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The World Health Organization recommends deworming to reduce soil-transmitted helminth (STH)-attributable morbidity in women of reproductive age, including pregnant and lactating women, to reduce blood loss, iron deficiency anaemia and nutrient malabsorption. This study assessed the impact of maternal postpartum deworming with albendazole approximately 1 day after delivery on infant milk intake among a subset of 216 randomly selected mother-infant pairs recruited into a large trial in Peru. Infant milk intake was measured using the deuterium-oxide method at 1- and 6-month postpartum. Maternal STH infection was measured at 6-month postpartum. At 1-month postpartum, mean intake was 756 ± 16 and 774 ± 18 mL day-1 in the albendazole and placebo groups, respectively (mean difference: -18 mL day-1 ; 95% CI: -65, 30). At 6-month postpartum, mean intake was 903 ± 16 and 908 ± 18 mL day-1 in the albendazole and placebo groups, respectively (mean difference: -5 mL day-1 ; 95% CI: -52, 43). There was no statistically significant difference in milk intake between groups at either time point. At 6-month postpartum, mothers infected with Trichuris trichiura had infants with higher milk intakes (adjusted mean difference: 70 mL day-1 ; 95% CI: 20, 120) compared with uninfected mothers. However, there was no statistically significant difference in infant milk intake between mothers who had moderate-and-heavy intensity infection compared with the comparison group (mothers with no and light intensity infection). A lower prevalence and intensity of infection, and inclusion of uninfected mothers in both arms of the trial, resulting in effect dilution, may explain the null findings.
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Helmintíase , Lactação , Feminino , Helmintíase/epidemiologia , Humanos , Lactente , Leite Humano , Mães , Período Pós-Parto , GravidezRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Data on norovirus epidemiology among all ages in community settings are scarce, especially from tropical settings. METHODS: We implemented active surveillance in 297 households in Peru from October 2012 to August 2015 to assess the burden of diarrhea and acute gastroenteritis (AGE) due to norovirus in a lower-middle-income community. During period 1 (October 2012-May 2013), we used a "traditional" diarrhea case definition (≥3 loose/liquid stools within 24 hours). During period 2 (June 2013-August 2015), we used an expanded case definition of AGE (by adding ≥2 vomiting episodes without diarrhea or 1-2 vomiting episodes plus 1-2 loose/liquid stools within 24 hours). Stool samples were tested for norovirus by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: During period 1, overall diarrhea and norovirus-associated diarrhea incidence was 37.2/100 person-years (PY) (95% confidence interval [CI], 33.2-41.7) and 5.7/100 PY (95% CI, 3.9-8.1), respectively. During period 2, overall AGE and norovirus-associated AGE incidence was 51.8/100 PY (95% CI, 48.8-54.9) and 6.5/100 PY (95% CI, 5.4-7.8), respectively. In both periods, children aged <2 years had the highest incidence of norovirus. Vomiting without diarrhea occurred among norovirus cases in participants <15 years old, but with a higher proportion among children <2 years, accounting for 35% (7/20) of all cases in this age group. Noroviruses were identified in 7% (23/335) of controls free of gastroenteric symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Norovirus was a significant cause of AGE in this community, especially among children <2 years of age. Inclusion of vomiting in the case definition resulted in a 20% improvement for detection of norovirus cases.
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Infecções por Caliciviridae , Diarreia , Gastroenterite , Norovirus , Vômito , Adolescente , Adulto , Infecções por Caliciviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Caliciviridae/virologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Diarreia/virologia , Feminino , Gastroenterite/epidemiologia , Gastroenterite/virologia , Humanos , Incidência , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Peru/epidemiologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Vômito/epidemiologia , Vômito/virologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: There are limited data on the burden of disease posed by influenza in low- and middle-income countries. Furthermore, most estimates of influenza disease burden worldwide rely on passive sentinel surveillance at health clinics and hospitals that lack accurate population denominators. METHODS: We documented influenza incidence, seasonality, health-system utilization with influenza illness, and vaccination coverage through active community-based surveillance in 4 ecologically distinct regions of Peru over 6 years. Approximately 7200 people in 1500 randomly selected households were visited 3 times per week. Naso- and oropharyngeal swabs were collected from persons with influenza-like illness and tested for influenza virus by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: We followed participants for 35353 person-years (PY). The overall incidence of influenza was 100 per 1000 PY (95% confidence interval [CI], 97-104) and was highest in children aged 2-4 years (256/1000 PY [95% CI, 236-277]). Seasonal incidence trends were similar across sites, with 61% of annual influenza cases occurring during the austral winter (May-September). Of all participants, 44 per 1000 PY (95% CI, 42-46) sought medical care, 0.7 per 1000 PY (95% CI, 0.4-1.0) were hospitalized, and 1 person died (2.8/100000 PY). Influenza vaccine coverage was 27% among children aged 6-23 months and 26% among persons aged ≥65 years. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that 1 in 10 persons develops influenza each year in Peru, with the highest incidence in young children. Active community-based surveillance allows for a better understanding of the true burden and seasonality of disease that is essential to plan the optimal target groups, timing, and cost of national influenza vaccination programs.
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Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos de Coortes , Características da Família , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Peru/epidemiologia , Estações do Ano , Adulto JovemRESUMO
We investigated hantaviruses in rodents in the southern Amazon Basin of Peru and identified an Andes virus variant from Neacomys spinosus mice. This finding extends the known range of this virus in South America and the range of recognized hantaviruses in Peru. Further studies of the epizoology of hantaviruses in this region are warranted.
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Infecções por Hantavirus/veterinária , Orthohantavírus/genética , RNA Viral/classificação , Doenças dos Roedores , Sigmodontinae/virologia , Animais , Reservatórios de Doenças , Feminino , Orthohantavírus/classificação , Orthohantavírus/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Hantavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Hantavirus/virologia , Masculino , Peru/epidemiologia , Filogenia , RNA Viral/genéticaRESUMO
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009000.].
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The Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center's Division of Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System (AFHSC-GEIS) supports and oversees surveillance for emerging infectious diseases, including respiratory diseases, of importance to the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD). AFHSC-GEIS accomplishes this mission by providing funding and oversight to a global network of partners for respiratory disease surveillance. This report details the system's surveillance activities during 2009, with a focus on efforts in responding to the novel H1N1 Influenza A (A/H1N1) pandemic and contributions to global public health. Active surveillance networks established by AFHSC-GEIS partners resulted in the initial detection of novel A/H1N1 influenza in the U.S. and several other countries, and viruses isolated from these activities were used as seed strains for the 2009 pandemic influenza vaccine. Partners also provided diagnostic laboratory training and capacity building to host nations to assist with the novel A/H1N1 pandemic global response, adapted a Food and Drug Administration-approved assay for use on a ruggedized polymerase chain reaction platform for diagnosing novel A/H1N1 in remote settings, and provided estimates of seasonal vaccine effectiveness against novel A/H1N1 illness. Regular reporting of the system's worldwide surveillance findings to the global public health community enabled leaders to make informed decisions on disease mitigation measures and controls for the 2009 A/H1N1 influenza pandemic. AFHSC-GEIS's support of a global network contributes to DoD's force health protection, while supporting global public health.
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Saúde Global , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1 , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Doenças Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Vigilância de Evento Sentinela , Humanos , Influenza Humana/prevenção & controle , Medicina Militar , Pandemias , Doenças Respiratórias/prevenção & controle , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , United States Department of DefenseRESUMO
The Peruvian-Brazilian border is a highly endemic tegumentary leishmaniasis region in South America. The interoceanic highway is a commercial route that connects Peru and Brazil through Madre de Dios and has raised concerns about its impact on previously undisturbed areas. In order to assess leishmaniasis transmission risk along this highway, we conducted a surveillance study of the sand fly populations in this area. Sand flies were collected between 2009 and 2010 along transects at 200 m, 600 m and 1000 m from six study sites located along the highway (Iberia, La Novia, Alto Libertad, El Carmen, Florida Baja, Mazuko and Mavila) and an undisturbed area (Malinowski). Collected specimens were identified based on morphology and non-engorged females of each species were pooled and screened by kinetoplast PCR to detect natural Leishmania infections. A total of 9,023 specimens were collected belonging to 54 different Lutzomyia species including the first report of Lu. gantieri in Peru. Four species accounted for 50% of all specimens (Lutzomyia carrerai carrerai, Lu. davisi, Lu. shawi and Lu. richardwardi). El Carmen, Alto Libertad, Florida Baja and Malinowski presented higher Shannon diversity indexes (H = 2.36, 2.30, 2.17 and 2.13, respectively) than the most human disturbed sites of Mazuko and La Novia (H = 1.53 and 1.06, respectively). PCR detected 10 positive pools belonging to Lu. carrerai carrerai, Lu. yuilli yuilli, Lu. hirsuta hirsuta, Lu. (Trichophoromyia) spp., and Lu. (Lutzomyia) spp. Positive pools from 1,000 m transects had higher infectivity rates than those from 600 m and 200 m transects (9/169 = 5.3% vs 0/79 = 0% and 1/127 = 0.8%, p = 0.018). El Carmen, accounted for eight out of ten positives whereas one positive was collected in Florida Baja and Mazuko each. Our study has shown differences in sand fly diversity, abundance and species composition across and within sites. Multiple clustered Lutzomyia pools with natural Leishmania infection suggest a complex, diverse and spotty role in leishmaniasis transmission in Madre de Dios, with increased risk farther from the highway.
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Distribuição Animal/fisiologia , Leishmania/fisiologia , Animais , Brasil , DNA de Protozoário/genética , DNA de Protozoário/isolamento & purificação , Feminino , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita , Leishmania/genética , Masculino , PeruRESUMO
Studies have suggested that enzootic strains of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) subtype ID in the Amazon region, Peru, may be less pathogenic to humans than are epizootic variants. Deaths of 2 persons with evidence of acute VEE virus infection indicate that fatal VEEV infection in Peru is likely. Cases may remain underreported.
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Vírus da Encefalite Equina Venezuelana/isolamento & purificação , Encefalomielite Equina Venezuelana/mortalidade , Doença Aguda , Adulto , Animais , Criança , Vírus da Encefalite Equina Venezuelana/classificação , Vírus da Encefalite Equina Venezuelana/genética , Encefalomielite Equina Venezuelana/virologia , Evolução Fatal , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Peru/epidemiologia , Filogenia , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
The high level of Venezuelan migration is a great challenge for Peru due to the healthcare needs of immigrants. Worryingly, children under the age of five are the most vulnerable. In order to know the nutritional status of this group in migratory transit to Peru, a descriptive study was carried out with two rounds of data collection (August 2018 and March 2019) at the Binational Border Healthcare Center in Tumbes. In each round, nutritional status, morbidity and food characteristics were determined for 322 and 619 Venezuelan children under the age of five, as well as any health and nutrition actions implemented upon their entry into Peru. For each round, acute malnutrition affected 3.2% and 3.0%; chronic malnutrition 16.5% and 17.9%; anemia 34.8% and 25.0%; cough or shortness of breath was present in 31.3% and 17.6%; diarrhea in 16.6% and 9.9%. Nearly seven out of ten children under the age of two breastfed the day before. During the migratory journey and for each round, 58.3% and 47.0% of children under two years of age increased their frequency of breastfeeding, the minimum meal frequency (MMF) was met only by 13.9% and 18.0%. While the timely reaction in terms of healthcare and nutrition facing the inflow of migrant population is a good first step, the health system needs to generate the conditions so that health services can provide coverage with adequate quality to the entire population residing in the national territory, under the premise that the right to health is for everybody without any type of exclusion.
La elevada migración venezolana ha mostrado ser un gran desafío para el Perú debido a las necesidades de atención que requieren los inmigrantes. De modo preocupante, los menores de cinco años son quienes se encuentran más vulnerables. A fin de conocer el estado nutricional de este grupo en tránsito migratorio al Perú, se realizó un estudio descriptivo con dos rondas de recolección de datos (agosto de 2018 y marzo de 2019) en el Centro Binacional de Atención Fronteriza de Tumbes. En cada ronda, a 322 y 619 niños venezolanos menores de cinco años se determinó su estado nutricional, morbilidad y características de la alimentación, así como las acciones de salud y nutrición implementadas al momento de su ingreso al Perú. Para cada ronda, la desnutrición aguda afectó al 3,2% y 3,0%, la desnutrición crónica al 16,5% y 17,9%, la anemia al 34,8% y 25,0%, la tos o dificultad para respirar estuvo presente en el 31,3% y 17,6%, las diarreas en el 16,6% y 9,9%. Cerca de siete de cada diez niños menores de dos años lactó el día previo. Durante el viaje migratorio y para cada ronda, el 58,3% y 47,0% de los niños menores de dos años aumentó la frecuencia de lactadas, la frecuencia mínima de alimentación (FMA) fueron alcanzadas sólo por el 13,9% y 18,0%. La reacción oportuna de atención en salud y nutrición frente al ingreso de la población migrante es un buen primer paso, el sistema de salud necesita generar las condiciones para que los servicios de salud puedan brindar la cobertura con la calidad adecuada a toda la población que reside en el territorio nacional, bajo el enfoque de que el derecho a la salud corresponde a todas las personas sin ningún tipo de exclusión.
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Serviços de Saúde da Criança , Estado Nutricional , Migrantes , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Desnutrição/epidemiologia , Desnutrição/prevenção & controle , Peru/epidemiologia , Venezuela/etnologiaRESUMO
Rickettsia and Leptospira spp. are under-recognized causes of acute febrile disease worldwide. Rickettsia species are often placed into the spotted fever group rickettsiae (SFGR) and typhus group rickettsiae (TGR). We explored the antibody prevalence among humans for these two groups of rickettsiae in four regions of Peru (Lima, Cusco, Puerto Maldonado, and Tumbes) and for Leptospira spp. in Puerto Maldonado and Tumbes. We also assessed risk factors for seropositivity and collected serum samples and ectoparasites from peri-domestic animals from households in sites with high human seroprevalence. In total, we tested 2,165 human sera for antibodies (IgG) against SFGR and TGR by ELISA and for antibodies against Leptospira by a microscopic agglutination test. Overall, human antibody prevalence across the four sites was 10.6% for SFGR (ranging from 6.2% to 14.0%, highest in Tumbes) and 3.3% for TGR (ranging from 2.6% to 6.4%, highest in Puerto Maldonado). Factors associated with seroreactivity against SFGR were male gender, older age, contact with backyard birds, and working in agriculture or with livestock. However, exposure to any kind of animal within the household decreased the odds ratio by half. Age was the only variable associated with higher TGR seroprevalence. The prevalence of Leptospira was 11.3% in Puerto Maldonado and 5.8% in Tumbes, with a borderline association with keeping animals in the household. We tested animal sera for Leptospira and conducted polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect Rickettsia species among ectoparasites collected from domestic animals in 63 households of seropositive participants and controls. We did not find any association between animal infection and human serostatus.
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Leptospirose/epidemiologia , Infecções por Rickettsia/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Animais , Animais Domésticos , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Demografia , Ecossistema , Ectoparasitoses/epidemiologia , Ectoparasitoses/parasitologia , Ectoparasitoses/veterinária , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Leptospira/imunologia , Leptospirose/microbiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Peru/epidemiologia , Animais de Estimação , Rickettsia/imunologia , Infecções por Rickettsia/microbiologia , Fatores de Risco , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Adulto Jovem , ZoonosesAssuntos
Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/isolamento & purificação , Influenza Humana/prevenção & controle , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Vigilância de Evento Sentinela , Estudos de Coortes , Humanos , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Influenza Humana/virologia , Peru/epidemiologia , Medição de Risco/métodos , Organização Mundial da SaúdeRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To identify determinants which influence the timing of the first antenatal care (ANC) visit in pregnant women. DESIGN: Retrospective matched nested case-control study. SETTING: Two health centres, Belén and 6 de Octubre, in the Peruvian Amazon. POPULATION: All pregnant women who had attended ANC during the years 2010, 2011, and 2012. METHODS: All cases (819 women initiating ANC in their first trimester) were selected from ANC registries from 2010 to 2012. A random sample of controls (819 women initiating ANC in their second or third trimester) was matched 1:1 to cases on health centre and date of first ANC visit. Data were obtained from ANC registries. Conditional logistic regression analyses were performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Case-control status of each woman determined by the gestational age at first ANC visit. RESULTS: Cases had higher odds of: 1) being married or cohabiting (aOR = 1.69; 95% CI: 1.19, 2.41); 2) completing secondary school or attending post-secondary school (aOR = 1.45; 95% CI: 1.02, 2.06); 3) living in an urban environment (aOR = 1.79; 95% CI: 1.04, 3.10) and 4) having had a previous miscarriage (aOR = 1.56; 95% CI: 1.13, 2.15), compared to controls. No statistically significant difference in odds was found for parity (aOR = 1.08; 95% CI: 0.85, 1.36). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides empirical evidence of determinants of first ANC attendance. These findings are crucial to the planning and timing of local interventions, like deworming, aimed at pregnant women so that they can access and benefit fully from all government-provided ANC services.
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Instituições de Assistência Ambulatorial/estatística & dados numéricos , Primeiro Trimestre da Gravidez , Cuidado Pré-Natal/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Paridade , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde , Peru , Gravidez , Gestantes , Estudos Retrospectivos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Nutritional interventions targeting the critical growth and development period before two years of age can have the greatest impact on health trajectories over the life course. Compelling evidence has demonstrated that interventions investing in maternal health in the first 1000 days of life are beneficial for both mothers and their children. One such potential intervention is deworming integrated into maternal postpartum care in areas where soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are endemic. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: From February to August 2014, 1010 mother-infant pairs were recruited into a trial aimed at assessing the effectiveness of maternal postpartum deworming on infant and maternal health outcomes. Following delivery, mothers were randomly assigned to receive either single-dose 400 mg albendazole or placebo. Participants were followed-up at 1 and 6 months postpartum. There was no statistically significant difference in mean weight gain between infants in the experimental and control groups (mean difference: -0.02; 95% CI: -0.1, 0.08) at 6 months of age. Further, deworming had no effect on measured infant morbidity indicators. However, ad hoc analyses restricted to mothers who tested positive for STHs at baseline suggest that infants of mothers in the experimental group had greater mean length gain in cm (mean difference: 0.8; 95% CI: 0.1, 1.4) and length-for-age z-score (mean difference: 0.5; 95% CI: 0.2, 0.8) at 6 months of age. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: In a study population composed of both STH-infected and uninfected mothers, maternal postpartum deworming was insufficient to impact infant growth and morbidity indicators up to 6 months postpartum. Among STH-infected mothers, however, important improvements in infant length gain and length-for-age were observed. The benefits of maternal postpartum deworming should be further investigated in study populations having higher overall prevalences and intensities of STH infections and, in particular, where whipworm and hookworm infections are of public health concern. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01748929).
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Albendazol/administração & dosagem , Anti-Helmínticos/administração & dosagem , Helmintíase/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças do Recém-Nascido/tratamento farmacológico , Aumento de Peso/efeitos dos fármacos , Adulto , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Seguimentos , Helmintíase/parasitologia , Helmintíase/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Doenças do Recém-Nascido/parasitologia , Doenças do Recém-Nascido/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Mães , Peru , Período Pós-Parto , Adulto JovemRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Influenza disease burden and economic impact data are needed to assess the potential value of interventions. Such information is limited from resource-limited settings. We therefore studied the cost of influenza in Peru. METHODS: We used data collected during June 2009-December 2010 from laboratory-confirmed influenza cases identified through a household cohort in Peru. We determined the self-reported direct and indirect costs of self-treatment, outpatient care, emergency ward care, and hospitalizations through standardized questionnaires. We recorded costs accrued 15-day from illness onset. Direct costs represented medication, consultation, diagnostic fees, and health-related expenses such as transportation and phone calls. Indirect costs represented lost productivity during days of illness by both cases and caregivers. We estimated the annual economic cost and the impact of a case of influenza on a household. RESULTS: There were 1321 confirmed influenza cases, of which 47% sought health care. Participants with confirmed influenza illness paid a median of $13 [interquartile range (IQR) 5-26] for self-treatment, $19 (IQR 9-34) for ambulatory non-medical attended illness, $29 (IQR 14-51) for ambulatory medical attended illness, and $171 (IQR 113-258) for hospitalizations. Overall, the projected national cost of an influenza illness was $83-$85 millions. Costs per influenza illness represented 14% of the monthly household income of the lowest income quartile (compared to 3% of the highest quartile). CONCLUSION: Influenza virus infection causes an important economic burden, particularly among the poorest families and those hospitalized. Prevention strategies such as annual influenza vaccination program targeting SAGE population at risk could reduce the overall economic impact of seasonal influenza.
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Influenza Humana/economia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Feminino , Hospitalização/economia , Humanos , Lactente , Influenza Humana/terapia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Peru , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: We aimed to determine the frequency of pH1N1 transmission between humans and swine on backyard farms in Tumbes, Peru. DESIGN: Two-year serial cross-sectional study comprising four sampling periods: March 2009 (pre-pandemic), October 2009 (peak of the pandemic in Peru), April 2010 (1st post-pandemic period), and October 2011 (2nd post-pandemic period). SAMPLE: Backyard swine serum, tracheal swabs, and lung sample were collected during each sampling period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We assessed current and past pH1N1 infection in swine through serological testing, virus culture, and RT-PCR and compared the results with human incidence data from a population-based active surveillance cohort study in Peru. RESULTS: Among 1303 swine sampled, the antibody prevalence to pH1N1 was 0% pre-pandemic, 8% at the peak of the human pandemic (October 2009), and 24% in April 2010 and 1% in October 2011 (post-pandemic sampling periods). Trends in swine seropositivity paralleled those seen in humans in Tumbes. The pH1N1 virus was isolated from three pigs during the peak of the pandemic. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these viruses likely represent two separate human-to-swine transmission events in backyard farm settings. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that human-to-swine pH1N1 transmission occurred during the pandemic among backyard farms in Peru, emphasizing the importance of interspecies transmission in backyard pig populations. Continued surveillance for influenza viruses in backyard farms is warranted.
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Transmissão de Doença Infecciosa/veterinária , Vírus da Influenza A/fisiologia , Influenza Humana/transmissão , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/transmissão , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/veterinária , Doenças dos Suínos/transmissão , Animais , Humanos , Vírus da Influenza A/genética , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/epidemiologia , Peru , Filogenia , Sus scrofa , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
We present findings describing the epidemiology of non-severe acute respiratory syndrome human coronavirus-associated influenza-like illness from a population-based active follow-up study in four different regions of Peru. In 2010, the prevalence of infections by human coronaviruses 229E, OC43, NL63, or HKU1 was 6.4% in participants with influenza-like illness who tested negative for influenza viruses. Ten of 11 human coronavirus infections were identified in the fall-winter season. Human coronaviruses are present in different regions of Peru and are relatively frequently associated with influenza-like illness in Peru.
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Resfriado Comum/epidemiologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Coronavirus/isolamento & purificação , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Infecções Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Adulto , Pré-Escolar , Estudos de Coortes , Resfriado Comum/diagnóstico , Infecções por Coronavirus/diagnóstico , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Lactente , Influenza Humana/diagnóstico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Peru/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Estudos Prospectivos , Características de Residência , Infecções Respiratórias/diagnóstico , Estações do AnoRESUMO
Much debate exists regarding the need, acceptability, and value of humanitarian medical assistance. We conducted a cross-sectional study on 457 children under 5 years from four remote riverine communities in the Peruvian Amazon and collected anthropometric measures, blood samples (1-4 years), and stool samples. Focus groups and key informant interviews assessed perspectives regarding medical aid delivered by foreigners. The prevalence of stunting, anemia, and intestinal parasites was 20%, 37%, and 62%, respectively. Infection with multiple parasites, usually geohelminths, was detected in 41% of children. The prevalence of intestinal parasites both individual and polyparasitism increased with age. Participants from smaller communities less exposed to foreigners expressed lack of trust and fear of them. However, participants from all communities were positive about foreigners visiting to provide health support. Prevalent health needs such as parasitic infections and anemia may be addressed by short-term medical interventions. There is a perceived openness to and acceptability of medical assistance delivered by foreign personnel.
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Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde , Missões Médicas , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde , Fatores Etários , Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/epidemiologia , Pré-Escolar , Coinfecção , Feminino , Nível de Saúde , Humanos , Lactente , Enteropatias Parasitárias/epidemiologia , Malária/epidemiologia , Masculino , Doenças Parasitárias/epidemiologia , Peru/epidemiologia , Rios , População Rural/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
An estimated 2.3 million disability-adjusted life years are lost globally from leishmaniasis. In Peru's Amazon region, the department of Madre de Dios (MDD) rises above the rest of the country in terms of the annual incidence rates of human leishmaniasis. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is the species most frequently responsible for the form of disease that results in tissue destruction of the nose and mouth. However, essentially nothing is known regarding the reservoirs of this vector-borne, zoonotic parasite in MDD. Wild rodents have been suspected, or proven, to be reservoirs of several Leishmania spp. in various ecosystems and countries. Additionally, people who live or work in forested terrain, especially those who are not regionally local and whose immune systems are thus naïve to the parasite, are at most risk for contracting L. (V.) braziliensis. Hence, the objective of this study was to collect tissues from wild rodents captured at several study sites along the Amazonian segment of the newly constructed Transoceanic Highway and to use molecular laboratory techniques to analyze samples for the presence of Leishmania parasites. Liver tissues were tested via polymerase chain reaction from a total of 217 rodents; bone marrow and skin biopsies (ear and tail) were also tested from a subset of these same animals. The most numerous rodent species captured and tested were Oligoryzomys microtis (40.7%), Hylaeamys perenensis (15.7%), and Proechimys spp. (12%). All samples were negative for Leishmania, implying that although incidental infections may occur, these abundant rodent species are unlikely to serve as primary reservoirs of L. (V.) braziliensis along the Transoceanic Highway in MDD. Therefore, although these rodent species may persist and even thrive in moderately altered landscapes, we did not find any evidence to suggest they pose a risk for L. (V.) braziliensis transmission to human inhabitants in this highly prevalent region.
Assuntos
Leishmania braziliensis/isolamento & purificação , Leishmaniose/transmissão , Roedores/parasitologia , Animais , Medula Óssea/parasitologia , Meio Ambiente , Humanos , Leishmania braziliensis/patogenicidade , Leishmaniose/epidemiologia , Fígado/parasitologia , Peru , Roedores/classificação , Pele/parasitologiaRESUMO
RESUMEN La elevada migración venezolana ha mostrado ser un gran desafío para el Perú debido a las necesidades de atención que requieren los inmigrantes. De modo preocupante, los menores de cinco años son quienes se encuentran más vulnerables. A fin de conocer el estado nutricional de este grupo en tránsito migratorio al Perú, se realizó un estudio descriptivo con dos rondas de recolección de datos (agosto de 2018 y marzo de 2019) en el Centro Binacional de Atención Fronteriza de Tumbes. En cada ronda, a 322 y 619 niños venezolanos menores de cinco años se determinó su estado nutricional, morbilidad y características de la alimentación, así como las acciones de salud y nutrición implementadas al momento de su ingreso al Perú. Para cada ronda, la desnutrición aguda afectó al 3,2% y 3,0%, la desnutrición crónica al 16,5% y 17,9%, la anemia al 34,8% y 25,0%, la tos o dificultad para respirar estuvo presente en el 31,3% y 17,6%, las diarreas en el 16,6% y 9,9%. Cerca de siete de cada diez niños menores de dos años lactó el día previo. Durante el viaje migratorio y para cada ronda, el 58,3% y 47,0% de los niños menores de dos años aumentó la frecuencia de lactadas, la frecuencia mínima de alimentación (FMA) fueron alcanzadas sólo por el 13,9% y 18,0%. La reacción oportuna de atención en salud y nutrición frente al ingreso de la población migrante es un buen primer paso, el sistema de salud necesita generar las condiciones para que los servicios de salud puedan brindar la cobertura con la calidad adecuada a toda la población que reside en el territorio nacional, bajo el enfoque de que el derecho a la salud corresponde a todas las personas sin ningún tipo de exclusión.
ABSTRACT The high level of Venezuelan migration is a great challenge for Peru due to the healthcare needs of immigrants. Worryingly, children under the age of five are the most vulnerable. In order to know the nutritional status of this group in migratory transit to Peru, a descriptive study was carried out with two rounds of data collection (August 2018 and March 2019) at the Binational Border Healthcare Center in Tumbes. In each round, nutritional status, morbidity and food characteristics were determined for 322 and 619 Venezuelan children under the age of five, as well as any health and nutrition actions implemented upon their entry into Peru. For each round, acute malnutrition affected 3.2% and 3.0%; chronic malnutrition 16.5% and 17.9%; anemia 34.8% and 25.0%; cough or shortness of breath was present in 31.3% and 17.6%; diarrhea in 16.6% and 9.9%. Nearly seven out of ten children under the age of two breastfed the day before. During the migratory journey and for each round, 58.3% and 47.0% of children under two years of age increased their frequency of breastfeeding, the minimum meal frequency (MMF) was met only by 13.9% and 18.0%. While the timely reaction in terms of healthcare and nutrition facing the inflow of migrant population is a good first step, the health system needs to generate the conditions so that health services can provide coverage with adequate quality to the entire population residing in the national territory, under the premise that the right to health is for everybody without any type of exclusion.
Assuntos
Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Migrantes , Serviços de Saúde da Criança , Estado Nutricional , Peru/epidemiologia , Venezuela/etnologia , Desnutrição/prevenção & controle , Desnutrição/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: 18,500 laboratory-confirmed deaths caused by the 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 were reported worldwide for the period April, 2009, to August, 2010. This number is likely to be only a fraction of the true number of the deaths associated with 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1. We aimed to estimate the global number of deaths during the first 12 months of virus circulation in each country. METHODS: We calculated crude respiratory mortality rates associated with the 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 strain by age (0-17 years, 18-64 years, and >64 years) using the cumulative (12 months) virus-associated symptomatic attack rates from 12 countries and symptomatic case fatality ratios (sCFR) from five high-income countries. To adjust crude mortality rates for differences between countries in risk of death from influenza, we developed a respiratory mortality multiplier equal to the ratio of the median lower respiratory tract infection mortality rate in each WHO region mortality stratum to the median in countries with very low mortality. We calculated cardiovascular disease mortality rates associated with 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 infection with the ratio of excess deaths from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases during the pandemic in five countries and multiplied these values by the crude respiratory disease mortality rate associated with the virus. Respiratory and cardiovascular mortality rates associated with 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 were multiplied by age to calculate the number of associated deaths. FINDINGS: We estimate that globally there were 201,200 respiratory deaths (range 105,700-395,600) with an additional 83,300 cardiovascular deaths (46,000-179,900) associated with 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1. 80% of the respiratory and cardiovascular deaths were in people younger than 65 years and 51% occurred in southeast Asia and Africa. INTERPRETATION: Our estimate of respiratory and cardiovascular mortality associated with the 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 was 15 times higher than reported laboratory-confirmed deaths. Although no estimates of sCFRs were available from Africa and southeast Asia, a disproportionate number of estimated pandemic deaths might have occurred in these regions. Therefore, efforts to prevent influenza need to effectively target these regions in future pandemics. FUNDING: None.