Natronoarchaeum persicum sp. nov., a haloarchaeon isolated from a hypersaline lake.

A novel halophilic archaeon, designated strain WIIAL99T, was isolated from Lake Meyghan, a hypersaline lake in Iran. Cells of strain WIIAL99T were non-motile, catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. Strain WIIAL99T required at least 2.5 M NaCl and 0.05 M MgCl2 for growth. Optimal growth was achieved at 3.5 M NaCl and 0.1 M MgCl2. The optimum pH and temperature for growth were pH 7.0 and 37-40 °C; it was able to grow at pH 6.0-8.5 and 20-55 °C. Cells lysed in distilled water and the minimal NaCl concentration to prevent cell lysis was 8 % (w/v). The major polar lipids of strain WIIAL99T were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester, disulfated diglycosyl diether and one unidentified glycolipid. The DNA G+C content of strain WIIAL99T was 66.7 mol%. The closest relative was Natronoarchaeum rubrum JCM 17119T with 98.2 % similarity in the orthologous 16S rRNA gene sequence. Analysis of 16S rRNA and rpoB' gene sequences indicated that strain WIIAL99T is a member of the genus Natronoarchaeum in the family Halobacteriaceae and forms a distinct cluster. It was concluded that strain WIIAL99T (=IBRC-M 11062T=LMG 29814T) represents a novel species of the genus Natronoarchaeum, for which the name Natronoarchaeum persicum sp. nov. is proposed.

Natrinema soli sp. nov., a novel halophilic archaeon isolated from a hypersaline wetland.

An extremely halophilic archaeon, designated strain 5-3T, was isolated from a soil sample of Meighan wetland in Iran. Strain 5-3T was strictly aerobic, catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, non-motile and ovoid. Colonies of strain 5-3T were cream-coloured. The isolate showed optimum growth at 4.0 M NaCl, 40 °C and pH 7.0. The major polar lipids of the strain were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester, two unknown phospholipids and three glycolipids (including one that was chromatographically identical to S2-DGD). The major respiratory quinone was menaquinone MK-8. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 61.5 mol%. The closest relative was Natrinema salaciae JCM 17869T with 97.3 % similarity in the orthologous 16S rRNA gene sequence. Analysis of 16S rRNA and rpoB' gene sequences indicated that strain 5-3T is a member of the genus Natrinema in the family Natrialbaceae and forms a distinct cluster. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis, and phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, a novel species of the family Natrialbaceae, Natrinema soli sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is 5-3T (=IBRC-M 11063T=LMG 29247T).

Halovivax cerinus sp. nov., an extremely halophilic archaeon from a hypersaline lake.

An extremely halophilic archaeon, strain IC35(T), was isolated from a mud sample of the Aran-Bidgol salt lake in Iran. The novel strain was cream, non-motile, rod-shaped and required at least 2.5 M NaCl, but not MgCl2, for growth. Optimal growth was achieved with 3.4 M NaCl and 0.1 M MgCl2. The optimum pH and temperature for growth were pH 7.0 (grew over a pH range of 6.5-9.0) and 40 °C (grew over a temperature range of 30-50 °C), respectively. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain IC35(T) clustered with species of the genus Halovivax, with sequence similarities of 97.3%, 96.6% and 96.3%, respectively, to Halovivax limisalsi IC38(T), Halovivax asiaticus EJ-46(T) and Halovivax ruber XH-70(T). The rpoB' gene similarities between the novel strain and Halovivax limisalsi IBRC-M 10022(T), Halovivax ruber JCM 13892(T) and Halovivax asiaticus JCM 14624(T) were 90.2 %, 90.2% and 89.9%, respectively. The polar lipid pattern of strain IC35(T) consisted of phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester; six unknown glycolipids and two minor phospholipids were also observed. The only quinone present was MK-8 (II-H2). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 63.2 mol%. DNA-DNA hybridization studies (29% hybridization with Halovivax limisalsi IBRC-M 10022(T)), as well as biochemical and physiological characterization, allowed strain IC35(T) to be differentiated from other species of the genus Halovivax. A novel species, Halovivax cerinus sp. nov., is therefore proposed to accommodate this strain. The type strain is IC35(T) ( = IBRC-M 10256(T) = KCTC 4050(T)).

Halovarius luteus gen. nov., sp. nov., an extremely halophilic archaeon from a salt lake.

An extremely halophilic archaeon, strain DA50T, was isolated from a brine sample of Urmia lake, a hypersaline environment in north-west Iran. Strain DA50T was orange-pigmented, motile, pleomorphic and required at least 2.5 M NaCl but not MgCl2 for growth. Optimal growth was achieved at 4.0 M NaCl and 0.3 M MgCl2. The optimum pH and temperature for growth were pH 7.0 and 45 °C, while it was able to grow over a pH range of 6.5-8.0 and a temperature range of 25-50 °C. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain DA50T is a member of the family Halobacteriaceae, showing a low level of similarity with other members of this family. Highest similarities, 94.4, 94.0 and 93.9 %, were obtained with the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the type strains of Natrialba aegyptia, Halobiforma lacisalsi and Halovivax asiaticus, respectively. Polar lipid analyses revealed that strain DA50T contains phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester. Four unidentified glycolipids and two minor phospholipids were also observed. The only quinone present was MK-8(II-H2). The G+C content of its DNA was 62.3 mol%. On the basis of the data obtained, the new isolate could not be classified in any recognized genus. Strain DA50T is thus considered to represent a novel species of a new genus within the family Halobacteriaceae, order Halobacteriales, for which the name Halovarius luteus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Halovarius luteus is DA50T ( = IBRC-M 10912T = CECT 8510T).

Nocardia halotolerans sp. nov., a halotolerant actinomycete isolated from saline soil.

A novel halotolerant actinomycete, strain Chem15(T), was isolated from soil around Inche-Broun hypersaline wetland; its taxonomic position was determined based on a polyphasic approach. Strain Chem15(T) was strictly aerobic and tolerated NaCl up to 12.5%. The optimum temperature and pH for growth were 28-30 °C and pH 7.0-7.5, respectively. The cell wall of strain Chem15(T) contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as diamino acid and galactose, arabinose and ribose as whole-cell sugars. The major phospholipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannosides. The cellular fatty acids profile consisted of C16 : 0, iso-C18 : 0, C18 : 0 10-methyl and C18 : 1ω9c, and the major respiratory quinone was MK-8(H4cycl). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 68.0 mol%. The novel strain constituted a distinct phyletic line within the genus Nocardia, based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, and was closely associated with Nocardia sungurluensis DSM 45714(T) and Nocardia alba DSM 44684(T) (98.2 and 98.1% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, respectively). However DNA-DNA relatedness and phenotypic data demonstrated that strain Chem15(T) was clearly different from closely related species of the genus Nocardia. It is concluded that the organism should be classified as a representative of a novel species of the genus Nocardia, for which the name Nocardia halotolerans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Chem15(T) ( = IBRC-M 10490(T) = LMG 28544(T)).