for children and adolescents who have been prenatally exposed to alcohol.